Life of Li Bai
Li Bai
Li Bai (701 AD - 762 AD), also known as Taibai, also known as Qinglian layman. Li Bai is a famous poet in the Tang Dynasty and one of the most famous poets in my country. He is another great romantic poet after Qu Yuan in the history of Chinese literature. He is known as the "Poetic Immortal". Li Bai and Du Fu are collectively called "Li Du".
His ancestral home was in Chengji, Longxi (now southwest of Jingning, Gansu). At the end of the Sui Dynasty, his ancestors lived in Suiye (near today's Tokmak, northern Kyrgyzstan). When he was young, he moved with his father to Qinglian Township, Changlong County, Mianzhou (now Jiangyou, Sichuan). At the age of 25, he "said farewell to relatives and traveled far away" and left Shu with a sword. Tianbao initially served in the Hanlin Academy, but was slandered by the powerful and left Chang'an after just over a year. During the Anshi Rebellion, he served as an aide to King Yong Lin. Because Lin was defeated in Xunyang Prison, he was banished to Yelang, but he was pardoned and returned to the east. In his later years, he went to his uncle Li Yangbing, who ordered him to Dangtu. He later died in Dangtu and was buried in Longshan. In the twelfth year of Tang Yuanhe (817), Fan Chuanzheng, the observer of Xuanshechi, moved his tomb to Qingshan according to Li Bai's last wish of "aiming at Qingshan" during his lifetime. There are thirty volumes of "Collected Works of Li Taibai" in circulation.
There are more than 990 poems by Li Bai in existence. There are a large number of political lyric poems, which fully express the poet's extraordinary ambition, unrestrained passion, and heroic spirit. They also represent the typical tone of high-spirited poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Li Bai had a strong self-awareness and compared himself with the Dapeng many times. "The Dapeng rises with the wind in one day, and its fortunes rise ninety thousand miles" in "Li Yong". However, Li Bai returned frustrated after three years in Chang'an. When his passionate political enthusiasm was collided with reality, he turned into a song of sorrow and anger for his unrecognized talent. He burst out from his chest: "The road is like the blue sky. I can't reach it alone. I am ashamed." "In the middle of the Chang'an society, the red chickens and white dogs play for pears and chestnuts, they play the swords and sing songs and make bitter sounds, and they drag their trains to the royal family, which is not suitable for them." Li Bai also wrote joyful drinking poems to relieve the sorrow of not being able to realize his talents. "About to Enter the Wine": "If you are successful in life, you must have all the fun. Don't let the gold bottle stand empty against the moon. I am born with talents that will be useful. I will come back after all the gold is spent. I have fun cooking sheep and slaughtering cattle. I will drink three hundred cups at a time." In line with this bold and unrestrained emotional momentum, the distinctive features of Li Bai's poetry in terms of artistic techniques are: magical imagination, unprovoked changes, vertical and horizontal jumps in structure, and scattered sentence lengths, forming a majestic and elegant poem. style. "Dreamwalking Tianmu chants and leaves behind":
"Tianmu reaches the sky and stretches across the sky, stretching out the five mountains to cover Chicheng. The rooftop is 48,000 feet long, and it wants to fall to the southeast. I want to dream of Wuyue because of it, Flying across the Jinghu Lake all night, the moon shines on me and sends me to the Yan River. The place where Xie Gong stayed is still there, and the clear apes are singing in the water. There are chickens in the air. The road is uncertain in the thousands of rocks, and the rocks are suddenly dim. The roaring bears and dragons sing in the Yinyan Spring. The clouds are green and green, and the water is full of thunder. , Qiu Luan collapsed, the stone fan of the cave suddenly opened, the blue sky was vast and bottomless, the sun and the moon shone on the gold and silver platform, the kings of clouds came and fell one after another, and the tigers and drums played. Luan returns to the carriage. Immortals are lined up like hemp." And when I first wake up from the dream, the illusion disappears, which leads to my feelings about life and the world: "The same is true for happiness in the world. Everything flows in the east." It makes me unhappy to bow down and serve the powerful.” Li Bai's characteristic of thinking beyond the world greatly developed Zhuangzi's fables. Qu Yuan's first romantic spirit and expression techniques also integrated Taoist immortal imagery, which has amazing artistic charm and won the praise of a generation of "poetry immortals". praise.
The themes of Li Bai's poems are diverse. His seven-character ancient poems ("The Road to Shu is Difficult", "Dream Wandering Tianmu's Song of Farewell", "About to Enter the Wine", "Yin of Liang Fu", etc.); five-character ancient poems (59 poems in "Ancient Style"); there are Yuefu folk songs of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties The unique "Changganxing", "Midnight Wu Ge", etc., and the seven-character quatrains ("Wanglu Mountain Waterfall", "Wangtianmen Mountain", "Early Departure from Baidi City", etc.) have become famous works in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Li Bai was already famous in the Tang Dynasty. His poems "are not collected in a fixed volume, but every family has them." He is the first person in the Chinese poetry circle.
Early Years
Li Bai's ancestral home was Chengji, Longxi (now Qin'andong, Gansu). He was born in Suiye (located near Tokmak, Kyrgyzstan today) in the Western Regions in the first year of Chang'an of Wu Zetian (701 AD). According to the "New Book of Tang", he was the ninth grandson of Emperor Xingsheng (Liang Wuzhao King Li Hao), and he was actually the same ancestry as the kings of Li and Tang. When he was young, Li Bai and his father Li Ke moved to Qinglian Township, Changlong, Mianzhou (now Jiangyou County, Sichuan). He began traveling throughout China in his youth. Later, Li Bai once worshiped Hanlin in the first year of Tianbao of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty (AD 742)[/ur].
It was his unruly character that determined that he could not be tolerated by the powerful, so he left Chang'an in less than two years.
Middle-aged
Later he met Du Fu, another famous poet of the Tang Dynasty in China, in Luoyang and became a good friend. After the Anshi Rebellion broke out, in December 756, Li Bai was invited to serve as an aide to King Yong in order to quell the rebellion. After King Yong was angry and killed Suzong of Tang Dynasty, Li Bai was also convicted and imprisoned. Soon after, he was exiled to Yelang (now Tongzi, Guizhou). He was pardoned during his exile, when he was 59 years old.
Later Years
Li Bai wandered around the Yangtze River in his later years. When he was 61 years old, he heard that Lieutenant Li Guangbi was leading an army to attack the Anshi rebels, so he went north to prepare to follow Li Guangbi and join the army to kill the enemy, but he turned back due to illness on the way. The next year, Li Bai defected to his uncle Li Yangbing, who was the county magistrate of Dangtu (now Anhui). In November of the same year, Li Bai died of illness in his apartment at the age of 62.
Works
Li Bai created a large number of poetry works throughout his life, more than 900 of which have been handed down to this day. His poetry creation covers a wide range of themes of Chinese classical poetry, and there are famous works on many themes. His favorite genres are mainly ancient poetry, including ancient style and Yuefu poetry, but he often also retains swan songs in modern poetry genres such as rhymes and quatrains. Among the Ci poems that were not yet popular in the Tang Dynasty, two are considered to be Li Bai's works, namely "Bodhisattva Man" and "Recalling Qin E", which Huang Sheng of the Southern Song Dynasty called "the ancestor of Ci and music in a hundred generations". There are also a few people who doubt that they were written by Li Bai.
Textual research
According to the "Old Book of Tang", Li Bai, courtesy name Taibai, was from Shandong, and his father was Rencheng Wei. In his youth, Li Bai showed extraordinary talents, great ambition, and a transcendental heart. He and other students from central Shandong, including Kong Chaofu, Han Mian, Pei Zheng, Zhang Shuming, Tao Mian, etc., hid in Culai Mountain, singing and drinking heavily, and were known as "Zhuxi Liuyi" at that time.
The "Old Book of Tang" records that although Li Bai was pardoned during his exile, he died of drunkenness in Xuancheng due to excessive drinking on the way ("He died of drunkenness in Xuancheng because of excessive drinking").
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Li Bai’s life and character
Li Bai (701-762) was named Taibai. Originally from Chengji, Longxi (now Qin'an, Gansu), he was born in Suiye City (in today's Kyrgyzstan) in the western region of Central Asia. When he was about five years old, his family moved to Changlong, Mianzhou (now Jiangyou, Sichuan). His father, Li Ke (or his real name is unknown, "Ke" is a general term for outsiders), did not seek a job and his family was wealthy, so people speculated that he might be a wealthy businessman. Li Bai spent his teenage years in Shu. He has been widely involved in reading since he was a child. It is said that "reciting Liujia at the age of five and observing hundreds of schools of thought at the age of ten" ("History of Pei Chang of Shang'an Prefecture"), "watching wonders at the age of fifteen" He wrote a poem about Ling Xiangru ("A Gift to Zhang Xianghao"). When he was young, he served as a swordsman. "Books with Han Jingzhou" says:
"Fifteen good swordsmanship, all over the feudal lords." "Wei Hao said that he had "bright eyes, trembling like a hungry tiger... he was a young knight, and he could kill many people with his hands" ("Preface to the Collection of Li Hanlin"). Cui Zongzhi also wrote in the poem "Gift to Li Twelve Whites" that "there is something in his sleeves" Sentences such as "dagger and sword" and "eyes that illuminate people" describe his demeanor. Much later, he reminisced with his friends and recalled with great interest the past when he fought his way out of the siege of the evil young men in Wuling (see "Reminiscing the past with Jiangyang Zailu Diao") .
He has longed for the life of wandering immortals for a long time: "I have traveled to immortals for fifteen years, and my immortal travels have never stopped. " (Part 5 of "Eight Poems for Feelings") When he was eighteen or nineteen years old, Li Bai once lived in seclusion in Dakuang Mountain, Daitian, and learned from Zhao Rui. Zhao Rui was a man who "walked the world in the way of kings and hegemons" (Sun Guangxian's "Bei Meng" Li Bai met Su Ting at the age of twenty, and won the praise of this "big writer in the imperial court" and a great writer. .
In the autumn of the twelfth year of Kaiyuan (724), Li Bai "went to the country with his sword, said goodbye to his relatives and traveled far away" ("History of Pei Chang of Shang'an Prefecture"). He traveled south from Mount Emei along the Pingqiang River to Jingmen and Dongting, and then to Jinling, Guangling, Kuaiji and other places. Soon he returned to the west and settled in Yuncheng (today's Anlu, Hubei). At that time, the famous Taoist priest Sima Chengzhen met him in Jiangling and praised him for his "immortal spirit and Taoist spirit, which can travel with the gods to the eight extremes" (Li Bai's "Dapeng Fu·Preface"). In the fifteenth year of Kaiyuan, he married the granddaughter of his late prime minister Xu Yu. Three years later, in the 18th year of Kaiyuan (730), Li Bai set off from Nanyang to Chang'an. He was thirty years old at this time.
Li Bai first entered Chang'an for about three years. He lived in seclusion in Zhongnan Mountain and made friends widely, hoping to be recommended by princes and nobles. At that time, the villa of Princess Yuzhen, sister of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, was located in Zhongnan Mountain, and literati (including famous poets such as Wang Wei and Chu Guangxi) often visited her as guests. Li Bai got acquainted with the princess, but failed to get what he wanted, and finally left sadly. In the summer of the twentieth year of Kaiyuan (732), Li Bai went east along the Yellow River and roamed Jiangxia, Luoyang, Taiyuan and other places. In the twenty-fourth year, he moved his family east again and "came to Shandong to learn swordsmanship" ("Donglu went to Wen Shangweng in May"). When he lived in Rencheng, he, Kong Chaofu and others would have a drunken drinking session in Culai Mountain, and they were known as "Liuyi of Zhuxi". Later, he roamed around Henan, Huainan, Hunan and Hubei, climbing Mount Tai in the north, and reaching Hangzhou, Kuaiji and other places in the south. Wherever he went, he sang many poems, and his poems spread far and wide, shocking both the government and the public. In the end, even the emperor was alarmed.
In the autumn of the first year of Tianbao, due to the recommendation of Princess Yuzhen, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty issued an edict to recruit Li Bai to the capital, and he was treated with grand courtesy: "The chariot came down to welcome him, and he saw Qi Hao; he gave him food on the Qibao bed. ” (Li Yangbing’s “Preface to the Thatched Cottage Collection”) ordered Li Bai to serve Hanlin. When Li Bai was called to Beijing, he was quite smug and ambitious. The poem "Farewell Children of Nanling Entering Beijing" goes: "Looking up to the sky and laughing and going out. How can we be the people of Penghao!" He was determined to do something to repay Xuanzong for his kindness, but this This proud poet was soon hated by the palace dignitaries. A year later, he began to be slandered, "How could the white jade be deserved? The blue fly has become an injustice" ("Letter to Cai She Renxiong"), "Although the king loves his beautiful eyebrows, he has no choice but to kill people in the palace due to jealousy" ("Letter to Cai She Renxiong") "Jade Pot Song"), these poems are a portrayal of his dangerous situation at that time. In the spring of the third year of Tianbao, Li Bai was released and returned to his hometown. This time he served in the court for only more than a year, but it caused profound changes in the poet's understanding of society.
After Li Bai left Chang'an, he walked eastward along Shangzhou Avenue and met Du Fu in Luoyang. Later, he traveled with Du Fu and Gao Shi to the Liang and Song Dynasties, living a life of drinking, writing, and chasing eagles and rabbits. Easy life. The next year, Li Bai met Du Fu again in Yanzhou, Shandong, and traveled to Sishui, Dongmeng and other places together. As the political situation worsened during the Tianbao period, Li Bai felt deeply worried and uneasy about the national crisis. In his poems such as "Reply to the King Drinking Alone on a Twelve Cold Nights" and "Farewell", he publicly protested against the arbitrary power and killing of dissidents by Li Linfu, Yang Guozhong and others, and issued a tragic cry against the dangerous political situation. He wandered around, wandering in the areas of Liangyuan, Lujun and Jinling, and also visited Youji and other places. Many excellent poems were written along the way.
In the fourteenth year of Tianbao (755), the Anshi Rebellion broke out. Li Bai took refuge in the southeast, traveling between Xuancheng, Dangtu, Jinling, and Liyang. Later he lived in seclusion in Lushan Mountain. At that time, Xuanzong's son Yong Wanglin led his troops east from Jiangling and "written three times" ("Books with Jia Shaogong"). In the name of rejuvenating the great cause, he respectfully invited Li Bai to join his army, and Li Bai resolutely joined the army with enthusiasm. Unexpectedly, another trouble broke out between Suzong Li Heng and Yong Wang Lin, Xiao Qiang, and Li Lin was defeated and killed. Li Bai was also convicted and imprisoned, and was soon imprisoned by Changliu Yelang (today's Tongzi area in Guizhou). At that time, the poet was in a dangerous situation where "everyone wanted to kill" (Du Fu's "Missing"), and Du Fu even mistakenly believed the rumors and wrote poems to express his deep sorrow. Li Bai traveled up Jiangxi and was pardoned and released when he reached Wushan. At this time, he was nearly sixty years old, but he was still ambitious. In the second year of Shangyuan Dynasty (761), he embarked on another journey to prepare to join Li Guangbi's counter-rebellion army, but he turned back due to illness on the way. In the first year of Baoying (762), Li Bai died of illness at the home of his uncle Li Yangbing of the Dangtu tribe, ending his legendary life. There is "The Collection of Li Taibai".
Li Bai traveled around the world throughout his life, and his ups and downs brought him into extensive contact with all aspects of life. His distinctive personality was formed on the basis of fully absorbing the atmosphere of the times. Li Bai has been generous and arrogant since he was young, and he "always wanted to make a splash and soar into the sky, but he gradually moved from land to country, but he couldn't do it" (Fan Chuanzheng, "Preface to the Tombstone of Li Gongxin, a Hanlin Scholar in the Collection of Tang You"). He has a strong chivalrous style: he favors martial arts over Confucianism, neglects trivial matters, despises wealth and loves charity, and is bold and powerful. When he was young, he "traveled eastward to Weiyang, which lasted less than a year, and scattered more than 300,000 yuan in gold. I helped a young master who was in trouble" (Li Bai's "History of Pei Chang of Shang'an Prefecture"). He likes to drink heavily and is good at riding and shooting. He disdained the conventional path that ordinary scholars took from the imperial examination to become an official, but hoped to achieve great success in one fell swoop. He also devoutly sought immortality, learned Taoism, and collected herbs to refine elixirs. Duguji said that his luggage when going out was "full of immortality medicine and a box full of Taoist books" ("Preface to Cao Nan as a Sending to Li Bai"). He even received the Taoist seal from Shandong Zunshi Gao Rugui and performed the ceremony to officially become a Taoist. He was very fond of strategists who solved problems and had the style of a political strategist. Cui Zongzhi said that his "clear explanations are both powerful and mystical. He understands the affairs of Chu and Han clearly, and has experienced the domineering kings" ("Gift to Li Twelve Bai") 》). "New Book of Tang·Literary Biography" also said that he "liked vertical and horizontal skills". In short, "If you aspire to Taoism, you may claim to be a god; if you don't seek a small official position, you will be proud of the affairs of the world" (Liu Quanbai's "Book of Li Junjie, an Imperial Scholar in the Tang Dynasty"). His life ideal is both detached and actively involved in the world. The above aspects are the salient features of the social customs and cultural spirit of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Therefore, Li Bai has naturally become the ideal human ethics model for contemporary people. For example, in order to see Li Bai's magnificence, Ren Hua and Wei Wan traveled thousands of miles to follow him; when He Zhizhang, a "crazy guest from the Four Ming Dynasties", saw Li Bai, he exclaimed that he was an "immortal" and took off the golden turtle he was wearing as a gift; Wu Qize was willing to go through fire and water, crossing the area occupied by the Anlushan rebels to Donglu to pick up the poet's children, and so on. It is through the projection of his personality that Li Bai's poetry reflects the style and splendor of the times, thus becoming the strongest voice of the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
The artistic sublimation of the ideals of the times
Li Bai's poetry is a typical representative of the atmosphere of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Throughout his life, the poet has been praising the ideal life with his innocent heart. No matter when and where, he always embraces the whole world with enthusiasm, pursues full performance, meritorious service and enjoyment, and has a keen sense of all beautiful things. Feel, grasp reality without being satisfied with reality, plunge into the rapids of life but transcend the worries of suffering, and realize your own value in a high and exciting mental state. If ideal color is the main feature of the poetic style of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, then Li Bai was at the forefront of the times with his more promising ideal singing.
Li Bai's poems enriched and developed the artistic theme of heroism in the poetry of the Tang Dynasty. Like other scribes of his generation, he had grand ambitions. The so-called "approved Guan Yan's talk, plotted the emperor's skills, exerted his wisdom, and was willing to serve as an assistant. He made the Huan region settled and Hai County unified" ("Dai Dynasty") Shoushan's reply to Meng Shaofu's transfer of documents") is his most persistent belief in life. Whether Li Bai had the actual ability to engage in political activities in a complex power structure may be very doubtful, but as a poet, this belief became more of the starting point for his pursuit and praise of a magnificent life. He drew strength from the demeanor and style of countless ancient heroes, projected realistic ideals into history, and thus established a gallery of heroic characters in poetry. He eulogized the heroes who rose up in the grassland and met in the turmoil. For example, "Liang Fu Yin" wrote about Taigong Wang: "Don't you see the song of the court, butchering the old man and saying goodbye to Jijin, and coming to the Weibin to fish for eighty years. I am so shy that my white hair shines in the clear water, and I am strong enough to think about economics at the right time. Guangzhang Three thousand eight hundred fishing, Feng Qi secretly married Prince Wen. The great virtuous tiger turned stupid and unexpected, and he was quite like an ordinary person back then. Lu Lian is so wonderful. When the bright moon rises from the bottom of the sea, it shines brightly. Later generations look up to it and give it a gift. I also look at the plains and smile.
"Praise to the British master who loves talents eagerly and treats virtuous subordinates, such as the second part of "The Road is Difficult": "Don't you see that in the past, the Yan family valued Guo Wei, and there was no doubt about it. Ju Xin and Le Yi are grateful for their contribution. Liver transfusion and bile dissection are effective for talents. King Zhao’s bones linger in the vines, who can sweep away the golden platform! "Praise for the famous ministers who are arrogant and unruly and insist on the dignity of common people, such as Li Shiqi in "Yin of Liang Fu": "You don't see the drunkard in Gaoyang drafting, I always bow to Duke Long of Shandong; I don't worship Cheng or eloquent at the entrance, the two girls stop washing and come to visit wind. Go east to the Qi city for seventy-two, commanding Chu and Han like a whirling cape. The madman is in such a state of desolation, how much more so when the strong man is the leader of the pack! "Most of the heroes in his works are powerful figures on the historical stage during extraordinary periods of turmoil and chaos, and they are integrated and inseparable from the lyrical protagonists. For example, he said in a poem to reward a friend: "Feng shui is like seeing capital, investing. Gan Zuo Huangji. "("Sima and Yan Zhengzi, King of Houfang Prefecture, presented gifts to Xuejian") "I said that Guan and Ge Jing are the ones who promised me, and I will not go into seclusion even if I make a long call. " ("Giving a gift to Yangshan people after driving to the hot spring palace") After waking up from drunkenness, he expressed his ambition: "Fu said that Ban Zhuchen is a minister, and Li Si is a hawk and dog man. It is better to relive the hardships of Kuang Sheji. " ("Winter Night Drunk Longmen Jueqi's Statement") When the Anshi Rebellion broke out, Li Bai regarded the situation as a conflict between Chu and Han, and described Zhang Liang and Han Xin as saying: "It's quite like the Chu and Han Dynasties, where the overthrow was unpredictable. Pass by Bolangsha in the morning and enter Huaiyin City at dusk. Zhang Liang did not meet Han Xinpo, and Liu Xiang's life and death depended on his two ministers. I went to Xiapi for a while to receive the military strategy, and came to vote for Piao Mu as my master. " ("Tiger Walking") After he entered the Yongwang Lin shogunate, he compared himself to Xie An: "But I use Dongshan to thank Anshi, and talk and laugh for you in the quiet Husha. " (Part 2 of "The Song of King Yong's Tour to the East") Until he surrendered to the army at the age of sixty, he still made a promise to Meng Zi in the Western Han Dynasty hero drama:
"I returned from illness after half a day, but there was no reason to march to the southeast. Yafu didn't see him, so Ju Mengzhu went ahead. ”
(“I heard that Lieutenant Li led a million Qin soldiers to the southeast...”) Li Bai, who was born in the prosperous times, paid tribute to the heroes in troubled times, and of course he was not just thinking about the ancient times. Because through this As a kind of character, the poet can express his "ambitious" spirit and enthusiasm, and express his life desire to establish glorious achievements and actively create self-worth in history. At the same time, this has also become a personified portrayal of the ideals of the times.
Li Bai unified the ideal of solving problems and the freedom of uninhibited personality in order to achieve a perfect life. His design of life path was carried out in two steps: firstly, to establish great achievements, such as Yun said: "If you can't do anything to replace your heart, what's the point of being good alone?" "("Gift to Secretary Wei Zichun") "When two dragons fight, the heaven and earth are shaken. Drinking heavily and dancing with long swords, hastily resolved the disputes of the Han Dynasty. " ("Send Zhang Xiucai to the Prime Minister of High School") After becoming successful, he did not covet wealth and fame, but made "Five Lakes" and "Cangzhou" his home, yearning for a free life. In his early years, when he was seeking an official position in Qianye He does not shy away from this point: "After success, he brushes off his clothes and sways beside Cangzhou. "("Bitter Rain at Princess Yuzhen's Pavilion") Don't give up on this point when you are most proud of your official career: "Thank the world for your success, and you will just throw yourself into fishing from now on. "("Hanlin Reading Words") "When I finish my duty, I will report to the Lord, and then we will lie together in the white clouds. " ("Giving a gift to the people of Yangshan after driving to Hot Spring Palace") Until his later years, he still remained determined: "Finally, I will settle down with Sheji and go to the Five Lakes successfully. "("Gift to Secretary Wei Zichun") This ideal of life embodies the poet's consciousness of "being ashamed of his virtues" and loving freedom: "I can win Liaocheng merit with one arrow of writing." Finally, I was not rewarded, and I was as ashamed as the people of the time. "("Donglu Traveling in May and Replying to Wen Shangweng")
"I just died in the grass, and I didn't ask for a life under a golden cage. "("Set up evil tricks to encourage pheasant spots") These poems are the self-expression of the poet's thoughts. Because his sense of freedom is so strong, when he encounters the obstruction of the ugly forces in real life, his anger and resistance will It is also very strong.
Among ancient Chinese poets, Li Bai's personality is rare and liberating.
In his life, he did not show his fame by fame, but he had high expectations. He despised the powerful even though he was a commoner, unscrupulously ridiculed the hierarchical order centered on political power, criticized corrupt political phenomena, and showed bold resistance. , promoted the spirit of heroism in the culture of the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
Li Bai’s anti-powerful ideology became increasingly conscious and mature with the enrichment of his life practice. In the early days, it was mainly manifested in the equality requirements of "not yielding to oneself and not being intrusive to others" and "being equal to the princes". Just as he said in the poem: "In the past, I was drunk with flowers and willows in Chang'an, and the five nobles and seven nobles shared a cup of wine. The powerful people were standing far away from the shore. In front of others, Fengliu is willing to lag behind others!" ("Liu Yelang Presents to Judge Xin") "Praising the Master of the Nine Levels of Ten Thousand Riders, Jiao Langchiqing Qingsuo Xian" ("Yin of the Jade Pot") He also sometimes expresses contempt for the powerful. Rich words, such as "Buying songs and laughing with gold and white jade, making the princes light up after being drunk for a long time" ("Reminiscing about the past travels and sending Qiao Junyuan to join the army"), etc., but they mainly express the inner arrogance. With the understanding of the actual situation of the high-level power groups, he further revealed the opposition between the common people and the powerful: "Pearls and jade buy songs and laughs, and chaff nourishes talented people." ("Ancient Style" 15th) "The phoenix nests in the sycamore tree, and the mandarin thorns inhabit it. Yuanluan." ("Ancient Style" 39) "The chickens gather together to fight for food, the phoenix flies alone and has no neighbor. >
("Ming Gao Ge to Send Cen Zhengjun") and ridicule the ugliness of those who stole power by flattering the emperor, such as No. 24 of "Ancient Style":
大 Cars raise flying dust, pavilions and streets are dark at noon. There is a lot of gold in the middle, and there is a house in Lianyun. When you meet a cockfighting man on the road, what a brilliant crown he has. The breath is dry and the rainbow is shining, and all pedestrians are wary. There is no one who can clean his ears. Who knows about Yao and Zhi?
And in "Sleepwalking Tianmu Yin Farewell", he made the loudest cry:
An Neng's humiliation to serve the powerful makes me unhappy!
The significance of this artistic summary in Li Bai's poetry is as important as Du Fu's famous line "The wine and meat in Zhumen smells bad, and there are frozen bones on the road" ("Five Hundred Words of Odyssey to Fengxian from Beijing") in Du Fu's poetry . In the increasingly deteriorating political situation in Tianbao Mo, Li Bai again linked anti-establishment with broad social criticism. For example, "Reply to the King Drinking Alone on Twelve Cold Nights" not only fights for the wise men who surrendered to death, but also expresses disappointment and contempt for the court:
If you don't see Li Beihai, where will your heroism and heroism be now? If you don't see Pei Shangshu, he is living in an earthen tomb three feet high with wormwood and thorns. The young man had long wanted to go to the Five Lakes, but when he saw this place, he saw the bells and cauldrons sparse.
In poems such as "Letter to Cai She Renxiong", "Ancient Style" Chapter 51, "Climbing a High Hill and Looking at the Far Sea", Li Bai even used the past to satirize the present and made sharp criticisms of Xuanzong himself. scold.
In short, it can be said that he developed the theme of anti-power in Tang poetry to the fullest extent. Ren Hua said that Li Bai "has been a guest for decades and has never lost his dignity for a day" ("Miscellaneous Words to Li Bai"). This kind of consciousness of not yielding in front of the powerful and having the courage to resist in order to maintain self-dignity is what has been valued since the Wei and Jin Dynasties. It is under the new historical conditions that Li Bai inherited and carried forward this excellent tradition and became a poetry superstar.
Li Bai's poems are full of passionate love in life. His poems are often full of childlike interest in the openness, such as: "Two people drink together, and the flowers are blooming, one cup after another. I am drunk and want to sleep. Please go away, and tomorrow will come with the piano." ("In the Mountains and the Silence") "People drinking together") "The sleeves are long and the pipe is used to stimulate sexual desire. The Hanzhong prefect is drunk and dancing. Holding a brocade robe and covering my body, I am drunk and sleep on his buttocks." ("Reminiscing about the past travels and sending Qiaojun Yuan to join the army") "The setting sun is about to disappear. In Xian, Shanxi, the children in Xiangyang clapped their hands and blocked the street to sing "White Copper". Strong wine makes the poet intoxicated, which of course does not mean that there is no sorrow and pain in life, but the poet's optimistic spirit is enough to enable him to transcend and overcome the sense of worry. As the saying goes, "If you have reached your destiny, why should you worry about it? Let's drink fine wine and climb high buildings" ("Liang Yuan") "Yin"), "Let's get drunk at home and don't look at the monument of tears" (Part 4 of "Xiangyang Song"), which are the portrayal of his broad-minded mentality. One of his three poems "Traveling is Difficult":
Golden bottles of wine cost ten thousand coins, and jade plates of treasures cost ten thousand coins. Stopping the cup and throwing chopsticks, I can't eat. I draw my sword and look around at a loss. If you want to cross the Yellow River, which is blocked by ice, you will have to climb the snow-covered mountains of Taihang. When I was free to fish on the Bixi River, I suddenly took a boat and dreamed of the sun. The journey is difficult, the journey is difficult, and there are many divergent paths, but now I am safe! There will be times when the wind blows and the waves break, and the clouds and sails are hung directly to help the sea.
Even though he writes about the sorrow of losing his way, there are no harsh words about danger. The images of the Yellow River, Taihang, the sea, and the sun appear in the poem, as well as the majestic posture of looking around with swords drawn, sails raised, etc. The reverie of crossing the sea is full of magnificent emotions. He will never settle for loneliness and solitude, as in Part 1 of "Drinking Alone Under the Moon":
A pot of wine among the flowers, drinking alone without any blind date. Raise a glass to invite the bright moon, and make three people in the shadows. The moon doesn't know how to drink, and its shadow follows me. For now, the moon will be shadowed, and we must have fun until spring. My singing moon lingers, my dancing shadows are scattered. They make love together when they are awake, but they separate when they are drunk. We will travel together forever, and we will meet each other in Miao Yunhan.
Only a poet full of vitality can come up with such fantastic ideas. He has a poem "Dan Ge Xing", in which he conceives: "I want to attract six dragons, and I will hang a fusang on my carriage. Beidou will drink fine wine, and each of the dragons will have a cup. Wealth and honor are undesirable, and people live in ruins." There is no lamentation here. He laments his humiliation, but expresses his infinite attachment to life with the innocent imagination of "persuading him to drink". With their innocent taste, these poems inspire the beautiful humanity that is drowned by vulgar life, and thus gain permanent charm.
Li Bai had a strong sense of nature. He was good at integrating his personality into natural scenery, so that the mountains, rivers and valleys he wrote all had an idealized color. In his poem "Sunrise and Entrance", he said: "I will cover the big chunks, Haoran and Mingju are in the same family." He also said: "Yangchun calls me with smoke and scenery, and the big chunks fake me with articles."
< p> (Preface to "Spring Night Banquet from My Brother's Peach Garden") Li Bai has heroic demeanor and pursues a simple and noble state of mind. These different personality aspects have formed two major types of his landscape artistic conception: one is in the majestic and majestic style The majestic mountains and rivers highlight the beauty of force and movement, expressing heroic sentiments and thoughts in a magnificent artistic conception; the other type deliberately pursues the beauty of light and clarity, expressing innocent and innocent feelings in a beautiful artistic conception. For example, the Yellow River and the Yangtze River in his works are roaring and rushing for thousands of miles: "The water of the Yellow River comes up from the sky, and rushes to the sea and never returns" ("Jianjin Wine"); "The Yellow River touches the mountains for thousands of miles, and spins the vortex of the Qin mine... The giant spirit roared and broke the two mountains, and the torrential waves shot into the East China Sea" ("Song of Yuntai in Xiyue as a Farewell to Dan Qiuzi"); "Climbing high and spectacular between heaven and earth, the vast river never returns.The yellow clouds are thousands of miles away, and the wind is blowing, and the white waves are flowing down the snow-capped mountains." ("The Ballad of Mount Lu sent to Lu Shiyu's virtual boat"); "The sea god comes and the evil wind returns, and the waves hit the stone wall of the sky gate and open it. How is it like this in August in Zhejiang? The waves are like snow coming from the mountains" ("Hengjiang Ci"). The mountain peaks in his works are soaring and majestic: "Without the peaks, the sky is not full of feet, and withered pines hang upside down against the cliffs" ("Hengjiang Ci") "The Road to Shu Is Difficult");
"The Heavenly Mother reaches up to the sky, stretching out the five mountains to cover Chicheng; the rooftop is 48,000 feet long, and it wants to fall to the southeast" ("Sleepwalking Heavenly Mother's Yin Leaving Farewell") . He used the heroic spirit in his heart to endow the landscape with sublime beauty. His praise of the power of nature is also a tribute to the ideal of life with far-sightedness and endless struggle. At the same time, Li Bai's extraordinary natural imagery is integrated with his proud heroic character. He also wrote many landscape poems with crystal clear and beautiful artistic conceptions, such as "People travel to the moon, and the boat sails in the air" ("Send Wei Wan from Wangwu Mountain back to Wangwu"); "People ride on the moon on the sea, and the sails fall." "The sky is in the middle of the lake" ("Xunyang Farewell to My Brother in Poyang, Sima Zuo"); "The moon turns with the blue mountains, and the water merges with the green mountains." It's as dark as the stars on the river, but I feel the clouds and the forest are secluded" ("Moonlight Night River Journey to Cui Yuanwai Zongzhi"); "The night in Jinling is quiet and cool breeze blows, I go up to the west tower alone to look at Wu and Yue. The white clouds reflect the water and shake the empty city, and the white dew drops drop the autumn moon" ("Yin under the Moon on the West Tower of Jinling City"), etc. These poems win with clarity and purity.
Li Bai's landscape poems are not so much the realistic representation of natural forms. The description is rather a picture that has been transformed and idealized according to the poet's personality. He only strives to grasp the overall momentum or atmosphere, and uses freehand brushwork based on his sudden surge of emotion, while omitting specific details, even the idea of observing the scenery. The order of visual transfer is often ignored. Li Bai's landscape poems are always lyrical. He is good at infiltrating and blending landscape scenery with specific emotions, and combines the situation of "scenery" and the characteristics of "emotion". There is a subtle echoing relationship of "isomorphic mutuality". For example, when he first came out of Shu, he wrote "Farewell at the Jingmen":
Going far beyond the Jingmen, I came to travel from the country of Chu to the plains. The river flows into the wilderness. The sky mirrors under the moon, and the clouds form sea towers. I still feel sorry for the water in my hometown, and I send the boat off after thousands of miles.
The poet writes about a young man who is just starting out on his journey. Full of forward-looking feelings, "Early Departure from Baidi City" written after being pardoned and released in his later years: