Information about Princess Wencheng
Princess Wencheng was originally the daughter of Li Tangyuan's imperial clan. In the 14th year of Emperor Taizong's Zhenguan (640), Emperor Taizong named Li Princess Wencheng. In the fifteenth year of Zhenguan (64 1), Princess Wencheng married Tubo and became the queen of Zampson Zagambo in Tubo.
From then on, Tang Fan married very well. For two hundred years, whenever new Zampa ascended the throne, Tang Gaozong was asked to "register his life".
Princess Wencheng, whose ancestral home is Jining (now Rencheng) in Shandong Province, has no Chinese name or her father's history books. Many people guess that she is Li Daozong, king of Jiangxia County. Li Daozong is Tang Gaozu Tang Gaozu's nephew. Because of the meritorious military service, he was named king of Rencheng, and his daughter was born in Rencheng. Princess Wencheng's ancestral home, birthplace, name, parents and history books are not recorded, but it is recorded that she is a patriarchal (house) girl.
In the eighth year of Zhenguan in the Tang Dynasty (634), Tubo Zanpu Songzangambu sent envoys to the Tang Dynasty, and Emperor Taizong sent a pedestrian Feng Dexia to Tubo. Songzan Gambu once again sent someone to the Tang Dynasty to propose to marry the princess of the Tang Dynasty, which was rejected by Emperor Taizong. King Tuyuhun entered the Tang Dynasty, and the Tibetan envoy told Songzan Gambu when he came back, claiming that the Tang Dynasty refused to get engaged because King Tuyuhun was in the way. [3]
Tang Zhenguan 12 (638), Songzan Gambu used Tuguhun as an excuse to get in the way, sent troops to defeat Tuguhun, Tangut and Bai Lanqiang, and pushed Songzhou (now Songpan, Sichuan) in the Tang Dynasty, threatening to invade the Tang Dynasty on a large scale without relatives. Niu Jin led the Tang Jun vanguard to defeat the Tubo army, and Songzan Gambu was greatly afraid. Before the arrival of Tang Jun's main force headed by Hou in the Tang Dynasty, he withdrew from Tuyuhun, Tangut and Bai Lanqiang, sent envoys to apologize, and asked for marriage again, and sent a big talk about Xue Ludong's formal dowry with five thousand two hundred gold and the same amount of other treasures. [4] Emperor Taizong made a royal daughter a princess and married Songzan Gambu.
Affinity process
Zhenguan 15 (64 1) On the 15th day of the first month, Emperor Taizong married Princess Wencheng to Songzan Gambu, ordered Li Daozong, king of Jiangxia, to observe the festival and escort him. Princess Wencheng went to Tubo accompanied by Li Daozong, the envoy of Tang Dynasty, and Lu Dongzan, the envoy of Tubo. Princess Wencheng and her party set out from Chang 'an, passed through Xining, crossed Sun Moon Mountain and made a long journey to Lhasa.
Songzan Gambo led the minister to meet Princess Wencheng in Baihai (now maduo county, Qinghai) near Heyuan, and met Li Daozong as a son-in-law. After that, I took the princess back to Luoyang (now Lhasa) to build a city and a palace for the princess.
Although Princess Wencheng and Princess Jincheng are imperial daughters, not the emperor's own daughters, they have a high status in Tubo.
The Tubo classic mkas-pavi-dgav-ston records that "Songzan Gambu was crowned as a princess and made a queen." Princess Wencheng, a female imperial clan in the Tang Dynasty (not the daughter of the emperor). "Dunhuang Tubo Historical Documents" records: "Princess Zanmeng Wencheng was welcomed into the land of Tubo by Gadong Zanyu Song." "When the Year of the Sheep (AD 683) ... in winter, I sacrificed the dream to Princess Wencheng. (Scholars such as Yao Wang pointed out that Zanmeng is like Meng Jue and Zhu Meng. When they are used to address Zambo's women, there is no difference in their titles: "btsan mo", "Zhu Meng" and "jo mo". Zhu Meng wrote it at the end of his life. )
Princess Tang Guifei Jincheng is the daughter of Wang Yong Li Shouli. Dunhuang Tubo historical documents record: "In the Year of the Dog (AD 7 10) ... Princess Zanmeng went to Luodian", "In the Year of the Rabbit (AD 739) ... Princess Zanmeng Jincheng died in year of the snake (AD 74 1) ... to worship Prince Rabin and Zanpu. [8]
According to the records in Dunhuang Tubo historical documents, there are two things: praise and honor, and enjoy sacrifices after death. Is not less than the treatment of the Tubo queen. Both Princess Wencheng and Princess Jincheng have this treatment. Only Princess Wencheng has this treatment among the women who are Songzan Gambu.
There are few absurd elements in some Tubo historical materials such as Bhrikuti Devi's Nipolo (generally called Nepalese princess as Nipolo Bhrikuti Devi), Dunhuang Tubo documents, and inscriptions on Tubo, as well as records in Chinese historical materials. All of them have Songzan Gambo married Princess Wencheng, but none of them have Songzan Gambo married Nipolo Bhrikuti Devi. The marriage between Songtsan Gampo and Nibo Bhrikuti Devi only comes from some chapters of some absurd novels in some Tibetan books (such as some chapters of books such as History among Columns (Guanyin in Tibet) and A Story of the King of Tibet). There is even a foreign Tibetan scholar who wrote about Songzan Gambu's wife, saying that the marriage between Songzan Gambu and Nipolo Bhrikuti Devi is fictitious. [9- 10]
Once upon a time there was a king of Nepal. However, in the original historical materials of Han, Tibetan and Nipolo, there is no saying that Songzan Gambu married Nibo Bhrikuti Devi. Tibetan Buddhism in Songzan Gambu period was not a esoteric religion in Tibetan areas in later generations. Later, with the rise of Buddhism esotericism, Songzan Gambu married Nipolo Bhrikuti Devi only in some Tibetan books (many of which are absurd), and later some books were copied.
Princess Wencheng didn't like Tibetan noodle-making customs, and Songzan Gambu ordered the Tibetan noodle-making customs to be banned. Songzan Gambu also personally wore silk clothes, gradually admired Chinese style, and sent the children of Tubo nobles to study Chinese studies and poetry books. [ 1 1]
When Emperor Taizong returned from Liao, Songzan Gambu sent someone to deliver the Golden Goose, saying, "Your Majesty will pacify all directions, and the sun and the moon will shine, and I will rule. Korea is far away, and the rate is in the ceremony. The son of heaven will spend the Liao Dynasty, and the city will fall, which means that the sun will triumph. Although geese fly in the sky, they have no speed. Goose is not as good as goose, I would like to offer goose with gold. " [ 12]
Princess Wencheng had a close relationship with Tubo Songzan Gambu, which opened a new era of friendship between Tang and Tubo.
cultural exchange
Songtsan Gambo likes Princess Wencheng very much. The Potala Palace specially built for the princess has 1000 palaces, which is magnificent. But it was later destroyed by lightning and war. /kloc-after two expansions in the 0/7th century, it has formed its present scale. The main building of Potala Palace 13 floor, with a height of117m and an area of more than 360,000 square meters, is magnificent. There are a large number of murals with rich contents in Potala Palace, including the story of Garudongzan, the emissary of Emperor Taizong's Five Difficult Tubo Marriage, the difficulties and obstacles Princess Wencheng encountered all the way into Tibet, and the scene where she was warmly welcomed when she arrived in Lhasa. These murals have exquisite composition, vivid characters and bright colors. Behind the Tubo ruins of Potala Palace, there is also the self-cultivation meditation room of Songzan Gambu, and the walls are displayed with colorful statues of Songzan Gambu, Princess Wencheng and Ludongzan.
After Songzan Gambu married Princess Wencheng, the relationship between the Central Plains and Tubo was extremely friendly, and envoys and businessmen exchanged frequently. Songzan Gambu highly praised the Central Plains culture. He took off his felt wool and put it on silk, and sent the children of Tubo nobles to Chang 'an to study Chinese studies.
In the 23rd year of Zhenguan (649), Emperor Taizong Li Shimin died. After the new emperor Li Zhi succeeded to the throne, he sent envoys to Tibet to offer condolences, and awarded Songzan Gambu the title of "Xu Captain" and "King of Xihai County". Songzan Gambu sent envoys to Chang 'an to mourn Emperor Taizong, donated fifteen kinds of money to Zhaoling (the tomb of Emperor Taizong), and wrote a letter to Tang Gaozong to congratulate and support the new king of the Tang Dynasty. Tang Gaozong also named Songzan Gambu "King" and carved his stone statue in front of Zhaoling to show his praise.
Sick Tubo
In the first year of Yonglong (680), Princess Wencheng died of smallpox, and the Tubo Dynasty held a grand funeral for her. Tang sent envoys to Tibet to offer condolences. Up to now, the statues made by Tibetans in memory of her are still preserved in Lhasa, with a history of 1300 years.