Who's Lee?

Li (1040 ~ 1 106) was born in Shucheng County (now Shucheng) of Lujiang, and was a famous painter in the Northern Song Dynasty. Known as "the only painter in China" and "the first painter in Song Dynasty". Shen Zongxi was a scholar for three years and joined the army to write a composition in Sizhou. He was recommended by Lu Dian, and was appointed as an official and suggestion in the province after the entry of Zhongshu. Because Tongcheng has Yi Long Mianshan, and Li Zeng lived at the foot of the mountain, it was named Longmianju or Longmianshan. Shen Zongxi was a scholar for three years and joined the army to write a composition in Sizhou. He was recommended by Lu Dian, and was appointed as an official and suggestion in the province after the entry of Zhongshu.

Good knowledge of ancient times, good at poetry, good at identifying ancient artifacts. Especially famous for painting, all figures, Buddhism, pommel horses, landscapes, flowers and birds are meticulous, and they are called "the first person to paint in Song Dynasty". Li returned to Longmian Villa and made his own map of the villa, which is a treasure in the world. Works handed down from ancient times include Five Horses Map, Vimo Jushi Statue, and Exemption Map.

Chinese name: Li.

Alias: the word "Bo Shi", the name "Longmian layman"

Birthplace: Shucheng County, Lujiang County

Date of birth: 1040 (year of Chen Geng)

Date of death: 1 106

Occupation: painter

Main achievements: freehand figure painting.

Representative works: Mountain Villa Map, Five Horses Map and Vimalakirti Statue.

Hermit: Longmian Mountain

Time: China Northern Song Dynasty

outline

Li (1040 ~ 1 106) was born in Shucheng County (now Shucheng) of Lujiang County. He was born in a noble family and collected a large number of calligraphy books and famous paintings on ancient utensils. He has been well-read since he was a child. He is good at learning from the past and knowing the present, and he knows many strange people. Since the Xia and Shang Dynasties, people in Zunyi, Zhong Ding have been able to distinguish between time and style. Good at poetry and prose, with the demeanor of Jin people. He is a close friend of Wang Anshi, Su Shi, Mi Fei and Huang Tingjian, and a guest of Wang Shen, Ma Xu. In the third year of Xining (1070), he was a scholar, served as an official in the province under Zhongshumen, and later became an official in the court. Living in the capital for ten years, I don't visit the doors of dignitaries, but take pleasure in visiting the shady forests of famous gardens. In the third year of his reign (1 100), Fu Yuan retired from paralysis and lived in Longmian Mountain. I have worked hard all my life and painted countless pictures. People, historical facts, Buddhism, women, mountains and rivers, pommel horses, animals, flowers and birds are omnipotent and meticulous. The interpretation of figures and Taoism won Wu Daozi's purport, and the pen is like flowing water, with correct shape and flying expression; The landscape is exquisite and graceful, and Wang Wei is a true story; Taking landscape as the theme, pursuing Li Sixun's mentality; Draw a horse across Han Gan. Being able to combine the strengths of various schools, he has made great achievements, learned from nature, boldly innovated, and became a family of his own, and was respected by future generations as the first master of one hundred generations and a master of one generation. The works handed down from ancient times include Five Horses Map, which is now in the National Palace Museum in Taipei. Pasturing in Wei Yan and The Map of Yanjiao in Wei Mo are in the Palace Museum; "Red Cliff Map" and "Shuchuan Victory Map" flow to the United States; The Lotus Society Picture Axis (Southern Song edition) is in Nanjing Museum.

Li was an influential celebrity in the Northern Song Dynasty, and his sketching was the first in the world. When commenting on his works, the seventh volume of Painting Spectrum of Xuanhe praised: "(Long Mian) is an outstanding figure, who can distinguish his appearance and make people know that he is a temple, pavilion, mountain forest, meadow, Yan Lu, Cang Di, Yu Zhan and Zuli. As for the attitude of action, stretching and admiring, good and evil, big and small, painting talent, respect and derogatory, salty, it will confuse secular painters. The distinction between high and low, fat red and thin black. Generally speaking, Gong Lin put the idea first and the decoration second. Its exquisite dyeing can be used as a lesson for common workers. If the rate is a little simpler, it will not be close. " Su Dongpo said, "His God is connected with everything, and his wisdom is connected with everything." At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, everyone commented on Li: "Since the dragon sleeps, there is no horse like it. I am afraid that all previous dynasties (Kaizhi) and Lu (Exploration) could not do it." Deng Chun said in his Painting Inheritance: "Wu Daozi only painted one person in ancient and modern times to observe it. When Bo came out, Dao Xuan (Wu Daozi) was alone. " Therefore, Li's "pure and light makeup, light ink and elegant, detached line drawing" was called "the first painting in the world" by later generations. In China's painting techniques, line drawing is one of the most distinctive techniques, and the line drawing method of depicting objects purely with lines and thick ink can be said to be the highest and purest stage of the development of line drawing techniques. Li is the trendsetter in this artistic wave, and he makes the sketch technique a model for later generations to learn painting. The Master of Dragons has been handed down from generation to generation for thousands of years.

The life of the character

Li has been an official for 30 years, which is also the period when his art gradually matured and became a famous painter. This period is also a period when Wang Anshi failed in political reform and turned into a "crony" dispute. Li and Wang Anshi have a good relationship. After seven years in Xining, Wang Anshi lost power and retreated to Jinling. He once traveled with Li Tong and wrote four poems, but at the same time, Li was closely related to Su Shi who opposed Wang Anshi.

Li, Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and others are all guests of the Wang Shen family. Their party at home is recorded in Li's "Garden in the West" (extant edition), and Mi Fei also wrote an article. A dozen of them are drinking, writing poems, writing and painting in the gardens of Wang Shen, and talking about Zen and Taoism. This is the first period of their friendship, before Su Shi was exiled and left the capital of song dynasty to become an official in Hangzhou. In the second year of Yuanfeng (AD 1079), Su Shi was in danger because of his poems, and Wang Shen was also implicated. It is said that Li covered his face with a fan when he met someone from the Su family in the street, so he was laughed at by people. Li, Su Shi and others made friends for the second time in the first year of Zhezong. At that time, Wang Anshi had passed away. It was not long after the old party seized power that Su Shi resumed his political status. Li drew a second picture, a beautiful picture of the West Garden. There are many poems in Su Shi's and Huang Tingjian's poetry collections that give gifts and praise his works.

Li has profound attainments in ancient art. He knows something about ancient artifacts and ancient characters, describes and researches ancient bronzes, and takes part in sorting out the ancient artifacts collected by the royal family. His father, Li Xuyi, has a large collection of ancient paintings. He copied them all, and also copied many famous paintings collected by others. He kept many famous paintings that he copied from the previous generation.

His talent for painting is first manifested in the diversity of subjects. He is good at pommel horses, Buddha statues, figures and landscapes. He mastered painting techniques in copying ancient names and surpassed them.

Li is good at drawing horses and figures. It is said that the characters he painted can distinguish the characteristics of various characters, such as "Langmiao Pavilion, Mountain Forest and Grass Field, Lv Yan Hidden Fire, Taiwan and Zaoli", and can distinguish the specific characteristics of regions and races, as well as various specific action expressions. Based on the reality of life, his artistic creation dares to pursue new forms of expression. He dared to break through the stereotype of his predecessors, drew a long ribbon with Guanyin, a ribbon longer than half a ribbon, and painted Guanyin lying on a stone. These are all new styles he created. His creativity is also reflected in his understanding of the subject matter. He painted Guanyin, not according to the general popular sitting posture. He said that "being at ease in your heart is not in your phase", not limited to a fixed sitting position, but creating another sitting position that he thinks can show his peace of mind. When he painted Tao Qian's Farewell Speech, he focused on the expression in his heart, not the description of natural scenery such as pastoral pines, cypresses and chrysanthemums, but the description of "Linqing Flowing Place"-a thought-provoking flowing water.

Li painted Li Guang, a general of the Han Dynasty, who fled back on the horse of the conference semifinals. He immediately drew his bow and aimed at chasing it. As indicated by the arrow, the troops retreated. Li himself said that if someone else painted it, he should draw an arrow and shoot it. It can be seen that Li knows that the truth of art is different from the truth of life. It seems unreasonable on the surface, but it can produce stronger artistic power.

Artistic feature

The figure painting in the Northern Song Dynasty was developed by Li (1049-106) at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, but the lines are rigid and changeable, the composition is vigorous, beautiful and natural, and the picture is simple, but full of changes. The subject matter covers figures, pommel horses, landscapes, flowers and birds. It is both realistic and interesting for literati, and its actions are colorless, so it is called "sketch master".

achievements of art

"Five Horses Map" and "Vimalakīrti Map" mark the great achievements of single-line sketch technique in China's painting art. The realistic ability of single-line sketch lies in its ability to express the shape, texture, sense of quantity, movement and space of objects. Therefore, the single line diagram is an effective and highly concise description technique. Li is an outstanding master of realistic art, and his position in the history of painting needs more detailed analysis. He created a vivid artistic image full of generalization, and mastered the extremely beautiful ability to refine the image and expression skills. However, he tends to choose unrealistic themes and pursue subtle interests closely related to the life of literati, which shows that his art is in crisis.

Personal work

He is good at drawing figures, especially horses. Su Shi praised him: "The dragon sleeps with thousands of bones in his chest, drawing both meat and bones." Wu Ma Tu is his masterpiece. In the painting, five big horses, led by five people, are full of energy and look amazing. The pen is concise, and the horse's every move shows the horse's movement and temperament characteristics in an extremely detailed and vivid way. He also developed the drawing method of "line drawing" and created "sweeping makeup and clearing ink" and "light without painting" Few of his works have been preserved. In addition to Wumatu, there are Wei Yan's Release, Free Weeks, Vimo Buddhist Statue, Sixteen Little Horses, Longmian Villa, Wangchuan Villa, Jiuge Map, Luoshen Fu Map, Caotang Map and Lotus Society Map.

Li drew a picture of six or seven people gambling around the table. The characters in the painting are lifelike. One of them was lying on the table, staring at the dice in the basin and opening his mouth to shout. At this time, the dice turned to the position of "six".

Fu Yuan retired for three years (1 100) and lived in Longmian Mountain, Tongcheng, his hometown. He is so knowledgeable and expert. Not only can you draw pommel horses, immortal Buddhism and Taoism, but you can also draw landscapes, flowers and birds. He copied a lot of traditional paintings, attached importance to sketching and dared to be original. The characters in his works can distinguish identity, region and personality from their appearances. In painting, he is famous for drawing lines. This kind of good use of line drawing is mostly sketching without coloring, with accurate modeling and vivid expression, thus pushing the traditional line drawing modeling method to a new level. It has a great influence on the figure painting of later generations. The scenery he painted is also very creative. Icbc, regular script, has the style of calligraphers in Jin and Song Dynasties. Later generations said that his paintings "take the meaning first, and decorate the edge second". Also good at archaeology. Existing works include Five Horses Map, Forest Surrounding Rock Animal Husbandry, Nine Songs, Free Weeks, Vimo Buddha Statue and so on. Five Horses, with light paper, is 29.3 cm long and 22.5 cm wide. Now it is a private collection in Japan. Li is good at drawing horses. "Every time you want to draw, you have to look at the horse to do your best." . Five Horses was created by Li based on sketches. Each horse is led by a pass. Whether it is a man or a horse, drawing a line accurately, vividly and clearly shows the musculoskeletal structure, weight, soft and hard texture, and even gloss impression, which can represent his level of drawing lines. In particular, the vivid expression of horses and characters in the painting is worthy of being handed down from generation to generation. There is an inscription by Zeng after the painting.

Sketch master

The figure painting in the Northern Song Dynasty is famous for Wu Zongyuan's "The Battle Map of the Immortals in Yuan Dynasty", which is delicate and graceful. However, its configuration technique was carried forward by Li in the late Northern Song Dynasty, but the lines were strong and the painters were thick and thin.

representative works

Umatu

Wu Ma Tu, a masterpiece handed down from ancient times, is a paper-based pen with a length of 29.3 cm and a width of 225 cm, and its style is unknown. In the picture, five horses from the Western Regions were presented to the imperial court in the Northern Song Dynasty, and each horse was led by an Xi official. After each horse, there is an inscription by Song and Huang Tingjian, indicating the age, tribute time, horse name, stable where it was collected, etc., also known as Li (). Five horses each have a good name, which makes people daydream. The order is: phoenix head, brocade shoulder, good head, night white, Sichuan full of flowers, while the first three of the five Xi officials are western costumes, and the last two are Han Chinese. These five horses are strong and extremely docile, although their colors and postures are different. These five Xi officials, because of their different identities, are either arrogant, exuberant, cautious or sophisticated.

Li Long sleeps and draws a picture of Lohan crossing the river. There are eight people out of ten. The corner disappeared. There were fifteen and a half people and three boys in it.

Five people didn't cross the river.

A person is worth this paper, only his waist and feet. One person, Dai Li, with a cane and graceful clothes, will be careless. A person standing in the distance talking to himself. A person tiptoes on his left foot, squats down on his right foot, and holds his knees in his hands, in a tangled state; Take off your feet and look back. A person sits on the shore, hands on the ground, and reaches into the water, such as measuring the depth.

There are nine people crossing the square: one uncovers his clothes with his hand, and the other guides his staff with his left hand. Everyone's eyes looked down and his mouth was inconsistent. Take off your clothes, hold them in your hands and take the lead. A man held his staff in front of him and looked back at the man with the clothes. Two boys started _ _, and * * * won one crossing. Those who are caught have long eyebrows to cover their cheeks, but they are as strange as the old dumpling in the autumn altar. A man with long eyebrows. A person is also old and pale, bending over and leaning on a stick, and not landing much. If you are lucky, you will come. A man was stuck on the boy's back, and the boy was dumbfounded and silent. You can't win if it's heavy. If a person looks too old and bent, his right foot will land and his left foot will be in the water. If he can't get up. Just cross the river alone, grab your right arm and put on airs. The old man was angry, and Jie Li had read all his lines.

Another man who crossed the river, with his feet still awkward, put them away when he came out, looked up at the stone wall and sniffed with one finger, feeling complacent.

Press: Lohan is known as Buddhism and Taoism, and later monks are also known as "flying in the tin" and "crossing the cup". It's strange and sad. Whether the painter's intention is to silence with Buddha's works is the same as others, while the Buddhist scholars in the world only seek extraordinary changes and gratifying traces. So, is this painting to warn them? Yesterday, it was reported that the portrait of Lu Zhenren, hidden in Taiqing Building, looked pitted and old, which was different from that painted by other painters.

Huang Chunyao's Li Long's sleep painting "Lohan Ji" is essentially a picture-based composition. The author realizes that Li Long's sleeping figure painting is vivid and implicit, and the description of the picture image also captures the natural expression of the characters. Although there are only a few words to describe the characters, they can get their spirit.

Lohan in Du Fang, the expression of holding his breath when wading offshore, the expression of reluctance when he was in the middle stream, and the expression of joy when he was not far from the shore, described delicately and vividly, highlighting the pain when Lohan crossed the river.

As for the five arhats who didn't cross the river (one of them only saw his waist and feet because of poor paper), he also tried his best to describe their different attitudes: one was to cross the river unintentionally, the other was to wander and wait and see, the other was to write down the cheerful expression at the beginning of determination, and the other was to describe the cautious psychology before entering the water. The deliberate description of this group of characters is also to set off the difficulty of crossing the river.

The smugness of those who crossed the river is actually in contrast to the difficulty of crossing the river. The author's description of the inner spirit of the characters in Li Longmian's paintings is "absent-minded", which can be said to have won its essence.

Memorial site

Li's tomb is in Longmian Shuangxi, Tongcheng. Here, the tombs of the father and son of the Qing Dynasty and Zhang were pushed forward and regarded as a treasure trove of geomantic omen. Li Yusong retired to his hometown of Longmian in Tongcheng for three years due to illness, and died in Chongning for five years at the age of 57. There are such records in Di Jisheng, Qing Dynasty Unification Annals, Anhui Tongzhi and Shucheng County Annals.

Draw a tiger.

Li (1040 ~ 1 106) was born in Shucheng County (now Shucheng) of Lujiang County. It has the reputation of "China's independent painting" and "the first painting in the Song Dynasty". There are many anecdotes about his paintings. The most popular thing is that he painted horses. Gong Lin is famous for being good at drawing horses. In order to draw horses, he often stays in the stable for a day. Once, a BMW paying tribute from the Western Regions came to the palace. He came here to draw a horse, but after painting, the horse died. People say that this horse was taken away by Gong Lin. No wonder his horse is fascinated. There is a cloud on Dongpo: "The dragon sleeps with thousands of bones in his chest, drawing both meat and bones." Later, the little official in charge of the imperial horse was very nervous when he saw Gong Lin, for fear that he would draw a horse and then draw it to death. Besides painting, Li is an official. He seems to have made no achievements in politics, and he seems to be a man without factions in North Korea. When he became an official, it was when Su Dongpo and Wang Anshi were fighting for the old and new parties, but he was neither a new party nor an old party. He is good friends with Sue and Wang. This may be the expression of his artistic temperament. However, after all, his best friends are Su Dongpo and Huang Tingjian. Among Su Shi's Selected Poems, there are drama book Li's Painting a Horse with a Good Head and a Red Head, and there is rhyme Huang Luzhi's Painting a Horse in the Testing Ground. It can be seen that their friendship has gone beyond ordinary official exchanges and become close friends. All three are examiners. Between the imperial examinations, Li painted horses, while Su and Huang wrote poems. Isn't stealing time fun?

Three people are friends. In three years (1 100), Li resigned due to illness and built Longmian Mountain Villa. Boy, it covers an area of 4000 square meters. After the villa was completed, Gong Lin painted according to the picture, and he drew 20 more pictures of Longmian villa, which was called "the treasure handed down from generation to generation" by Song history. I think the contribution of this Treasure Biography is also inseparable from Su and Huang. Because Sue and Huang were invited to his villa. Su Shi's brotherhood was deep, and he took Su Zhe with him, so the four of them sang poems and painted in Longmian Mountain, having a great time. Huang Tingjian wrote the poems "Longmian Mountain" and "Three Chapters of Longmian Grass" in front of him. Su Shi wrote the postscript for the Map of Longmian Mountain Villa, and Su Zhe wrote one poem for each of the Twenty Poems of Longmian Mountain Villa. Do you think this picture of Longmian Mountain Villa can not be "handed down from generation to generation" if it is integrated with a great man like Mo Bao? Even if Su and Huang Du are all guests in Lailongmian Villa, those arty people can't come here to follow the trend and seek paintings, and they are eager for them. Although Gong Lin was annoyed, he lamented: "I paint for painting's sake, just like a poet, chanting temperament, but the world doesn't pay attention to it, just for fun!" However, the popularity of those people really spread the fame of Longmianju and Longmianshan. Back in Longmian Mountain, Li no longer draws horses, but tigers, because there are tigers in the mountains, which can be observed, and there are springs in the mountains, which can be used with pens. He often "sits on a mountain stream and is carefree all day." But he never draws a tail when he draws a tiger. Why? It is said that as soon as the tail is painted, the tiger lives. Tigers hurt people, of course, they can't come back to life. Therefore, tigers in Gong Lin are all bald-tailed tigers.

In his later years, Li liked to draw Buddha statues in addition to tigers. It is said that on one occasion, Gong Lin stayed away from the crowd and stayed alone in the studio for a few days, drawing eighteen arhats. Among them, 17 is completed, and the 18 is only half finished. A painter barged in, and Gong's painting ideas were interrupted and he lost interest. Half arhats can't draw any more. But the family said that when Gong Lin painted arhats, eighteen arhats came to the villa, so he stayed in the studio laughing and modeling for Gong Lin. Someone came and Lohan suddenly disappeared, so he couldn't draw the last half. It's a good thing I didn't draw that half If I take out all 18, I may come back to life and fly away with Lohan.

Gong Lin paints pictures, the dead, the living, and many other interesting things. However, apart from painting, Gong Lin is actually a versatile and charming person. The History of Song Dynasty said that he was "knowledgeable in ancient times, good in poetry and knowledgeable in strange characters". It is also said that once, the court got a royal seal, and there are different opinions on textual research. Finally, Li decided to use it as the seal of the king of Qin, and verified that it was actually carved by Li Si, the prime minister of Qin.

Huang Tingjian commented on his friend like this: "The wind and moon are not less than the ancients, and painting is tired, but it has been passed down by art."

It should be enough to pass on art, and many of Gong Lin's paintings are still in the Palace Museum. Although villas in Gong Lin no longer exist, the word "Long Mian" is world-famous. The famous Tongcheng tycoon in later generations made effective use of Li and built another career in Longmian Mountain, which made Longmian scenery last forever. Gong Lin's fountain is called Mei Biquan, and it is also immortal because of Yao Nai's You Mei Biquan.

Li, Li Longmian. Draw a horse, draw a tiger. As a painter, you can win the "Song painting first", what else can you expect?