Where is Li Shimin's tomb buried?
National key cultural relics protection units. Located in Jiuyang Mountain, Xia Yan Township, Liquan County, 40km northwest of Xianyang City. Li Shimin (597 ~ 649) Tomb of Emperor Taizong. The cemetery covers an area of 20,000 hectares with a circumference of 60 kilometers. It is the largest royal cemetery in China, with the largest number of buried tombs, and it is also a representative royal mausoleum in the Tang Dynasty. There are more than 0/80 tombs/kloc, mainly including the tombs of Wuji, Cheng, Wen Yanbo, Duan, Gao Shilian, Fang, Kong, Li Jing, Wei Chijingde, Princess Changle and grandson Wei Guifei, as well as the tombs of ethnic minority generals 15.
Zhaoling has a circumference of 60 kilometers and an area of 200 square kilometers. There are 180 buried tombs. Known as the "world famous mausoleum", it is the largest royal cemetery in the world. From the tenth year of Emperor Taizong's Zhenguan (AD 636) when Emperor Wende was buried to the 29th year of Kaiyuan (AD 743), the construction of Zhaoling Cemetery lasted 107, and a large number of cultural relics remained on the ground and underground. It is a physical witness that the early Tang Dynasty moved towards the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and it is a rare treasure house for us to understand and study the politics, economy and culture of the feudal society in Tang Dynasty and even in China.
Zhaoling was built according to Jiu Feng's chiseling of mountains, which was the first time that the feudal emperors in Tang Dynasty built their tombs according to mountains. It is said that in the tenth year of Zhenguan, when Empress Wende died, she told Emperor Taizong to be frugal and thin, "Please be buried because of the mountain, and there is no need to build a grave". (Book of the Old Tang Dynasty, Volume V) Empress Wende was buried in Zhaoling after her death. Regarding the reason why the mountain is the mausoleum system, after the burial of Empress Wende in November of the same year, the stone tablet inscribed by Emperor Taizong said: "If you make the world your home, why are things in the mausoleum?" They are his own. Today, because Jiuzhang Mountain is a mausoleum, there are no treasures, horses and utensils, only civilian tools, which are easy to steal and keep. " More appropriately, because mountains are graves, you don't hide gold and jade, not so much for thrift, but for "stealing your heart"; When Yu Shinan wrote to Emperor Taizong, he said: "From ancient times to the present, ... there is no grave that will not be dug." Therefore, the purpose of taking mountains as tombs in the early Tang Dynasty was nothing more than using the majestic situation of mountains to prevent theft.
Zhaoling Project was carefully designed by famous artists Yan Lide and Yan in Tang Dynasty. Its plane layout is different from sitting west to east since Qin and Han dynasties, and it is not the "hidden burial" system in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, but is designed according to the organizational system of Chang 'an City in the Tang Dynasty. Chang 'an is composed of Miyagi, Imperial City and Waikuo City. Miyagi is located in the northern center of the city, where the Emperor lived. The imperial city is located in the south of Miyagi, which is a yamen (that is, a political institution) in Guanbai. The outer contour city guards the imperial city and Miyagi from the east, south and north, and is a residential area. Zhaoling is located in the northernmost part of the cemetery, equivalent to Miyagi in Chang 'an and comparable to the Palace. Underground is the Xuan Palace. On the ground, it was built into a square town around the top of the mountain. There are four walls around the city, with a door on each side. According to historical records, Gong Xuan Palace in Zhaoling was built at the southern foot of the mountainside. When it was first built, a plank road was set up. The plank road is 400 meters long, which is 230 steps. Empress Wende was buried in the Xuan Palace first, and the plank road was not demolished. A house was built on the edge of the plank road for the palace to live in, and the queen was treated as a living person. After Emperor Taizong was buried, the plank road was demolished, which isolated the mausoleum from the outside world. The Xuan Palace is 75 feet deep, with five stone doors, a main bed in the middle, coffins parked here, and stone beds arranged in the east and west wings. There are many stone letters on the bed, and there are sacrifices in them. The passage from the tomb to the entrance of the tomb consists of three dry stones, each weighing two tons, which are riveted with each other. According to the "History of the Old Five Dynasties". "Biography of Tao Wen", "The palace is beautiful but not different from the world", and there are gorgeous palaces outside the mausoleum, such as pine and cypress, Juhuai and Longyang. Du Fu said in the poem "Re-narration of Zhaoling": "The spiritual bed is empty, Xiong Shouyu. Look at Baisong Road again and see Wu Yunfei. " On the Shan Zhinan side of the main peak underground palace, there is Zhuquemen, the main entrance of the main city. There is a memorial hall in Zhuquemen, which is a place for worship and sacrifice. It's close to quemen. The whole site is about 65,438+00 square meters, and the site is located about 20 square meters south of Damenque. It is still a narrow website. A shrew's tail was unearthed here. After repair, it is 1.5m high, 0.6m wide and 1 1m long. According to the height of this piece, it can be inferred that the height of the temple top should be above 10m, and it should be a nine-eave. It is about 5 meters between the gates, right in the middle of the altar. It can be inferred how high this hall is; How magnificent the whole building composed of these halls and pavilions is. The site 20 meters south of Xiandian is a horizontal deep ditch, which proves that there can be no other stone carvings and no other buildings here. Jiuzhang Mountain belongs to limestone, which has been eroded by high-altitude wind and rain for a long time and washed away by mountain torrents. Not only are there no buildings left on the mountain, but even the original mountain shape has changed a lot. However, the traces left by the mausoleum structure can still be distinguished: the mountain shape is like a saddle (commonly known as Bijia Mountain locally), and the rock formations on both sides of Nanshan are dustpan-shaped; There are holes, holes and other traces on the mountainside, which may be related to the construction of the plank road that year. According to documents, when Zhaoling was built, the underground palace was dug 75 feet deep at the waist of Nanshan Mountain, and there were five stone gates in front of and behind the tomb. There is an east-west hatchback in the tomb, which contains many stone letters and funerary objects. Wen Tao, a warlord of the Five Dynasties, recorded that "the palace system is magnificent and beautiful when viewed from the bottom of the road". It is conceivable that the inner bedroom of this "palace under the mountain" is deep and magnificent.
There were many wooden buildings outside the underground palace at that time, including houses and temples. Because the front of the underground palace is surrounded by steep and rugged mountains, it is inconvenient to travel, and "the rocks on the side of the mountain are used as plank roads, hanging for a hundred times and circling the mountain for 230 steps before reaching the Yuan Palace Gate". Use the plank road to connect up, down, left and right, and you can reach the underground palace. However, the plank road building on the mountain can't go up and down vertically, but must revolve around it, which is proved by Du Fu's poems "Re-view Zhaoling" and "Tomb Empty". Although these records of predecessors may not be absolutely reliable, we can see that their scale is grand and the project is difficult. According to the Chronicle of Chang 'an in the Song Dynasty, the buildings around Zhaoling at that time were like this: "With the bedroom under the top of Jiuzhang Mountain as the center, walls were built on all sides, pavilions were built at four corners, Xuanwu Gate was in the north, and Suzaku Gate was in the south, with a circumference of 12 Li".
To the north of the main peak, the underground palace mountain is the Xuanwu gate at the north gate of the inner city, with an altar, near the northern foot of Jiuzhang Mountain, which is high in the south and low in the north. It consists of five steps, which are wider and flatter to the north and slightly trapezoidal. The south third floor has a bedroom, an east bedroom, a west bedroom, a pavilion and a doorway, and the middle road leads to the bedroom, which is a unique building complex in Zhaoling. In Sima Gate, there are stone statues of princes of fourteen countries: Li Jie of Turkic, Tullier Khan, Ashinasher, Morris, Tubo Songzangambu, Gaochang, Yanqi, Yutian, leaders of Xue Yantuo and Tuguhun, Jingdezhen of Silla, Fantouli of Lin Yi and Yunadi of Brahman. These stone statues were carved in the early years of Emperor Gaozong, reflecting the great unity of all ethnic groups in the country, the development of the western regions in the Tang Dynasty and the grand occasion of relations with neighboring countries. These stone statues were destroyed years ago. Today, there are seven statues, several human remains and several broken heads here. The predecessors once said that these stone statues were "taller than normal people, with deep eyes and big nose, and mixed bows and knives." They are strong and different! " Judging from the relics found, the stone statue is only six feet high, and the seat is about nine feet high, which does not exceed the normal shape. It can be seen from the remains of the head that there are indeed those with deep eyes and high noses, those with curly hair, those with braided hair, those with split hair and pockets, but those without bows and knives. Clothes are divided into lapels and lapels, and the rest are uncertain. It can be seen from these situations that these stone carvings should also belong to realism.
In the east and west rooms of the altar, there are six carved horse reliefs, which are famous at home and abroad. There is a poem that says, "The king of Qin rides the world with iron, and six generals are good at painting." This is the theme of Li Shimin's own choice. After the collapse of the Sui Dynasty, in order to unify the separatist regime and consolidate the newly established regime in the Tang Dynasty, the six horses he rode contacted his war. It is said that Yan Lide, then ambassador of Yingshan, minister of industry, famous craftsman and artist, was carved with patterns by masons. These six stone carving horses carved patterns on the plane, carved half the shape and details of a horse, and made the tall meat protrude, which is called relief, also called "high meat carving". Three on each side, all standing against the back eaves wall. According to records, there is a Mazan poem written by Ou Yangxun Taizong in the upper corner of each piece of the original stone, and then an official script of Yin Zhongrong was carved on the seat. These are not seen today, and the original poems are included in All Tang Wen. Liu Jun's names are Teller's desire, Qing, Shifakai, Showing purple, Punctuality Arrogance and White Hoof. The existing museum of Ann, among which "Salouzi" and "All-wool Ma Zi" were stolen and transported to philadelphia university Museum in the United States on 19 14. The six horses in Zhaoling were carved in Zhenguan for ten years, each with a height of 2.5 meters and a width of 3 meters. All of them are bluestone reliefs, with different postures and expressions, simple and powerful lines and magnificent and realistic shapes, which show the achievements of carving art in the Tang Dynasty in China. In "Out of Purple", it shows the kind image of Emperor Taizong who was shot by a flowing arrow when he was fighting with the king. Qiu Hanggong drew an arrow for him before he stepped forward. These stone carvings in Zhaoling are unique in category, shape and subject matter. They do not take the form of observing before death, nor do they use good omen or exorcism. All stone carvings are realistic and extraordinary works with political significance.
The bedroom of Zhaoling is the place where the tomb owner eats, drinks and lives. At first, it was built on the hill next to the grave. Later, due to water supply difficulties, it was moved to the foot of the mountain and called "Xia Ling Palace". At the southwest foot of the mountain, it is roughly in line with Zhuquemen in the south. After that, it moved to Yaotai Temple in the southwest of the enclosure, which is within 18 of the mausoleum. According to the inscriptions and residual stones unearthed from Yaotai Temple site, they were sacrificed here with Jianling in the late Tang Dynasty. This is the residence of the ladies-in-waiting guarding the mausoleum. It is not only a place where emperors and officials pay homage to the mausoleum, but also a place where spring and autumn festivals, festivals, Japanese meals and morning and evening sacrifices are held, rather than a place where maids provide what they need as usual.
Today, the site of Xiagong in Zhaoling has not been cleaned up, and the scale is unknown.
Zhaoling also has 167 tombs of heroes and nobles, and 57 tombs have known owners' names, forming a huge cemetery. This is a reference to the system of the Han Dynasty, and the Tang Dynasty began with offering sacrifices to tombs. At first, it was limited to burial, and later it was allowed to apply for burial, which was gradually extended to children and grandchildren. According to the records of Zhaoling's inscriptions and unearthed epitaphs, those buried with them may enjoy a state funeral, and all funeral needs shall be borne by the government. Or the official is a monument; Or give rice, millet, cloth and silk; Or give clothes; Or pass it on to Yu 'ebao. There is also a given land to build graves before death. There are also memorials to the meritorious military service, such as the tomb of Li Jing, such as Yinshan Mountain and Jishishan Mountain; The tombs in Li Ji (Xu Maogong) include Yinshan Mountain, Tieshan Mountain and Ude Mountain (the Jade Capital Jinshan). Ashna's tomb rises like a green mountain; Li Simo built a tomb similar to Baidao Mountain. Then there is the emperor's writing books and inscriptions: for example, Wei Zhi tablet wrote books for Emperor Taizong; Li Xunbei wrote a book for Emperor Gaozong, which was enough to show his love for them. The stone carvings in the buried tomb are also extremely exquisite. The stone statue in front of Wen Yanbo's tomb, the flat peach flower ornament on the head of Wei Zhi's tombstone, the Chinese zodiac pattern in Wei Chijingde's epitaph and the lady's line engraving in the sarcophagus were all fine works of art at that time. A large number of exquisite handicrafts have also been found from the tomb, such as the "Three Golden Brightening Deguan" unearthed in Li Ji's tomb, which is beautifully decorated. It is said that Emperor Taizong personally designed three and gave them to the most meritorious minister. Li Xun got one. Numerous burial tombs set off the grandeur of the cemetery. In addition, there are many stone figures, stone sheep, Shi Hu, stone pillars and stone tablets in front of each tomb, which can better decorate the bustling scene of the cemetery. At the same time, it also reflects the relationship between emperor Taizong and his subjects. There is a meaning of "honor and disgrace and * * *, never forget life and death". Emperor Taizong was able to "live alone" with the heroes, neither killing indiscriminately, but also making proper arrangements for them to be buried together after their death, which was really rare among emperors in previous dynasties.
Although the ground buildings in Zhaoling have been destroyed and repeatedly destroyed by wars, there are rich historical sites and cultural relics in the cemetery, and there are still a lot of ancient arts and crafts to be discovered. Zhaoling Museum displays many tombstones and epitaphs, and preserves a large number of historical materials about politics and economy in the Tang Dynasty, showing us the height of calligraphy art in the early Tang Dynasty.
In the 1970s, archaeologists successively excavated more than 40 tombs buried with,,, Cheng, Zheng Rentai, Princess Changle and Wei Guifei, and built the Zhaoling Museum with an area of 53 mu, a construction area of 7,000 square meters, an exhibition area of 2,000 square meters and a green area of15,000 square meters.
Zhaoling Museum is located at the tomb of Li Ji (Xu Maogong) in the center of Zhaoling Cemetery in Xia Yan Town, Liquan County, Shaanxi Province. It is 15km away from the county seat in the west and Lingshan 1 1km away from the north. It is a ruins museum, which was founded in 1972, formerly known as Zhaoling Cultural Relics Management Office. 1978 was promoted to Zhaoling Museum and officially opened to the public. There are more than 8,000 cultural relics in the museum, including Zhaoling cultural relics exhibition room, Tang tomb mural room and stone tablet room (Zhaoling forest of steles). Four showrooms * * * display more than 400 pieces (groups) of fine cultural relics unearthed from nearly 40 buried tombs in Zhaoling Mausoleum. In the exhibition hall of Zhaoling cultural relics essence, there are a large number of Zhaoling altar sites and some precious cultural relics unearthed from buried tombs, including porcelain and red pottery, as well as Zhaoling's unique glazed pottery and colorful Tang tricolor. The gold-plated painted figurines of civil and military officials unearthed from Zhang Shigui's tomb are listed as national treasures. A large number of murals were unearthed in the tombs of the Tang Dynasty, including graceful handmaids, dancing musicians, envoys with different expressions, and the scene of your wife traveling in an ox cart. All these are the intuitive presentations of political, diplomatic, cultural and military activities in the Tang Dynasty. Zhaoling Forest of Steles was founded in 1974. * * Collected more than 60 steles from Liu Jun, Emperor Taizong and Zhaoling, and unearthed more than 40 epitaphs. Of these more than 60 stone tablets, 22 were declared as 1979 calligraphy art monuments by National Cultural Heritage Administration, all of which are national first-class cultural relics. There are more than 40 epitaphs, 26 of which have been designated as national first-class cultural relics. Known by Japanese friends as one of the three forest of steles in China. 199 1 year, the cultural management office of princess Changle's tomb and the cultural management office of Wei Guifei's tomb were completed and officially opened to the public. In 2000, an investment of 7.5 million yuan was made to build a tourist special line with a total length of 14.8 km from Zhaoling Museum, passing through the Cultural Management Office of Princess Changle and Cultural Management Office of Wei Guifei's Tomb to the main peak of Zhaoling, so that the whole scenic spot has four major cultural relics and historical sites and receives more than 300,000 Chinese and foreign tourists every year. The comprehensive income is more than 700 thousand yuan, which is one of the key and hot spots in Shaanxi Province.