Geomantic layout of Korean peninsula
After the reform and opening up, Feng Shui, together with other traditional philosophical cultures and scientific thoughts of China, gradually began to break the ice of ideology and academic research. With the deepening of reform and opening up and the vigorous development of the ideological emancipation movement, most of the forbidden areas of thought and research that were previously imprisoned have got rid of the shackles. But the fate of Feng Shui is quite bumpy. He studied under Mr. Yu Xixian, a famous historical geographer in Peking University and an expert in landscape design, planning and oriental cultural ecology (geomantic omen), and got a geomantic omen book from Mr. Yu, a famous foreign scholar. Due to the policy environment at that time, it could not be published, so we had to stop translating halfway. In recent ten years, due to practical needs, especially in tourism planning, landscape design, real estate development, urban protection and construction, a large number of thoughts and behaviors have led to the failure of planning, design, construction and protection, which has aroused the concern and appeal of people of insight in the fields of history, culture, tourism planning, landscape design and architecture, and related research and writings have increased.
1986, the arrival of a foreign scholar opened the door to international exchanges in China's geomantic research, and at the same time revived the consciousness of geomantic research in mainland academic circles. He is the "famous foreign geomantic scholar" mentioned above, and Dr. Yin Hongji, a senior lecturer at Auckland University, New Zealand. Yin Hongji, a Korean, studied under the world-famous master of human geography, Sauer (G, 0, Sauer) and Professor Wo, and Frame Bobad of the Department of Civil Society of Berkeley University.
1976 published his doctoral thesis "Feng Shui Research in Korea" (called Feng Shui in ancient times), and published many articles on Feng Shui in internationally renowned magazines, which attracted academic attention. Yin Hongji went to China for research and investigation through the recommendation of Mr. Yu Xixian of Peking University 1986, in order to verify his assertion that geomantic omen originated from the site selection of caves in the Loess Plateau of China.
At this time, domestic academic circles began to use the word "Feng Shui" as the key word of literature retrieval, and found that missionaries and foreign scholars in China had a long history of spreading and studying China's Feng Shui thought, and achieved outstanding results.
China's geomantic thought was introduced into the Korean peninsula in Silla period at the beginning of the 7th century. In Korean historical documents, there are a lot of records about geomantic omen, the most famous of which is the story about geomantic omen by Li Taizu and Hanyang (Seoul).
During the Koryo period (9 18 ~ 1392), Song Yue (today's Kaesong) was the capital of North Korea. After Li Chenggui (Li Taizu) overthrew the Koryo regime and established the Li Dynasty (1392 ~ 19 10), some monks suggested that Hanyang (Seoul, now Seoul) should be the capital city, thinking that the geographical environment of Hanyang fully conforms to the ideal model of geomantic omen. Li Taizu finally adopted the monk's suggestion and moved the capital to Hanyang.
When Feng Shui was introduced to Japan, it is generally believed that it was also brought to Japan around the 7th century by Japanese envoys sent to Sui and Tang Dynasties. Some scholars also believe that Feng Shui was introduced to Japan through Korea. Japanese scholar Nobutaka Watanabe believes that Feng Shui spreads in East Asia, and "neighboring countries start from South Korea". After Feng Shui was introduced into Japan, it initially affected the construction and layout of towns and temples, and then quickly spread to other buildings and ordinary people's lives. In Japan, Feng Shui is more called "home image". In the first half of heian period, during the reign of Emperor Hirohito (889-898 AD), Fujiwara Sasuke compiled the Catalogue of Japanese Books, which included several Feng Shui classics from China, such as Qing Wuzi and Huang Dilong Shoujing. By the Edo period, Japanese writers' works were published one after another, the most famous of which were the Family Paintings by Matsumoto Puji and the Family Paintings by Puyi Yin He. The earliest book on Feng Shui research in modern Japan is "Korean Feng Shui" written by Murayama Zhishunde.
199 1 year, She Guming published "The Influence of Geomantic Theory on Li Chaoyi Colony" in Volume 43 of the Journal of Human Geography, and made a classification study on the 33 1 villages existing in the Korean Peninsula during the Li Dynasty, and divided them into 7 site selection types. The conclusion is that 70% of the villages are located in the zone of "back mountain and back water" and "hiding wind and getting water", which accords with the typical feng shui pattern. Other influential works include Feng Shui Thought and East Asia by Nobuo Watanabe, Feng Shui and City Image by Guo Xiong and Mao Kuang, and Research on Interval Design and Yangzhai by Okazhi. 1989, Japan also set up a national conference of Feng Shui researchers, with the purpose of coordinating relevant Feng Shui research, coordinating research in related fields, collecting relevant research information in the world, and establishing the theory that "the East overwhelms the West".
In Southeast Asian countries, the idea of Feng Shui is also deeply influenced by business, people and even politicians, and has become a folk culture that pursues good fortune and avoids evil and pursues auspicious and beautiful environment.
In Singapore, geomantic omen is widely valued. Located in Trow, Singapore? Kannonji Temple on the east side of the bypass road is a typical resort that perfectly combines the temple architecture in China with the requirements of geomantic omen. Built in 1886, the temple faces the sea, which can gather the sun in the lowlands ahead and is surrounded by mountains on three sides, showing the trend of "sitting on the mountains and watching the sea". Another famous religious building in Singapore, the Jade Emperor Hall, contains a stone tablet, which records the site selection process: "It is a scenic spot with Yongquan Street as the base point, mountains and waters, mountains and waters, and lush greenery." This practice is the same as that described in the local chronicles of China about the location and architecture of places and families.
Nowadays, many hotels and buildings in Singapore are designed or renovated according to the opinions of local or foreign feng shui masters. It is said that the famous Hyde Hotel in Singapore has repeatedly invited the famous Mr. Feng Shui to renovate the hotel's gate, fountain and hotel reception.
In the Malaysian port city of Penang, there is a Chinese-style temple, Gokurakuji, which is located according to the geomantic model of China. "There is Qinglong Mountain on the left and Baihu Mountain on the right. The hill where Gokurakuji is located has a sense of crane." In addition, such as Malaysia Airlines Headquarters, Brumehta and Malaysia United Industries. They are all designed according to the geomantic model, and their purpose is to make the architectural style, landscape and environment of this area achieve a coordinated and balanced effect.
As for the study and introduction of China Feng Shui in the west, it can be traced back to Matteo Ricci, an Italian missionary who came to China in the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1552 ~ 16 10). From 65438 to 0582, he was sent to China by Roman Jesuits to preach, which played an important role in promoting and spreading Chinese culture and promoting cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. In his book The Missionary History of China, he described the activities of Feng Shui masters in China: "Geologists predict good or bad luck according to mountains, rivers and geographical locations. Seeing feng shui is very novel to westerners. Feng Shui master believes that Feng Shui can determine the health, fortune, fame and fortune of a family and the fortune of a place. " In Matteo Ricci's Notes on China, he also described his understanding of Feng Shui in China and commented on its philosophical background. "According to China's theory, the whole material world-people, animals and mixtures-consists of five elements: gold, wood, water, fire and earth.
Cheng ",China's Confucianism" affirms that the whole universe is composed of a kind of * * * and matter, and the creator of the universe seems to have a continuum, as well as heaven and earth, * * *, trees and four elements (referring to the four elements of earth, water, fire and wind inherited from ancient Greece in western traditional concepts) * * * exists, and every individual thing exists. Later, in the19th century, as more missionaries came to Chinese mainland, the west had a deeper understanding of China culture. For example, Feng Shui-The Germination of Natural Science in China, written by German missionary Ed (1838 ~ 1908 was published in Hongkong), and the British missionary Yitel tried to reflect on China's Feng Shui with western scientific ideas.
Ed wrote in the book: "What is Feng Shui? This problem has been bothering us. When people buy a piece of land, build a house, tear down a wall, or erect a flagpole, residents living in trading ports will encounter countless difficulties ... When Hong Kong * * * opened a road, which is the famous cableway leading to Happiness Valley, the local clans fell into a terrible fear because they thought that this road would destroy Long Mai in Hong Kong. When many engineers involved in road construction died of Hong Kong fever and many foreigners had to give up their houses built in Happiness Valley because of miasma, China people successfully declared that this part was a fair judgment of Feng Shui. "
Yitel wrote in the book, "In my opinion, Feng Shui is another name of natural science anyway". On the basis of analyzing the natural philosophy of China's geomantic theory, he systematically divided geomantic omen into "natural law", "natural number ratio", "natural qi" and "shape". After careful analysis, he realized
As we all know, in China's concept of geomantic omen, everything in the world interacts with each other, which people can't surpass. Any activity in his life should be consistent with nature, so he should avoid living in an atmosphere that is not conducive to human survival, and architectural activities should be conducive to the harmony of nature. On the other hand, Feng Shui believes that the balance of the environment is not static. On the premise of considering the surrounding environment as a whole, we can still artificially transform the environment to achieve a new balance with mankind. He stripped off the superstitious coat of Feng Shui, and thought that Feng Shui, an ancient natural science in China, had an organic and holistic view of nature. The material world is not a static structure that has nothing to do with each other, but a "breathing life", and all links including people are interactive. It can be said that Yitel's research improved the scientific rationality of Feng Shui, and its research methods and conclusions reached a certain height at that time and even today.
Dr Joseph Needham, a historian of ancient science and technology in China, a member of the Royal Society and a member of the British Academy of Sciences, is a great scientist who studies geomantic omen in modern China. His definition of Feng Shui is "Feng Shui is a good way to adjust the harmonious atmosphere between man and the universe", which is highly praised by domestic scholars. He pointed out that the theory of Feng Shui "always contains an aesthetic component", and "the beauty of villages, houses and villages all over China is overwhelming, which can be explained by this."
1984, Mr. and Mrs. Todd published the book "Fundamentals of Ecological Design", in which there was a special chapter "Feng Shui World Outlook", which quoted Sun Baoluo's report at the Sun Village Conference in new york in 1982, which wrote: "Feng Shui World Outlook originated from overlooking the heaven and the earth, and also contained profound spiritual induction. This is a method of harmony with nature, so that residents and their descendants can live a simple life in their place of residence ... Feng Shui does contain profound wisdom, which makes it a guide to natural humility and obedience. As a world view, Feng Shui provides and shows a universal principle explanation for a stable culture. " According to the statistics of scholars such as Yu Xixian, as of 1989, there are 120 kinds of modern geomantic omen in Korea, 220 kinds in Japan, 0/50 kinds in China and 250 kinds in Europe and America. Among them, Europe and the United States have the most research, and the content is more scientific.
In the United States, China's Feng Shui thought was first brought by South China University of Technology in the19th century. After the middle of the 20th century, with a series of environmental, social, psychological and health problems brought by industrialization and urbanization, Feng Shui began to spread in the United States, not only in the intellectual community, but also in the business and political circles. From the 1970s to the end of 1980s, "seeing Feng Shui" became popular in America. In many places, the price of real estate often depends on the quality of feng shui. Therefore, when real estate companies buy land or build office buildings, they often need to hire experts who know Feng Shui with high salaries to see Feng Shui in advance. Some celebrities, wealthy businessmen, politicians, singers, movie stars, etc. When buying a house, you often have to ask a feng shui master to look at it before making a decision. It is reported that after Reagan left office, some of his friends in the film circle collectively raised funds to buy a residential building for him, which was taken by a famous Feng Shui master in Hong Kong.
It can be seen from the outline of the spread and research process of geomantic omen that geomantic omen has already crossed the national boundaries of China and has increasingly become a global cultural phenomenon. Moreover, if we don't pay attention to the research and popularization of Feng Shui, the successors and promoters may not be from China. Not to mention that western scholars have accelerated and strengthened the pace of academic research and theoretical application of geomantic omen, even relevant institutions and scholars in Korea, Japan, Singapore and other countries are also vigorously expanding the scope and achievements of research. For example, I came into contact with a Feng Shui researcher and practitioner in Singapore. He offered courses related to geomantic omen in Singapore University of Science and Technology, awarded degrees to Singapore University of Science and Technology, and often came to Chinese mainland to solicit projects and carry out geomantic landscape planning. Korean scholars even suggested that Feng Shui was an original idea of the Korean nation, not imported from China, and they also planned to apply to the United Nations for intangible cultural heritage. It can be seen that it is very urgent to treat the research and popularization of Feng Shui correctly and promote the research of Feng Shui in China. A lesson from the past is by no means empty talk.