China Naming Network - Naming consultation - What thinkers and politicians were there in modern Japan, and what were their main ideological and political propositions?

What thinkers and politicians were there in modern Japan, and what were their main ideological and political propositions?

Fukuzawa Yukichi (183565438+1October19065438+February 3), a famous thinker and educator during the Meiji period in Japan, was the first president of Tokyo Bachelor's College. As the founder of Keio University, a famous private university in Japan, he was listed as one of the six great educators in Meiji. His portrait is printed on the front of Japanese bank notes D, 10000 yen (the largest denomination, 1984 -2004) and E, 10000 yen (used since 2004). think

A bust of Fukuzawa Yukichi. Fukuzawa Yukichi, located in front of the old library in Tami Campus of Keio University, mainly works against the identity system in feudal society. He attacked the tyranny and oppression in feudal times. Fukuzawa's attack on feudal autocracy and his affirmation of freedom and equality can be seen in the first sentence of the first article of his book "Persuasion", even if "Heaven does not create man above man, and Heaven does not create man below man". In the subsequent "Persuasion", he advocated modern ideas such as equality between men and women and freedom of marriage. In addition, he also absorbed the western social contract theory and proposed that the power of the people and the government should be relatively balanced. This theory of balance of power embodies Fukuzawa's unique political idea and reflects that he did not completely copy the western political theory. In addition, Fukuzawa emphasized in his book Persuasion that "one's freedom and independence are related to the freedom and independence of the country". To achieve personal freedom and independence, we must have modern scientific knowledge such as mathematics, geography, physics and history. Fukuzawa Yukichi's representative language is "independent self-esteem", which became his name after his death. Fukuzawa was undoubtedly one of the highest-level spiritual teachers during the Meiji Restoration. His representative works are 17 "Persuading to Learn", "Autobiography of a Rich Man" and "On Deprivation from Asia". In particular, "persuasion" was almost available in Japan at that time.

Theory of leaving Asia

Main project: breaking away from Asian theory

Fukuzawa Yukichi devoted his whole life to promoting western civilization and introducing western political system and corresponding values. He published a famous essay "On Leaving Asia" on current affairs news, and actively advocated that Japan should abandon China Thought and Confucian spirit and absorb and learn from western civilization after Meiji Restoration. Based on the idea of survival of the fittest, he believed that the eastern civilization would fail, so he called for breaking diplomatic relations with East Asian neighbors to prevent Japan from being regarded as a "barbaric" place like its neighbors by the West. He took a contemptuous attitude towards other countries in East Asia at that time. For example, he described the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 as a "war between civilization and barbarism". Think of the Korean dynasty? The Qing Dynasty was a "bad friend". Therefore, the theory of breaking away from Asia is also considered as a "dear John's letter" of Japanese ideological circles to Asia. Fukuzawa Yukichi is not free from western civilization. It can be said that under the appearance of liberalism, what is always implemented is his nationalist thought. Since then, some people have criticized Fukuzawa as a racist who affirmed aggression. However, according to Hirayama's The Truth (Wen Chun's new book), in fact, this should be attributed to Ishikawa Gan Ming, the author of Biography of Fukuzawa Yukichi, the editor-in-chief of Current Affairs News and the editor-in-chief of Complete Works of Fukuzawa. According to Hirayama, although Fukuzawa criticized the governments of zhina (China) and North Korea, he did not belittle the nation itself. As for racial discrimination such as calling Qing soldiers "pigs", it is actually Shi He's statement that he forged his views into blessings and wrote them into the complete works. However, many people still question this view. But according to the theory of breaking away from Asia, Fukuzawa actually thought that Japan and China were close neighbors at that time. The Japanese changed the old thatched house into a stone house, but China is still a thatched house. Therefore, Fukuzawa thinks that we should find a way to turn China into a stone house. Otherwise, the fire of thatched houses representing China will also affect Japan, which has been converted into stone houses. In order to represent the safety of Japanese houses, Japan should not hesitate to seize China and North Korea, which are still huts. Turn it into a stone house. In fact, Fukuzawa even funded the coup in North Korea at that time. However, no matter what Fukuzawa thought, Fukuzawa, as the spiritual mentor of Japan at that time, was also to blame for pushing Japan to the road of aggression. His views on Asia, especially his position as a spiritual mentor at that time, greatly influenced the psychology of Japanese people, and this ubiquitous view became the ideological root of Japanese atrocities in Asian countries in the future. In the eyes of some scholars, he is the basic designer of Japan's invasion of Asia and can be called "the first militaristic theorist in modern Japan". Fukuzawa's theory of "leaving Asia and entering Europe" is still affecting Japan's development, which can be said to be "the general root of the right-wing trend of Japanese politics today".