How did Lin Moniang die?

A goddess in China was born in an ordinary fisherman's home on the southeast coast. She died young in her twenties, but she was conferred titles by the emperor many times, and her title was promoted from "Madam" to "Tian Fei" until "Poseidon Queen". In China, the Goddess Temple can be seen hanging high and burning incense along the coastline of more than 10,000 kilometers from south to north and the plains and mountains from east to west. Since modern times, the goddess has crossed the ocean and settled in more than 20 countries, such as the United States, France, Denmark and Brazil, and has become the most famous maritime protector in the Chinese world today. Today, her hometown people still affectionately call her "Mazu" in the local dialect. In the first year of the early Northern Song Dynasty, Mazu was born in an ordinary Lin family in Putian, Fujian. When Mazu was born, she was different. She didn't cry and make noise as usual. She just opened her eyes and looked at the world around her silently. Her parents named her Maureen. It is said that she didn't speak until she was seven or eight years old, and she began to work magic after she was a teenager. Lin Yanai, a villager in Ligang village, Putian, told us the legendary story of Maureen's first magic show. One day, my father led my brother out to sea to fish, and Maureen was at home weaving with her mother. After noon, the weather suddenly changed. Maureen was worried about the safety of his father and brother and prayed silently. In a trance, his thoughts drifted to the sea. The sea is rough and rough, and the boat is looming in the waves. Under the pressure of a wave, two people on board were overturned and fell into the water. Maureen looked at it carefully. It turned out to be his father and brother. So he quickly reached out and grabbed his father, biting his brother's skirt with his teeth and struggling to swim to the shore. At this time, my mother saw Maureen's strange appearance and thought her daughter was ill, so she called for help. Maureen subconsciously promised her mother, let go of her brother's skirt, woke up from meditation and realized that her brother's life was in danger. She wept bitterly. The surviving father described the scene of being killed at sea: God came to save them, and they were dragged to the shore, but suddenly their son disappeared, and they were thrown to the shore by a magical power and survived. The story told by my father was completely consistent with Maureen's dream, and people began to marvel at the magical skills of the young girl Maureen. From then on, Maureen began her strange career of saving the shipwreck. Often in times of crisis, a girl in red floats by, relaxes her long sleeves, and the wind and waves suddenly stop. People looked up to heaven and bowed down, and the goddess in red turned into rosy clouds and drifted away. She went to Qiu Lai in the spring, and Maureen has grown into a charming and beautiful girl. It's time to talk about marriage. But she insisted on not marrying, determined to help all fishermen in distress in the world, and had no intention of staying in secular life. Maureen died at the age of 28. About her death, there is a legend circulating in the village: one day, people saw Maureen climb a boulder, turn it into a cloud, and slowly ascend to heaven and become immortal. Touching stories often cover up the truth of history. In contemporary literature, the record of Maureen's life experience is quite short. Perhaps, as folktales say, Maureen was indeed born in a fisherman's family, but she is not an ordinary fisherman girl. Li's "Putian Bishi" records: "Life is different, but people can be forgiven"; Huang's "Fairy Tales" contains: "Being a wizard can speak of human fortunes"; Huang Gongdu's "Tishunji Temple" records: "I never tire of mixing witches all my life." These records are probably true. It is not surprising that witches can become saints. The Book of Min counted 263 deities in Fujian and Vietnam during the Tang and Song Dynasties, among which as many as 6 1 deities originated from the status of Taoism and witchcraft, accounting for about a quarter of the total. Lin Mo was born as a witch and went to the altar after her death, which is also an evolutionary road in line with historical laws. □ According to the Collection of Manuscripts of Song Dynasty, in the year of 1 123, Song Huizong conferred the word "Shunji" as the forehead name of Molin Temple, which was originally the first time that folk gods were officially recognized. Maureen's first appearance was due to the legendary emperor Song Huizong. However, what contribution Maureen made to the imperial court and why Song Huizong named this temple are not recorded in these documents. However, a commemorative article by Liao Pengfei, a scholar from Putian in the Southern Song Dynasty, "Reconstruction of Shunji Temple in Shengdunzu Temple" records the whole story of being sealed by the emperor: in the fifth year of Xuanhe, Lu, an official, was ordered to go to the DPRK. During the voyage of the mission, the wind and waves suddenly broke out, and the ships lost control and collided with each other, totaling * * 8 ships. The only big ship left is struggling and dodging in the waves, and the situation is critical. Just then, the red light shone in the air, and a goddess floated in, relaxing long sleeves and dancing leisurely. The violent waves suddenly stopped and the ship stopped shaking. People were a little shocked. They realized that they had been saved by God. Lu asked about the origin of the fairy, and the military attache told him that she was a witch in Meizhou. When Song Huizong learned of Maureen's revelation, he immediately took the word "Shunzhi" as the title of the temple forehead to thank her for helping to preach. From then on, Lin Mosheng shocked the ruling and opposition parties and stood out among many immortals in his hometown. Is this story true and credible? Recently, some scholars have verified that Lu's mission really happened, but its enlightenment is purely fiction. In fact, there may be no need to worship gods, especially Song Huizong, an artist-like emperor who is also interested in the mysterious world. He himself is an avid Taoist practitioner, calling himself the Taoist Emperor. He presided over many large-scale prayer meetings, attended by thousands of Taoist priests. It was a crazy time to make gods. The popularity of many gods in later generations is more or less related to Song Huizong's frequent invitation to gods. In such a fanatical atmosphere, it is not surprising that Maureen was named a witch by the emperor. The appellation of Maureen is complicated, including "Lady" and "Princess" in Song Dynasty, "Tian Fei" in Yuan and Ming Dynasties and "Tianhou" in Qing Dynasty. The most widely known "Mazu" comes from Fujian dialect, which is a respectful name for female elders. It didn't appear until after the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In addition, there are "Empress", "Aunt" and "Mother", all of which express people's respect and closeness to her. During the Southern Song Dynasty, Maureen's position was promoted twice. The first time was shortly after Song Gaozong Zhao Gou moved to Lin 'an, Maureen was named "Mrs. Hui Ling", and the second time was Song Xiaozong was named "Mrs. Hui Ling" ... The ritual system of the Song Dynasty, the goddess' promotion road is very similar to a trilogy, first giving the temple forehead, then promoting her wife, and the highest level is the princess. Because the sky is behind the earth, the sky is the emperor, the earth is behind, and the ocean can only be a princess at most, and so is the ritual system in the Song Dynasty. The title of "Tianhou" appeared only after the Qing Dynasty. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Maureen began to be valued by the imperial court. Because the court needed money, there were frequent wars in the Southern Song Dynasty, and both wars and reparations needed money. As for Quanzhou's trade wealth, the meaning of a passage by Song Gaozong and Zhao Gou is straightforward: merchant ships pay the most taxes, and if proper measures are taken, they can earn tens of thousands, which is why I care. In the middle and late Southern Song Dynasty, Quanzhou entered the golden age, and its overseas trade accounted for more than 30% of the country. Economic prosperity is often accompanied by religious prosperity, and Maureen was promoted under such a background. Another story brought Mazu belief to a new level. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Ding Bogui's Biography of the Shengfei Temple in Shunzhi recorded that the nomads invaded south, went straight to Hefei and surrounded the important town. The soldiers took Maureen's incense symbol to attack the nomads from the army, and the two armies fought. The soldiers claimed to see Maureen appear in the clouds, waving the military flag, and the sergeants became braver and solved the siege of Hefei in one fell swoop. During the Jiading period of the Southern Song Dynasty, Song Ningzong awarded Maureen the title of "Hui Ling Helped Shun Xian" in recognition of her loyalty in helping the Nomads. In the following decades, the words "hero" and "Zheng Xie" frequently appeared in Maureen's titles. Moline, formerly known as Poseidon, was endowed with a strong color of Confucian education in the late Southern Song Dynasty. From wife to princess, Maureen's position reached its peak. -A.D. 128 1 year, Kublai Khan named Maureen "to protect the country and Tian Fei", and it was sealed several times in the following decades, with the title 14, even far exceeding the Song Dynasty. Why did the Mongolian Yuan government admire the sea god of the Han nationality? The reason may be simple. Kublai Khan was as pragmatic as Song Gaozong in dealing with wealth. Among the dynasties, the Mongolian and Yuan governments did the most thorough job in encouraging overseas trade. Considering the interests of maritime trade, the popular sea god Maureen can't help it. Kublai Khan gave a new title "Protecting the country and knowing Tian Fei", and added a Tian Zi before the title of Princess of the Song Dynasty to show more respect. In A.D. 1329, in a Mazu Tempel in Tianjin, a special pilgrimage team went into the temple to pay their respects. They come from the capital of the Yuan Dynasty and shoulder the important mission of the emperor. They will embark on an unprecedented pilgrimage in history. The main officials are the Hanlin bachelor Bunia Shili, the emperor's trusted minister and imperial academy Song Ben. Their identity on this trip is "angels", presenting the throne on behalf of the emperor. This will be a difficult trip. They will pass through important ports such as Huai 'an, Suzhou, Hangzhou, Shaoxing, Wenzhou, Fuzhou and Meizhou, and their destination is Quanzhou. I visited 15 Mazu Tempel along the way, and the total journey was near Wan Li, which took more than half a year. It's a big waste of money. Beijing, the capital of the Yuan Dynasty, has brought many problems, the most prominent of which is to eat food and support many government agencies in the capital, so it is necessary to establish an effective transportation network. In the mid-Yuan Dynasty, an efficient maritime grain transportation route was established. Over the years, the annual transportation volume has stabilized at two or three million tons, which is enough to supply Beijing. However, in this year, the accidents of the maritime grain fleet occurred frequently and the losses were huge. According to statistics, the traffic loss in that year was equivalent to the sum of the previous five years, which is why the emperor appointed angels to visit Tian Fei Temple along the way. In the next 20 years, such a high-standard sacrifice lasted five times, which greatly enhanced Maureen's position as a Poseidon. The title of the last seal of the Yuan government was "Protecting the country, helping the people, benefiting the heavenly princess", which was longer than all previous titles. Mazu Moline finally stood out from many gods and enjoyed the reputation of Poseidon, the sea god, and became the national maritime protector. □ In the Ming Dynasty, the sea god Moline was questioned. The old temple was demolished and the idol was smashed. For the first time, her road to becoming a god was bumpy and met with difficulties ... Zhu Shuizhi, an imperial envoy of the Ming Dynasty, recorded what he saw and heard when he demolished the temple: people demolished Mazu Tempel and destroyed the idol, and the thick beams and columns in the temple were demolished and used for other purposes. The decline of Mazu belief is also manifested in the fact that she got the least titles. In 276 of the Ming Dynasty, only two official seals could be confirmed, while in the Yuan Dynasty, there were six in a row in just a few decades. The decline of Mazu belief in Ming Dynasty was related to the conservative marine policy of Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of Ming Dynasty. Zhu Yuanzhang's ideal society is that governing the country is based on agriculture, the tiller has land, and everyone can support himself. The emperor himself is the biggest landlord. If he firmly controls the land, he can sit firmly in the world. In such a world, the ocean is not important. In the early Ming Dynasty, the general direction of closing the country to the outside world was established, which had a far-reaching impact on the formulation of marine policies by later dynasties. Because the ocean is not so important, it is difficult for Maureen, the sea god, to continue his former scenery. However, the belief in Mazu has not died out. Since the Ming Dynasty, Taoism and Buddhism have been involved in a new round of shaping Mazu Moline, and she has entered a more wonderful mythical world full of Buddhism and Taoism. In the mid-Ming Dynasty, a book entitled "The Old Gentleman in the Imperial Palace said that Tian Fei was effective in saving the suffering" introduced Maureen into the Taoist myth system for the first time. In this book, Maureen's birth experience and her enlightenment story are told in the name of the old gentleman, and she is shaped as a Taoist fairy. Guanyin Bodhisattva is the most prestigious god in Buddhism. Since the Song Dynasty, there has been a saying that every family has Amitabha and every family has Guanyin. Maureen entered the myth system of Guanyin and gained more room for development. In the inland mountains and plains, we can also see her temples towering into the sky and incense flourishing. Mazu has gone beyond the single function of protecting the ocean and become a folk belief all over the country. In the inland river shipping field in Ming and Qing Dynasties, Fujian merchants frequently traveled between their hometown and the mainland, introducing the belief of Mazu, the sea god, to the mainland, and also introducing the gods of the mainland to Mazu's immortal team. In some Mazu Tempel, the gods holding daffodils come from the mainland. They are Li Bai, Dayu, Qu Yuan, Wu Zixu and Wang Bo. They have the status of inland river gods and river gods. For example, Li Bai is said to have drowned in the Caishiji of the Yangtze River and became a river god. Qu Yuan was also a famous river god when he died in Miluo River. Dayu is a pioneer in water control and an old water god in the Central Plains. Their joining the Mazu Tempel God Team reflects the close integration of coastal and inland cultures and enriches the cultural connotation of Mazu belief. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, a large number of people from Guangdong and Fujian emigrated overseas. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the policy of sea ban has made overseas Chinese become abandoned children in China, and Mazu Tempel has become the spiritual home of the displaced people. During the Wanli period in Ming Shenzong, a Portuguese fleet sailed to an island near the Pearl River Estuary and docked. They don't know where they are. The local people pointed to a small temple on the hill behind them and said, This is Ama Pavilion, which is Mazu Tempel. The Portuguese transliterated it as AMACAU, which is the origin of Macao's name. Since the Qing Dynasty, Mazu belief has entered the heyday of development. During the nearly 200 years from Kangxi to Tongzhi, six emperors printed 10 more than once. The title of Mazu was promoted from "Tian Fei" in the Ming Dynasty to "Tianhou", with a title of 64 words, which is the longest among contemporary goddesses and its status is beyond praise. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the sea ban policy has made it difficult for a large number of Guangdong and Fujian people who have emigrated overseas to return to China. But wherever they go, they have to build Mazu Tempel or Fujian Guild Hall, and Mazu Tempel has become the spiritual home of the displaced people. Until modern times, Mazu Tempel was still distributed in coastal areas, even in Southeast Asia, America and Europe. The conservative estimate of Mazu Tempel in the world is over 65,438+0,000. It can span thousands of years. From ancient times to modern society, Mazu belief is immortal, which is quite rare among all ancient gods. One difficulty is that Mazu belief does not have profound philosophical implications. For a long time, Mazu belief is only supported by folk myths and stories, and as a pure folk belief, it is rooted in people's daily life. Belief in Mazu has become a cultural symbol and a family bond that is hard to give up.