Historical celebrities and cultural relics in Qufu

1. Detailed history of historical celebrities in Qufu

Among the "Three Emperors and Five Emperors" passed down in ancient Chinese history, four people left traces of their activities in Qufu and created a developed city. ancient civilization.

Around the 21st century BC, Qufu belonged to the Xuzhou region, one of the nine continents in the ancient Yao and Shun eras. In the Shang Dynasty after the 16th century BC, Qufu was the capital of the Yan Kingdom and for a time became the capital of the Shang Dynasty.

In 1066 BC, King Wu of the Western Zhou Dynasty defeated Zhou and destroyed the Shang Dynasty. King Wu granted his younger brother Zhou Gongdan, the prime minister of the kingdom, to his hometown of Qufu, and established the country as "Lu". The State of Lu was in the golden age of Qufu's history. It was the most culturally developed city in the country at that time except Haojing, the capital of the Zhou Dynasty.

Especially in the late Spring and Autumn Period, the famous thinker and educator Confucius gathered his disciples in the State of Lu to give lectures, and the State of Lu became the education center of the country. The culture of the State of Lu is highly developed, so people still use "Lu" as the abbreviation of Shandong Province.

In 223 BC, Qin destroyed Chu and Lu County became part of Qin. Qin Shihuang unified China in the 26th year (221 BC) and began to implement the county system. Luxue County was established in Qufu. , under the Xuzhou Department. In the third year of Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty (154 BC), Emperor Liu Qi changed the title of Prince Liu Yu, King of Huainan, to King of Lu, and made Lu County the capital.

The King of Lu built a large-scale, majestic and luxurious Lu Palace complex on the ruins of the Zhou and Lu Imperial Palaces north of Panshui in Lunan Palace. In order to expand the area of ​​the palace, Kong Yu was found in the demolition of the old Confucius residence in Queli. The bamboo slips of ancient scriptures such as "Shangshu", "The Analects of Confucius", "The Book of Songs" and "Ritual" are collected to spread and promote Confucius' thoughts. In the fourth year of Emperor Kaihuang's reign (584), Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty issued an edict to change Lu County to "Wenyang". After the demise of the Lu State, it was renamed Lu County. Until that year, Qufu used "Lu" as the county name, which lasted for 833 years.

In the 16th year of Emperor Kaihuang's reign, the county was renamed "Qufu" by imperial edict. The name "Qufu" has been used as a geographical term for thousands of years and is still used today. During the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, although Qufu was no longer the administrative center of southern Shandong, it was still valued because it was the hometown of the "sage" Confucius.

Through the "Government of Zhenguan" and the "Prosperous Age of Kaiyuan", Qufu's culture and economy have also developed unprecedentedly. In the late Tang Dynasty, the Kong family alone produced six champions and fourteen Jinshi.

Song Xianyuan County is the third ancient city in the history of Qufu after Zhou and Han Lu cities. Since the Song Dynasty valued Confucianism and Taoism, there was an endless stream of civil and military ministers and scholars who worshiped Huangdi, Shaohao, Duke Zhou, and Confucius, and the cultural atmosphere was very mellow.

During this period, the King Wenxuan Hall of Confucius Temple was named "Dacheng Hall", and a stone ceremony was built in front of Confucius' tomb. Shaohao Mausoleum was overhauled and a stone tablet "Ten Thousand People Worried" was erected.

In the second year of Jianyan (1129), Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty, the Jin soldiers invaded and reduced the Xianyuan County seat, palaces, temples and other buildings built by the Northern Song Dynasty in Qufu to ashes, as well as a large number of precious books. It fell under the rule of the Jin people and restored the old name of Qufu County. Qufu City has undergone four major changes in history.

The last time was in the mid-Ming Dynasty. In the sixth year of Zhengde (1571), the peasant uprising army led by Liu Liu and Liu Qi in Hebei "broke down hundreds of residential buildings in Qufu and burned Guan Temple, turning the county into a ruin".

Zhu Hou, Emperor Wuzong of the Ming Dynasty, ordered the governor of Shandong to rebuild a new county seat in the southwest corner of the old city of Lu, with the Confucius Temple as the center, which is now the old city of the Ming Dynasty. The local organizational structure of Qufu in the Qing Dynasty was slightly the same as that in the Ming Dynasty.

The Qing emperors made more than 10 "pilgrimages" to Qufu, and scholars and poets visited Qufu, leaving behind indescribable cultural relics for Qufu. 2. Historical celebrities in Qufu

Historical celebrities in Qufu 〖Shaohao〗--the son of the Yellow Emperor, the first of the five emperors, whose surname was Ji Zhi, named Jintian.

〖Liu Xiahui〗——The Zhan family, whose name was Huo and whose courtesy name was Qin, was a native of Lu during the Spring and Autumn Period. He was a descendant of Gongzi Zhan, the son of Duke Xiao of Lu. Liu Xiahui is considered a model of abiding by traditional Chinese morals, and his story of "sitting in peace" has been widely praised throughout the ages in China. It is called "Hesheng". Liu Xiahui is the ancestor of the Chinese surname Liu. A native of Qufu, Shandong.

〖Confucius〗——The most holy name Qiu, courtesy name Zhongni.

He was a great thinker, educator, and founder of Confucianism in ancient my country. He was also proficient in the "Ten Wings" of the Book of Changes written by Confucius. Confucius was the first person in ancient China to break through the religious attitude towards natural landscapes. I love nature even more than natural landscapes. , nature contains disasters, earthquakes, tornadoes, the extinction of dinosaurs, etc., while natural landscapes are eternal good Feng Shui, which puts forward the famous aesthetic proposition that "the wise are happy with water, and the benevolent are happy with mountains" ("The Analects of Confucius? Yong Ye").

〖Yan Zi〗——Fusheng Name Hui, courtesy name Ziyuan, from Qufu, Shandong.

〖Luban〗——Luban, surnamed Gongshu, given name Ban. Also known as Gongshuzi, Gongshupan, Banshu, and Luban. Because he was from the state of Lu, people often called him Lu Ban. Luban is the originator of wood craftsmen, and the Luban talisman records: Fuyi, natural landscape, and house floor, resist all disasters, make the home auspicious, and the family is prosperous and healthy.

〖Kong Ji〗——Shu Sheng Zi Si, the grandson of Confucius. He is the author of "The Doctrine of the Mean" and "Zi Si Zi".

〖Zuo Qiuming〗A historian in the late Spring and Autumn Period, the author of "Zuo Zhuan" and "Guoyu".

〖Gu Liangchi〗 The author of the Confucian classic "Spring and Autumn Period Gu Liang Biography" was born in Qufu, Shandong.

〖Shen Pei〗 (about 219 BC to 135 BC), Ming Pei, also known as Shen Gong and Shen Pei Gong. The founder of "Lu Poetry", the modern poetry of the Western Han Dynasty.

〖Kong Anguo〗Ziguo, a Confucian scholar of the Western Han Dynasty. He is the author of books such as "Biography of Classical Classics", "Explanation of the Analects of Confucius", "Biography of Ancient Classics of Filial Piety", and "Confucius' Family Sayings". The founder of the ancient literature school.

〖Kong Rong〗 Eastern Han Dynasty writer, courtesy name Wenju, 20th grandson of Confucius. One of the seven sons of Jian'an. Kong Rong was famous for his prose.

〖Jia Yingchong〗A famous writer of drum lyrics in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. He was named Si Tui, also known as Jin and Fan. He was also known as Fuxi and Danpu. He was also known as Mupi Sanke, Mupi Sanren and Mupizi.

〖Kong Shangren〗A dramatist in the early Qing Dynasty, also known as Pinzhi and Jizhong, also known as Dongtang, also known as Antang, and named himself Yuntingshanren. He is the author of the outstanding historical drama "The Peach Blossom Fan".

〖Kong Jishu〗 (1726~1791), a famous calligrapher. His courtesy name is Nobufu, and his font is solid. His name is Guyuan, and his nickname is Jiagu Jushi. He extensively collected the calligraphy of famous ancient and modern masters, carefully identified them, copied and painted them, and then carefully carved them into 584 large and small stone tablets, which were named "Yuhong Tower Fate Engraved Stones". Its rubbings are packed into 101 volumes, so it is also called "One Hundred and One Tie". The existing Confucius Temple.

〖Guifu〗 (1736~1805), a famous calligrapher and exegesis expert. His courtesy name was Donghui, his nickname was Weigu, and his aliases were Laomo and Ziyunxianguan. At that time, some famous nobles rushed to collect his calligraphy and paintings. At that time, there was a saying that "no family can be established without Gui".

〖Kong Fu〗 (1925-1997) was the founder of modern landscape poetry style. His original name was Kong Linghuan. Born on April 1, 1925 in Qufu, Shandong. Graduated from the Department of History and Geography of Shandong Normal University in 1947. He participated in revolutionary work in 1949 and served successively as literary editor of Dazhong Daily and associate professor of the Chinese Department of Shandong Normal University. Began publishing works in 1950. Retired in 1986. Join the Chinese Writers Association. Died of illness on April 27, 1997. He is the author of poetry collections "Landscapes with Clear Sounds", "Selected Poems of Kong Fu's Collection of Poems on Water", and a collection of poetry essays "On the Far Gate", etc. "Landscapes Unvoiced" won the first prize of the first Taishan Literary Creation Award in Shandong Province, and "Kongfu Landscapes - Emei Scroll" won the first prize of the 1991 Shandong Province Excellent Book Award, and the 1991 first prize of the National Outstanding Book Publishing House of Municipalities with separate State Plans. His poems are fresh, profound and ethereal, and are loved by many readers. I felt a little lonely during my lifetime. *** published more than 300 poems and more than 30 poetry essays. *** published six books, but the total number of prints was less than 20,000. The book with the least number of prints only printed 231 copies, "Kong Fu" "The gentleman is a poet who was born at the wrong time." "He devoted himself to culture in an era of cultural devaluation. He chose poetry in an era without poetry. He stubbornly searched for a simple and elegant way in a world full of gold and jade. The state of purity.” 3. Historical celebrities in Qufu

Historical celebrities in Qufu 〖Shaohao〗--the son of the Yellow Emperor, the first of the five emperors, with the surname Ji Zhi and the name Jintian.

〖Liu Xiahui〗——The Zhan family, whose name was Huo and whose courtesy name was Qin, was a native of Lu during the Spring and Autumn Period. He was a descendant of Gongzi Zhan, the son of Duke Xiao of Lu. Liu Xiahui is considered a model of abiding by traditional Chinese morals, and his story of "sitting in peace" has been widely praised throughout the ages in China.

Called "Hesheng". Liu Xiahui is the ancestor of the Chinese surname Liu.

A native of Qufu, Shandong. 〖Confucius〗——The most holy one. His name is Qiu and his courtesy name is Zhongni.

He was a great thinker, educator, and founder of Confucianism in ancient my country. He was also proficient in the "Ten Wings" of the Book of Changes written by Confucius. Confucius was the first person in ancient China to break through the religious attitude towards natural landscapes. I If you love nature, you will love natural landscapes more. Nature includes disasters, earthquakes, tornadoes, the extinction of dinosaurs, etc., and natural landscapes are good Feng Shui that lasts forever. It is said that "the wise are happy with water, and the benevolent are happy with mountains" ("The Analects of Confucius? Yong Ye") Famous aesthetic proposition. 〖Yan Zi〗——Fusheng Name Hui, courtesy name Ziyuan, from Qufu, Shandong.

〖Luban〗——Luban, surnamed Gongshu, given name Ban. Also known as Gongshuzi, Gongshupan, Banshu, and Luban.

Because he was from the state of Lu, people often called him Lu Ban. Luban is the originator of wood craftsmen, and the Luban talisman records: Fuyi, natural landscape, and house floor, resist all disasters, make the home auspicious, and the family prosperous and healthy.

〖Kong Ji〗——Shu Sheng Zi Si, the grandson of Confucius. He is the author of "The Doctrine of the Mean" and "Zi Si Zi".

〖Zuo Qiuming〗A historian in the late Spring and Autumn Period, the author of "Zuo Zhuan" and "Guoyu". 〖Gu Liangchi〗 The author of the Confucian classic "The Biography of Gu Liang in the Spring and Autumn Period" was born in Qufu, Shandong.

〖Shen Pei〗 (about 219 BC to 135 BC), Ming Pei, also known as Shen Gong and Shen Pei Gong. The founder of "Lu Poetry", the modern poetry of the Western Han Dynasty.

〖Kong Anguo〗Ziguo, a Confucian scholar of the Western Han Dynasty. He is the author of books such as "Biography of Classical Classics", "Explanation of the Analects of Confucius", "Biography of Ancient Classics of Filial Piety", and "Confucius' Family Sayings".

The founder of the ancient literature school. 〖Kong Rong〗 Eastern Han Dynasty writer, courtesy name Wenju, 20th grandson of Confucius.

One of the seven sons of Jian'an. Kong Rong was famous for his prose.

〖Jia Yingchong〗A famous writer of drum lyrics in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. He was named Si Tui, also known as Jin and Fan. He was also known as Fuxi and Danpu. He was also known as Mupi Sanke, Mupi Sanren and Mupizi. [Kong Shangren] An opera writer in the early Qing Dynasty. He was also nicknamed Pinzhi and Ji Zhong. He was also known as Dongtang, also known as Antang, and named himself Yuntingshanren.

Author of the outstanding historical drama "The Peach Blossom Fan". 〖Kong Jishu〗 (1726~1791), a famous calligrapher. His courtesy name is Nobufu, and his calligraphy is solid. His name is Guyuan, and his nickname is Jiagu Jushi.

He extensively collected the calligraphy of famous ancient and modern masters, carefully identified them, copied and composed them first, and then carefully carved them into 584 large and small stone tablets, which were named "Yuhong Tower Fate Engraved Stones". Its rubbings are packed into 101 volumes, so it is also called "One Hundred and One Tie".

The existing Confucius Temple. 〖Guifu〗 (1736~1805), a famous calligrapher and exegesis expert. His courtesy name was Donghui, his nickname was Weigu, and his aliases were Laomo and Ziyunxianguan.

At that time, some famous nobles rushed to collect his calligraphy and paintings. At that time, there was a saying that "no family can be established without Gui".

〖Kong Fu〗 (1925-1997) was the founder of modern landscape poetry style. His original name was Kong Linghuan. Born on April 1, 1925 in Qufu, Shandong.

Graduated from the Department of History and Geography of Shandong Normal University in 1947. He participated in revolutionary work in 1949 and served successively as literary editor of Dazhong Daily and associate professor of the Chinese Department of Shandong Normal University.

Started publishing works in 1950. Retired in 1986.

Join the Chinese Writers Association. Died of illness on April 27, 1997.

He is the author of poetry collections "Landscapes with Clear Sounds", "Selected Poems of Kong Fu's Collection of Waters", and a collection of poetry essays "The Gate from the Far Gate", etc. "Landscapes Unvoiced" won the first prize of the first Taishan Literary Creation Award in Shandong Province, and "Kong Fu Landscapes - Emei Scroll" won the first prize of the 1991 Shandong Province Excellent Book Award, and the 1991 National First Prize of the Outstanding Book Publishing House of the Municipality with separate state planning.

His poems are fresh, profound and ethereal, and are loved by many readers. I felt a little lonely during my lifetime.

*** has published more than 300 poems and more than 30 poetry essays. *** has published six books, but the total number of prints is less than 20,000. The book with the least number of prints is only 231 copies were printed. "Mr. Kong Fu is a poet who was born at the wrong time." "He devoted himself to culture in an era of cultural devaluation. He chose poetry in an era without poetry. In a world full of gold and jade, he Stubbornly looking for a simple and pure state." 4. Qufu’s scenic spots and historic sites

Cultural monuments

Qufu City has 112 key cultural relics protection units, including 4 national key cultural relics protection units and 12 provincial-level ones. It is known as China The Confucius Temple, a treasure house of calligraphy art, the Confucius Mansion, the "first family in the world", and the Confucius Forest, the largest family cemetery in the world, have been listed as world historical and cultural heritage. In addition, Shouqiu, the birthplace of the Yellow Emperor, the Chinese Pyramid Shaohao Mausoleum, Houshengyan Temple, Yuansheng Zhougong Temple, the Nishan Ancient Building Group, and the Jiulongshan Han Tomb Group are also famous. The newly built Confucius Six Arts City, the Analects of Confucius Monument Garden, the Confucius Essence Garden and other new attractions have also become tourist attractions admired and yearned for by the world. When visiting Qufu, the special marks of the ancient city that can be carried in a backpack are the three treasures of Qufu: stele inscriptions, regular script carvings, and Nishan inkstones.

The main tourist event held in Qufu every year, the China Qufu International Confucius Cultural Festival, is held from September 26 to October 10 every year.

But don’t believe it if you come. The tricycle driver will ask you to go to Liuyi City to lie to you. 5. Celebrities from past dynasties in Qufu

The Yellow Emperor was born in Qufu.

Shaohao, Confucius’s father Shu Lianghe, Confucius, Mencius, Yanzi, Zengzi, six great saints, and economists Kong Anguo and Kong Guangsen, writers Kong Rong and Kong Shangren, calligraphers and painters Kong Jishu and Guifu, etc.

2 Yan Hui

3 Liu Xiahui and Liu Xiazhi

4 Kong Ji

5 Luban

6 Meng Ke

7 Kong Chuan

8 Kong Qian

9 Kong Yu

10 Kong Anguo

11 Kong Ba

12 Kong Zhou

13 Kong Biao

14 Kong Bao

15 Kong Rong

16 Wei Xuancheng

17 Kong Xi

18 Kong Zang

19 Kong Guang

20 Kong Xi

21 Kong Tan

22 Kong Linzhi

23 Kong Huan

24 Confucius’ method

25 Kong Shaoan

26 Kong Yingda

27 Yan Shigu

28 Yan Zhenqing 6. Jining’s historical celebrities, historical monuments and historical stories

Jining has outstanding people and places. In the long history, many outstanding people have emerged. Numerous politicians, thinkers, writers, scientists, and military strategists, as well as countless national heroes, people with lofty ideals, and skilled craftsmen, have made outstanding contributions to the development of Jining and left a glorious legacy in the long history of China. One page.

1. Huangdi Huangdi, surnamed Ji and named Xuanyuan, was a leader of the tribal alliance at the end of my country's primitive society and was revered as the ancestor of the Chinese nation. According to "Historical Records", the Yellow Emperor was born in Shouqiu, 3 kilometers northeast of the ancient city of Qufu.

There are many legends about the Yellow Emperor, and he, like other figures in the legendary period of ancient history, has been dyed with many mythical colors by later generations. When the Yellow Emperor reigned, it was in the "Heroic Age" in the history of our country when tribal alliances invaded and fought against each other. With amazing perseverance and magical wisdom, he defeated Emperor Yan, Chi You and Xing Tian, ​​and restored a unified and peaceful era. .

After the world was at peace, Huangdi and his subordinates made many inventions and creations.

For example, Leizu, the wife of the Yellow Emperor, taught the people how to raise silkworms, nest silk, and weave silk; the minister Cangjie created writing; the minister Lishou invented numbers and arithmetic, and created various weights and measures to weigh various things. , this is the ruler bucket scale we are familiar with.

According to legend, the "Huangdi Neijing" is an ancient medical book that records discussions between Huangdi and the physician Qi Bo. Huangdi also asked his ministers to formulate the heavenly stems and earthly branches, which were used to calculate time and mark the year.

In addition, almost all the clothes, crowns, palaces, boats, carriages, horses, mirrors, drums, and daily utensils were invented during the Yellow Emperor's period. Because the Yellow Emperor's civil and martial arts played a decisive role in Chinese culture and unification, all ethnic groups in China today regard the Yellow Emperor as the ancestor of humanity and regard themselves as descendants of the Yan and Huang emperors.

2. Confucius Confucius (551 BC-479 BC), whose surname was Qiu and whose courtesy name was Zhongni, was born in Changping Township, Zouyi, Lu State (now near Nishan, Southeast Nishan Township, Qufu City) in the late Spring and Autumn Period. A great educator, thinker and founder of Confucianism in ancient my country. Confucius was in a war-torn era where "ritual and music conquests came from the princes". His family was poor and his father died when he was young.

But he "studied with ambition at the age of fifteen", worked hard and made progress, and was proficient in etiquette, music, archery, charioteering, calligraphy, mathematics and the "six arts". When he was young, he had lofty political ambitions and clear administrative goals. He advocated the restoration of rule by etiquette. During the prosperous period of slavery in the early Western Zhou Dynasty, he believed that "a benevolent person loves others" and "don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you." Although he He really wanted to show off his ambitions and realize his lofty political goals. Although he also held the position of chief minister and had a moment of glory, some of his political ideas could not be adopted by those in power, and his official career was always unsatisfactory. This is The times dictate this, and society dictates this.

Confucius’ outstanding achievement was in education. He broke the monopoly of culture and education by slave-owning aristocrats. He pioneered private schools, recruiting disciples regardless of their status, and publicly proposed that "there is no distinction between education and distinction." "The slogan is to provide people from all walks of life with the opportunity to receive education as much as possible. In teaching, he teaches students in accordance with their aptitude and individual needs, and attaches great importance to the dialectical relationship between learning and thinking, learning and review.

He trained more than 3,000 students, 72 outstanding students, who were called 72 sages by later generations. It is precisely because of the widespread promotion of Confucius' disciples that Confucius' thoughts and personality not only influenced the current world, but also can be passed down to future generations.

Moreover, these disciples continued to work hard with the spirit of "people can spread the Tao", inherited and spread Confucius' teachings, and made themselves an indispensable part of the development history of early Confucianism and even the entire Confucianism. . Another great achievement of Confucius was the compilation and compilation of a large number of ancient cultural classics in his later years. He compiled the "Book of Songs" and "Shangshu". He also compiled my country's first chronological history book "Spring and Autumn Period" based on the history of the Lu State. 》.

His main words and deeds are included in the book "The Analects of Confucius" compiled by his disciples or re-disciples. 3. Mencius Mencius (372 BC - 298 BC), whose name was Ke and whose courtesy name was Ziyu, was a native of Zou State (now Xiafu Village, Ma'anshan, southeast of Zoucheng City) during the Warring States Period. He was a famous thinker, politician, and educator.

Mencius lost his father in his early years and his family was poor. However, he received a good education from his mother. According to legend, when Mencius was young, because the surrounding environment was not conducive to study, Mencius' mother moved three times and finally chose a place near the school so that Mencius could study with peace of mind.

"Meng Meng's mother cut off the opportunity to teach her son" is an eternal legend. Mencius was a disciple of Zisi, the grandson of Confucius. He studied hard and highly respected Confucius. He regarded inheriting Confucius' career as his greatest ambition, and at the same time he promoted Confucius' thoughts and theories.

"Benevolence" is the core of Confucianism. Mencius paid more attention to benevolence and righteousness and the people's right to survival. Mencius believed that the power of the people should not be underestimated. He proposed that "the people are the most important, the country is second, and the king is the least important." He advocated reducing taxes and implementing benevolent government.

In order to promote his political ideas, he has been engaged in private lectures for a long time and traveled around the country with his disciples. Because Mencius made outstanding contributions to the development of Confucianism, he was praised by later generations as "the sage who inherited the past" and "the sage who opened up the past", and was eventually named the "lesser sage".

Mencius’ words and deeds are mainly collected in the book "Mencius" edited by his disciples. 4. Wang Shuhe Wang Shuhe (201-280), whose name was Xi and whose courtesy name was Shuhe, was from Gaoping (now Zoucheng City).

A famous medical scientist in the Wei and Jin Dynasties and the founder of pulse theory. During the Cao and Wei Dynasties of the Three Kingdoms, Wang Shuhe served as the imperial physician, presided over the medical affairs of the court, and directly treated the emperor's illnesses.

After he became the Imperial Physician, he devoted himself to the compilation of medical classics. He organized, edited, revised and supplemented Zhang Zhongjing’s posthumous manuscript of "Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases", eliminating the unnecessary and retaining the essential, and added it to "Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases". The contents of the three chapters "Bian Mai", "Ping Mai" and "Examples of Febrile Diseases" were analyzed into two books, "Treatise on Febrile Diseases" and "Synopsis of the Golden Chamber", thus allowing this famous work to be passed down. Wang Shuhe is the founder of pulse theory. His "Pulse Classic" is the first monograph on pulse theory in the history of medicine in my country. The book has 10 volumes and more than 100,000 words. It draws on predecessors such as Bian Que, Chun Yuyi, and Zhang Zhongjing. His theory and theory of pulse diagnosis, coupled with his long-term clinical experience, made for the first time a more systematic and comprehensive discussion of pulse theory, laying the foundation for pulse theory.

Wang Shuhe also wrote books such as "Mai Jue", "Mai Fu" and "Zhang Zhongjing's Prescriptions". 5. Kong Shangren Kong Shangren (1648-1718), also known as Pinzhi and Jizhong, also known as Dongtang, was born in Qufu, the 64th generation grandson of Confucius, and a famous dramatist.

Kong Shangren was eager to learn since he was a child, and he was very talented. He was once reassigned by Kangxi. 7. The history and culture of the Ancient City of Lu State in Qufu

The Ancient City of Lu State is located in the urban area and east and north of Qufu, Shandong Province.

King Zhou Cheng granted Bo Qin, the eldest son of Zhou Gongdan, to Lu and established his capital here. In the 24th year of Qinggong of Lu (249 BC), Lu fell to Chu, which lasted more than 900 years. It was one of the longest-lasting capitals among the vassal states of the Zhou Dynasty.

In the third year of Emperor Jing of the Western Han Dynasty (154 BC), Liu Yu was granted the title of King of Lu, all here. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was the capital of Liu Jiang, King of the East China Sea, until the end of the Han Dynasty.

During the Anti-Japanese War, the Japanese conducted investigations and excavations. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Shandong Provincial Cultural Relics Management Office conducted many investigations.

In 1958, the Shandong Provincial Cultural Relics Cadre Training Class conducted drilling and test excavations at the site. From 1977 to 1978, the Shandong Provincial Museum conducted detailed surveys and excavations.

In 1961, the State Council of the People's Republic of China announced it as a national key cultural relics protection unit. Lucheng is divided into two parts: the outer city and the inner city.

The plane of the outer city is an irregular rectangle with rounded corners, with the longest point from east to west being 3.7 kilometers, and the widest point from north to south being 2.7 kilometers.

7 kilometers, circumference 11.5 kilometers.

It is surrounded by a moat about 30 meters wide. The existing city wall was extended from the late Western Zhou Dynasty to the Western Han Dynasty. After many additions and repairs, the highest remaining part is about 10 meters. There are 11 city gates in the city, three gates on each of the east, west and north sides, and two gates on the south side. The gate width is 7 to 15 meters.

There are piers with gates on the outside of the two gates on the south side, which should be the Pheasant Gate and its two views recorded in "Zuo Zhuan". The inner city is located in the north of the central part of the city, with a nearly square plane, about 550 meters wide from east to west, and about 500 meters long from north to south. The remaining underground city walls on the east, west and north sides are about 10 meters wide.

There are dense large-scale building foundations in the city, and test excavations have confirmed that they are the palace city of King Lu from the Spring and Autumn Period to the Western Han Dynasty. Five east-west and north-south passages have been discovered in the city, all of which are connected to the city gates and important sites.

In the south of Miyagi Castle, there is a road about 15 meters wide that leads to the east gate of the south wall and points directly to the rammed platform foundation more than 1.5 kilometers south of the city.

The palace city, the south east gate, and the "Wuyuntai" are arranged in a straight line. There are three roughly symmetrical building foundations on each side of the northern section of the road, forming a central axis composed of the most important buildings in Lucheng.

This is similar to the capital planning recorded in "Zhou Li·Kaogong Ji·Jianshi", but different from other Eastern Zhou capitals, and may reflect the design ideas of Western Zhou capitals. Most of the ruins in the early Western Zhou Dynasty were located in the northwest of Dacheng City, and expanded to the northeast in the late Western Zhou Dynasty.

The remains of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty are scattered throughout the city.

Among them, there are Western Zhou pottery and copper smelting sites in the west and north, Eastern Zhou pottery workshops in the west, Eastern Zhou iron smelting sites in the north and west-east, and Eastern Zhou bone making sites in the northwest.

Tombs are distributed in the western part of the city. There are 6 cemeteries from the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. More than 200 structures have been excavated since 1977.

The tombs can be divided into two groups: A and B. The tombs in Group A are almost all small pottery tombs, while the tombs in Group B include small pottery tombs and large and medium-sized bronze tombs.

A large Eastern Zhou tomb with an area of ​​100 to 200 square meters. The combination and shape of bronze vessels in tombs of the Western Zhou Dynasty and Spring and Autumn Period are consistent with those in the Central Plains.

Some people think that the tombs in Group B are Zhou people’s tombs and the tombs in Group A are indigenous tombs. The pottery unearthed from these two groups of tombs and sites shows that Lu culture was formed by integrating Zhou culture and Shandong Shang culture.

The unearthed relics are mainly pottery. The main shapes of utensils include pots, steamers, basins, beans, pots, urns, bowls, bowls, plates, tripods, cauldrons, washers, folded belly plates, etc.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, pans, covered beans, tripods, and cauldrons appeared; during the Warring States Period, washing and belly-folding pans appeared. Pottery in the Western Zhou and Spring and Autumn Periods was generally decorated with cord patterns, concave string patterns were popular, and dark patterns appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period.

During the Warring States Period, the cord pattern gradually declined, and dark patterns and tile patterns became popular. In addition, a small amount of tube tiles and slab tiles from the Western Zhou Dynasty and a large number of tiles from the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and Han Dynasty were found.

Most of the tiles in the Han Dynasty were cirrus pattern tiles. . 8. Qufu has thousands of years of history

Qufu is located in the southwest of Shandong Province, at the junction of the Shandong Province Plain and the Central Shandong Mountains, bounded by Taidai to the north, Fuyi to the south, and Yimeng to the east. Mountains, overlooking thousands of plains to the west.

Its history goes back to ancient times. According to ancient historical records, Emperor Yan's Shennong family was based in Chen and moved to Qufu; Emperor Xuanyuan and Huang were born in Qufu; Shaohao's capital was in Qufu; and Shun made his wares in Shouqiu. Four of the most influential Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors in ancient China left traces of their activities in Qufu, and three of them made their capital here.

After mankind entered the civilized era, Qufu was the capital of the Yan State in the Shang Dynasty and was once the capital of the Shang King. Although Qufu was only a small county town after the Han Dynasty, as the hometown of Confucius, it became a holy place in people's hearts.

Qufu is an important city of ancient Chinese culture. In the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the prime minister and assistant Zhou Gong was granted the title of Lu. In order to assist the emperor, the Duke of Zhou sent his son Bo Qin to grant the title, which brought a large number of cultural rituals and music books, forming the Lu culture that integrated the Yi, Xia, Shang and Zhou cultures. After the death of the Duke of Zhou, in order to commend the Duke of Zhou for his achievements, the State of Lu was granted permission to build the Imperial Ancestral Temple, and the emperor's rites and music were used for suburban worship. Qufu became the most culturally developed city at that time except the capital Haojing.

Even in the Spring and Autumn Period when rituals collapsed and music collapsed, the State of Lu still preserved rich cultural heritage. Especially at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius initiated the practice of private lectures, with 3,000 disciples and 70 sages. He cultivated a large number of talents with both academic and political integrity. He also deleted the "Poems" and "Books" and revised the "Li". He supplemented the "Yue", praised the "Book of Changes", revised the "Spring and Autumn", gathered the culmination of three generations of culture, created the Confucian theory of emphasizing benevolence and respecting etiquette, and pushed Chinese culture to a new peak.

Influenced by Confucianism, Qufu has always attached great importance to teaching and learning, with developed academic circles and numerous talents. It has produced famous thinkers Yan Zi, Kong Ji (Zi Si), Mencius, and famous writers Kong Rong, Kong Shangren, the famous Confucian scholars Kong Anguo, Kong Guangsen, and Gui Fu can be said to be a gathering of talents, as bright as stars.

The long history and developed culture have left Qufu with a brilliant cultural heritage. There are 300 cultural relics and historic sites on the 895 square kilometers of land, 6 of which are listed as national key cultural relics protection units, and 11 It was listed as a key cultural relic protection unit in Shandong Province. In 1994, Confucius Temple, Confucius Mansion and Confucius Forest were also included in the world cultural heritage.

There are now more than 1,300 ancient buildings from the Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties preserved, more than 5,000 inscriptions from past dynasties since the Western Han Dynasty, more than 17,000 ancient and famous trees, more than 100,000 cultural relics, and more than 60,000 documents and archives from the Ming and Qing dynasties of Confucius. , they all have extremely high historical and cultural value.

Today, Qufu is also world-renowned for its long history, developed culture, rich underground cultural relics and majestic ancient buildings above ground.

In 1982, Qufu was rated as one of the first batch of famous historical and cultural cities in China; in 1991, it was rated as one of the top 40 tourist attractions in China; in 1998, Qufu was rated as one of the first batch of outstanding tourist cities in China; in 2000, Confucius Temple, Confucius Mansion, and Lin was rated as the first batch of national AAAA tourist attractions.

After decades of development, Qufu's tourism industry has achieved remarkable results and has become a tourist destination that Chinese and foreign tourists yearn for. Various tourism service agencies and facilities are complete, and catering, accommodation and entertainment facilities are also increasingly improved. The transportation is developed and communication is convenient. The city is crisscrossed by National Highway 104, National Highway 327, Beijing-Fuzhou Expressway, and Ridong Expressway. 15 kilometers to the west is Yanzhou Railway Station, a hub of railway transportation, and Jinan Yaoqiang Airport is adjacent to the north.