The Meaning of Classical Chinese and Chinese Characters
Laozi: "Music phase ~" is harmonious and coordinated. Zuo Zhuan: Qin, Jin did not last long 2. Gentle and warm.
Li Bai's poem "Pheasants Flying in the Sky" says: "Spring ~, the sun is warm." And ... He Yue. Warring States Policy: "Wang Qi ~ Other colors."
Mix. Du fu's words and deeds at the age of four: "today's lead, tin and bronze" 4. Conjunction
And ... and ... Yue Fei's "Man Jiang Hong Huai Fei": "Eight Thousand Li Road Clouds ~ Moon" 5. Preposition.
Lian. Both.
Qin Guan Ruan Lang Guan. The storm in Tian Xiang broke the ice at the beginning: "There are still geese in Hengyang, but there are no geese in Chenyang."
6. The clock on the car is Xunzi. On "The Voice of Luan" (Luan: Car Bell) 7. And say the fourth sound (congratulations).
Sing together. Book of later Han dynasty
Huang Qiong biography: "The song of spring, ~ will be widowed." Haruka: The so-called Song of Songs in ancient times. )
2. The meaning of typical words in classical Chinese go (the meaning of running) I (my meaning) 1. Understand words and sentence patterns-understand the meaning of common real words in the text (Grade B) [Knowledge points] For high school students, reading classical Chinese means being able to read simple classical Chinese.
The so-called "simple and easy" classical Chinese can be roughly measured by the following standards. First, judging from the vocabulary used in the article, it is mainly common words and sub-common words, and the chances of unusual words appearing are very few.
In addition, special terms such as laws and regulations on names and things are rarely used. Secondly, judging from the grammatical structure of the article, it mainly adopts common classical Chinese sentence patterns and general flexible use of parts of speech.
The use of function words in classical Chinese is also dominated by common typical usage. Thirdly, judging from the genre of the article, it is mainly in the form of narration, scenery description, lyricism and understanding, rather than a highly professional academic work (such as Wen Xin Diao Long).
Fourthly, from the perspective of the scope of the article, the connection with ancient cultural background knowledge is relatively loose, and allusions are rarely used. Fifth, from the overall style of the article, it belongs to classical Chinese works, such as the prose of the pre-Qin and Han dynasties, and the works of later ancient writers (non-parallel writers) such as the eight masters of Tang and Song Dynasties.
However, due to the requirements of the college entrance examination itself, not all simple and memorable classical Chinese can be used as examination materials. Generally speaking, the proposition of classical Chinese reading often has such considerations when selecting paragraphs: the language is standardized, but not rigid and identical; The content depth is moderate, but it contains profound meaning; The style of writing is smooth and colorful, never obscure and monotonous; Elegant style, exemplary, but not the same; There are many questions, but they can be divided into deep and shallow levels; The overall difficulty is moderate, and there is nothing difficult or easy.
In addition, the selection of paragraphs should also be related to the classical Chinese knowledge that students should have. From ancient Chinese to modern Chinese, vocabulary has changed a lot.
Therefore, in the study of classical Chinese, it is very important to accumulate a certain number of real words and function words. Compared with function words, content words are a key link in reading classical Chinese.
To understand simple classical Chinese, we must be able to correctly understand the meaning of notional words according to the context. To achieve this requirement, we must pay attention to the following four points: 1. Understand and master the ancient and modern meanings of common notional words; 2. Understand and master the polysemy of common notional words; 3. Identify and master common communication facilities; 4. Understand and master various forms of flexible use of notional words.
Knowledge point explanation 1. To understand and master the homographs of common notional words in ancient and modern Chinese, only the meanings of some basic words (such as "heaven", "earth", "mountain" and "water") and some proper nouns have not changed, and most of them have changed. Or the meaning is enlarged, or the meaning is reduced, or the meaning is shifted, or the feeling is different.
Some become completely different, such as "soup", "martyr" and "slave" (referring to the ancient military attache, without derogatory meaning); In most cases, only one or two polysemous words are the same in ancient and modern times, and other meanings have disappeared in modern Chinese. For example, in ancient times, "logging" meant "logging" and "crusade", but in ancient times it also meant "making contributions" and "boasting".
In addition, some disyllabic words in modern Chinese were all a phrase in ancient times, and their meanings naturally differed greatly. Such as "Grandpa" and "Description".
When reading classical Chinese, if you don't pay attention to the difference between ancient and modern meanings, take the present as the past and expect the meaning, you will make mistakes. The following are commonly used words with different meanings in ancient and modern times, listed in the back according to monosyllabic and disyllabic categories, with ancient meaning or ancient meaning indicated in brackets.
The ancient phrase "modern disyllabic words" is not explained. Monosyllabic words are (received, covered, covered, covered) stored (missed, caressed) by soldiers (weapons, military) (building steps, appointment of official positions) bed (a kind of seat), cut (praised, boasted) visit (achievement) cities, fiefs, places (ancient residents' organizations, preferences). A little (gradually) less (slightly) body (itself) is (this) suitable for (planting, cultivating) fast (tempting) soup (hot water, boiled water) tears (stealing (muddling through) smell (smell) disgusting (satisfied, full) and then (twice) destroying) cover (stop) walking (walking). Independence (independence or letters) Relieved (lost will) Very (unexpected situation) Romantic (meritorious literature and art, lingering) Welcome (welcome) Grateful (moved and struggling) Scene (time) Story (past events) Horizontal (criss-crossing, unimpeded) Traffic (collusion, mutual communication) End (integrity, costume) Economy (governing the country) Aunt Beauty (concubines) Murphy (no ... no) South (when the emperor) is cheap (take advantage of) Actually () relatives (both at home and abroad) Autumn (autumn) Youth (spring) People (people) Three feet (referring to the sword, fingering) Shandong (east of Lushan Mountain, east of Taihang Mountain and east of Huashan Mountain) body (personally implemented).
3. What words in classical Chinese mean she and you? There is no such thing as "she" in classical Chinese. In ancient Chinese, the personal pronouns of men and women are mostly the same, regardless of gender. "She" is a common personal pronoun in modern Chinese, especially the woman of a third party. There was no such word in ancient China, but it only appeared in the 1920s. In ancient Chinese, the third person as the object was represented by the word "zhi". Using the word "he" as the third person pronoun can represent men, women and everything. Around the May 4th Movement, some literary works also used the word "Yi" to refer to women, such as Lu Xun's early works. In 2008, when Liu Bannong, an important writer, famous poet and linguist in the early days of the New Culture Movement, was teaching at Peking University, she was the first to address women in the third person, which caused a sensation throughout the country. As soon as the word "she" appeared, it was attacked and opposed by feudal conservative forces, but it was quickly recognized, praised and widely used by the people, and it was also included in various dictionaries, which became a sensational news in the cultural circles at that time. Liu Bannong created the word "she", which ended the confusion of the third person in written language. Lu Xun spoke highly of Liu Bannong's creative spirit, saying that the creation of the word "she" was a "great battle". Second, the second person address (you) is also called symmetry, which is often used as "Er, Ru, Female, Ruo, Nai, and He" and usually translated as "You, Yours, You and Yours." Oil man-how dare you despise my archery! The word "er" is used at the beginning of the sentence to refer to the old man who sells oil, and it is translated into "you" as the subject. 8. Your mind is solid and impenetrable. "One Mountain in Gong Yu"-Your thoughts are stubborn and cannot be changed. The word "you" is used at the beginning of the sentence, which means "knowing what to do" and is translated as "you". Ten Analects of Confucius-Confucius said, "Zhong You, do you understand everything I taught you?" The word "female" is used in the sentence, and the verb "teach" is used as the object of "teach". Not "Zhong You", but translated as "You" .5438+00. If you are a domestic farmer, why do you have money? Chen She Aristocratic Family-If you are a person hired to plow for others, how can you be rich? "Ruo" is used at the beginning of a sentence to represent Chen She. Equivalent to "you". 55438+0 1. Julian Waghann decided the day of the Central Plains in the north, and the sacrifice of this family will never be forgotten. Lu You's "Shizi"-Don't forget to tell your father the good news when Wang Jun pacified the Central Plains. "Nai" in the sentence is a pronoun. I will definitely settle accounts with you. "Er" is the pronoun "you". Third, the third person is also called "He Shuo", which mainly includes words such as "He, He, Zhi", which can be used to refer to people and act on their behalf. The usage is flexible and usually translates as "He, His, They, Their". For example: 13. So I beat him. "Bi" and "Zhi" here are pronouns, which are used to refer to Qi's army, and are equivalent to "them". His wife expressed doubts about "a foolish man and a mountain", and his wife questioned it. The word "qi" is used to replace his wife, which translates as "his". I hope I can kill him with your hand. The word "zhi" at the end of the sentence1is a pronoun, which replaces "insulting the minister" and is equivalent to "he" .59660.66666666686 As for self-address, that is, "self" and "self" can be translated into "self". For example: 16, Ziyun avoids Qin chaos. Don't do this to others. The Analects of Confucius-Don't do to others what you don't want them to do to you. The word "self" is the same as above, which means "self". Another nickname is to address others, and the word "person" is often translated into "others" and "others". Example: 18, you don't have to suffer from others' ignorance. That is. 19. It is unfair to attack those who have made great contributions today. Hongmen Banquet-It is immoral to attack those who have made great contributions now. The word "person" is called "person". There are also the emperor's special names "I" and "Solitary", which can usually be translated into "I", "We", "My" and "Our". For example, 1 has been fulfilled, but it says, "I'm dead." "Zheng Ren buys shoes"-I already have shoes, and even said, "I forgot to take them. I won't say anything. I know how you deal with me, but I won't say. " I "is used at the end of the sentence instead of the speaker and as the object. The more I listen, the sadder I feel. The more you listen to Snake Catcher, the more sad it becomes. "Yu" is used at the beginning of a sentence, replacing the obedient person, Liu Zongyuan, as the subject. -I am the king of a country, can I go back on my word? "I" is the self-proclaimed "I" of the emperor. 6. There is Kong Ming in solitude and water in fish. "Longzhong is right"-I have Kong Ming, just like fish has water. The word "solitary" is used at the beginning of a sentence instead of Liu Bei as the subject. Yugong moves mountains-with your meager strength, you can't level a small mound like Kuifu, but what can you do with these two mountains, Taihang and Prince of Wu? The "Jun" in the sentence is used by Yu Gong's wife to address him honorably, which is equivalent to "you" 2 1. What does the son depend on? "To study"-What made you go? Zi "is right.
4. Interpretation of the word "or" in classical Chinese or # interaction
Interpretation ① indicates the choice relationship: morning and evening | more or less | going to the bookstore on Saturday or sleeping at home. Maybe means uncertain: maybe | or. It is equivalent to "someone" and "something": people are inherently mortal, or as heavy as Mount Tai, or as light as a feather | or as red as vermilion, or as black as paint. 4 omitted: indispensable.
Or # Huòzh① (1) maybe; Maybe. ② indicates the selection relationship.
You can write your homework with a pen or ballpoint pen, but don't write it with a pencil.
Maybe, maybe.
Take this bag of ferrous sulfate home and put some on that potted flower, which may help to make it greener.
= = = = = = = = = = = = More information about this word = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
or
(I know. Oracle Bone Inscriptions glyph comes from the mouth (shaped like a city) and from Ge (the same as Ge Shou). It means defending the country with Ge Wei. Original meaning: country. Some people, some-refer to people or things in general.
Or, yes. -"Little Erya Yan Guang"
Or jump into the deep sea. -"Doing One"
Yin Qifu is still a chaotic square. -"Book Micro"
Or groups or friends. -"Poetry, Xiaoya, a Beautiful Day"
Ordinary or reimbursement. -Sacrifice for justice.
Or pour wine for two little people. -Twenty-eight Years of Zuo Gong
Or kill the tiger and chop up jiaozi. -"Shi Shuo Xin Yu Rehabilitation"
Standing or lying down. -Xue Qin Fucheng "Looking at Oil Paintings in Paris"
Sit or bend over.
Laugh or cry.
Or drinking or blogging.
Another example: or a person (someone. An innuendo without a name. Some people); Sometimes (sometimes); Or one, or some (some)
Or Hu
1. Maybe. I'm not sure about the watch, so I choose Xu. ~ that man. ~ near ~ far. ~ more ~ less. This ~ that.
2. Someone. Some people: ~ Yue. People are inherently mortal, ~ is more important than Mount Tai, ~ is lighter than a feather.
5. Words and meanings that often appear in classical Chinese. 15 usages of function words: 1. 1. can be used as a pronoun in several ways: (1) can indicate people, things and things.
Dai is the third person. Translated into "he" (they) and "it" (they).
Be an object or part-time language, not a subject. For example, write "Shi Shuo" to make it last.
("Shi Shuo" acts as an object. ) Let it happen.
("Encouraging learning" is a substitute for things and a part-time term. ) people are not born to know.
("Shi Shuo", on behalf of things, for things. (2) demonstrative pronouns, indicating near fingers.
It can be translated into "this" and is usually used as a plural attribute. Such as: the second policy.
(Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) 2. Used as an auxiliary word, there are also several situations: (1) structural auxiliary word, the sign of attribute. Used between the attributive and the head word (noun), it can be translated into "de", and some cannot be translated.
For example, if we can compete with China with the masses in wuyue. (Battle of Red Cliffs) The existence of Tao is also the existence of teacher (Shi Shuo) (2) The sign of structural auxiliary words and complements.
Used between the head (verb, adjective) and the complement, it can be translated as "de". For example, the ancients' views on heaven and earth, mountains and rivers, vegetation and birds and beasts often gained something and sought the depth of thinking without exception.
(You Baochan) 3 Structural auxiliary words, the symbol of prepositional objects. Used after the advanced object and before the verb predicate or preposition, it should be omitted in translation.
What crime did Song commit? ("Public Loss", that is, "What Crime of Song Dynasty") (4) Structural auxiliary words. When the subject-predicate phrase is used as the subject, object or clause in a sentence, the word "zhi" is used between the subject and predicate, which cancels the independence of the sentence and eliminates the need for translation.
Translation can also be omitted. Such as: the teacher's way has not been passed down for a long time! It's hard to be confused! ("Shi Shuo") Fierce officials came to my hometown to make trouble.
(The Snake Catcher said) There is Kong Ming in the lonely and water in the fish. (Longzhong Dui) (5) Syllable auxiliary words.
When used at the end of adjectives, adverbs or some verbs, or between three words, it becomes four words, which only plays the role of adjusting syllables and is meaningless, and should be omitted in translation. For example, in an instant, smoke burns for a long time.
(Battle of Red Cliffs) Teacher Mao's eloquent tongue is better than a million teachers. Second, it 1. Used as a pronoun, it can be divided into several situations: (1) the third person pronoun.
It can be used for people and things, and can be translated into "his" and "its" (including plural) before nouns. For example, if I followed his plan, the king was lucky enough to forgive me.
(Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) (2) Third Person Pronouns. Generally speaking, when used in front of verbs or adjectives, as a small subject in a subject-predicate phrase (the whole subject-predicate phrase is used as a subject or object modifier in a sentence), it should be translated as "he" and "it" cannot be added.
For example, the king of Qin was afraid that his walls would be broken. (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru "Its Broken Wall" as the object. )
Its smell is also solid in front of me. (Shi Shuo "Qi Wen" is the subject. )
All this is said to be very eye-catching. ("Fu" takes "its purpose" as the object. )
(3) Flexible use of the first person. It can be used as an attribute or a small subject, and the sentence can be translated into "mine" or "I (myself)".
For example, today, the Soviet Union welcomed Cao Cao, and Cao Cao should repay the township party with the Soviet Union and enjoy its fame and position without losing his post as Cao Cao. (Battle of Red Cliffs) And I'm sorry that the trip won't be extremely enjoyable.
("A trip to Baochan Mountain") 4 demonstrative pronouns, indicating far-reaching influence. It can be translated as "that", "that", "those" and "there"
Then I still blame the person who came up with it. Today, I have been in Jingzhou, and I have a place to vote.
("Battle of Red Cliffs") (5) demonstrative pronouns, meaning "one of them", followed by numerals. For example, choose one or two rocks.
(The Story of Shi Zhongshan) 2. Used as adverb. The mood placed at the beginning of a sentence or in a sentence, which indicates measurement, backchat, negotiation and expectation, is often matched with the mood auxiliary words placed at the end of the sentence, which can be translated as "probably", "really" and "possibly" or omitted.
For example, is this all about it? ("Shi Shuo" is measured. How can you be ridiculed? (A trip to Baochan Mountain is a rhetorical question. )
Don't be sad! ("Book with Wife" shows merchants. ) you are a father who will never forget! ("Biography of Lingguan" expresses expectations. )
3. Used as a conjunction. When used as a conjunction, it is usually placed at the beginning of a sentence, or it indicates a hypothesis, which can be translated as "if"; Or table selection, which can be translated as "or".
For example, if a person's career is not good, his morality is not good, and his nature is not humble, then his heart will not be dedicated to others, so why should others blame him? ("Introduction to Sending Ma Sheng to Dongyang" table hypothesis. ) and 1. Used as a conjunction.
Connectives, phrases and clauses can express various relationships. (a) said the coordinate relationship.
Generally, it is not translated, and sometimes it can be translated as "you". For example, a crab kneels six times and pinches twice.
("encourage learning") (2) indicates a progressive relationship. It can be translated as "and" or "and".
For example, a gentleman is knowledgeable and saves himself by towering into the sky. ("encourage learning") (3) means to undertake the relationship.
It can be translated into "Jiu" and "Then" or not. For example, Yu Fang was eager to return, but loudly sent it on the water.
(Shi Zhongshan Ji) (4) indicates a turning point. It can be translated into "but" and "indeed".
Green comes from blue, and green is blue. ("encourage learning") (5) represents a hypothetical relationship.
It can be translated as "if" and "if". For example, those who are interested can look forward to the horse.
("Feng Wanzhen") (6) indicates a modified relationship, that is, a connecting adverbial. There is no translation.
For example, I've been thinking about it all day ... ("Persuasion") I'm embarrassed. (Said the snake catcher) 2. Used as a pronoun.
Only used as the second person, generally used as an attribute, translated as "yours"; Occasionally it is also the subject, translated as "you". For example, Weng Changquan, if you move to Beijing, you will wait on your mother day and night.
3. The disyllabic function word "just" is placed at the end of the sentence, indicating the modal auxiliary word of restriction, which is equivalent to "just". For example: one person, one table, one chair, one fan and one foot.
("Stomatology") I have heard of Taoism, and there are specialties in the art, that's all. (Shi Shuo) Fourth, then 1. Used as a conjunction, it can express a variety of relationships.
(a) said to undertake the relationship. Generally used to connect two meanings in two clauses or abbreviated complex sentences, indicating the close connection between two things in time and matter.
It can be translated into "just right" and "convenient", and it can also be translated into "originally" and "already". For example, Wang Xiang said, "Brave people! Give it a drink.
"Then with a barrel of wine. ("The Hongmen Banquet") Therefore, the wood is straight by the rope and the gold is sharp.
("Persuade to Learn") Xu Ercha, there are caves at the foot of the mountain. ("stone.
6. All usages of the word "zhi" in classical Chinese A: A brief analysis of the usage of "zhi" in classical Chinese Generally speaking, the usage of "zhi" is as follows: 1. The word "zhi" is used as a demonstrative pronoun.
How much do you know about Erchong? "Know" means "this", which means "How do these two fish know?" (2) "It's my teacher, why destroy it?" "Know" means "like this" and means "(he) is my teacher". How can I slander him like this? (3) "Please stay in Beijing." "Zhi" refers to the place, which means "there".
(4) "See its goal nine times out of ten, but it is a little embarrassing." "Zhi" refers to archery in nine cases out of ten.
2. "Zhi" is used as the third person pronoun. This situation often appears in the text, mainly referring to "he", "she" and "it".
Confucius said,' What's wrong with me if I study silently and never tire of learning and never tire of teaching?' "Knowing" means "it", and "knowing silently" means keeping it in mind silently. (2) "Huan Hou asked him", "knowledge" refers to him (Bian Que), which means "Huan Hou specially sent someone to ask him (Bian Que)".
(3) "If you want to go to Wancheng, carry a ghost on your shoulder and hug it urgently." "Zhi" refers to it (ghost), and "grasping quickly" refers to catching it (ghost) quickly.
The word "zhi" is used as a verb, meaning "go, go", such as ① "What is my longing for the South China Sea? "Zhi" means "Go", and this sentence means: "I want to go to the South China Sea. How's it going? I don't know what to do. "
"ambition" means "going" 4. The word "zhi" as an auxiliary word is relatively common, but I think it is also the most complicated, which can be divided into the following three types: (1) "zhi" as a structural auxiliary word is equivalent to "de", such as (1) "The way of a saint died in Shandong and was passed down."
Confucius' knowledge was eventually handed down by Zeng Shen, who was not very clever. (2) "Benevolent people don't drink water from stolen springs, and honest people don't get food from others", and both "ambitions" mean that "benevolent people don't drink water from stolen springs, and upright people don't accept insulting alms".
⑵ Use the word "zhi" between the subject and the predicate to cancel the independence of the sentence. Such as; (1) "Huan Hou said:' Good medical care is a credit for not getting sick.
"Zhi" has no practical meaning here, and is used to cancel the independence of sentences. (2) "I don't know how many miles there are in the South China Sea."
Similarly, "zhi" has no real meaning here. ? It is worth noting that this usage is easily confused with the word "zhi" when used as "de", so we should pay attention to the distinction to avoid mistakes.
⑶ The word "zhi" only plays the role of regulating syllables in sentences, and has no practical significance. For example, "After a long time, my eyes seem to fade and I am very idle."
"Long", a long time, "zhi", regulating syllables, has no substantive meaning. 2 "Fill it up."
The word "zhi" here is just a simple tone, which has no real meaning. Basically, the common usage of "zhi" in classical Chinese is the above. As long as we master its laws, it is not difficult to find its usage and significance.
7. The usage and meaning of the word "er" in classical Chinese are more complicated in ancient Chinese (classical Chinese), with two pronunciations of ér and néng; ; It can be a real word in some sentences and a function word in another sentence; Content words can be nouns, verbs or pronouns; When making function words, they can be conjunctions or auxiliary words. There are about a dozen meanings and usages. Here, according to the explanation in the preferred ancient Chinese reference book "Ci Yuan", I add some sentences in classical Chinese in middle school textbooks as examples, and give you a call at the same time. One, two cheek hairs are shaped like hair. Anything with drooping scales is also called it. For example, Zhou Li Gao. The pronoun "er" ru means the second person address, which can be translated into "you" and "you". For example, the three conjunctions of "somewhere, but my mother is here" in Lingzhi indicate a coordinate relationship, and the two conjunctions are insignificant in meaning. It can be translated into "he", "he", "you" and "he" or not. For example, in the debate between two children, "this is not a small one, but a big one" means an inheritance relationship, and the two conjunctions can be translated as "Jiu", "Then", "Lai" and "Lai". It can be translated as "and" "and" and so on. For example, "learning while using" in The Analects of Confucius indicates a modifying relationship, and the modifier in the previous paragraph connects the adverbial and the head without translation. For example, ⒌' s "One Mountain in Gong Yu": "He laughs repeatedly" indicates a turning point. The subject and predicate in clauses are often linked together and can be translated into "if", "if" and "if". For example, China said: "Make the whole country teenagers", so for example, Xunzi advised: "Jade is lush in the mountains, pearls are born in the depths, and cliffs do not fade." Four auxiliary words, used with locative words such as up, down, direction, etc., indicate time or range and can be translated into one. For example, China's ancient paintings, from the perspective of portraits, are mostly constructed by meaning. 1. is equivalent to a branch. For example, The Analects of Confucius. Already! Today's politicians are at stake! "Five links" are like ""similar ""similar ". For example, The Book of Songs Xiaoya Durham: "Durham is a gentleman and a woman with curly hair." Second, néng's six-way "can". 1. Yes. For example, Mozi's Reference: Middle School Classical Chinese Etymology and Index Dictionary Answer: 2007-10-16: 22 Revision: 2007-10-1821:50.
Other answers ***2 Answer comments ┆ Report the usage of the word "two" in the classical Chinese of The Wise. Grammatically, there is no difference between the two verb-object structures before and after the connection of "er", and there is no progressive and turning relationship. And (1) the second personal pronoun, (2) is generally used as the attribute of a place, where the mother is. (2) Adverbs are translated into "JIU". But when can we be happy? (3) The coordinate relation of conjunctions is generally not translated. The crab kneels six times and pinches twice. Progressive relations are translated into "harmony" or "harmony". A gentleman is knowledgeable and saves himself by participating in daily activities. Inheriting relationship is translated as "JIU", "knot" or not. We are eager to return, but we send it into the water loudly. The turning point is translated as "but" or "but". ⑥ Modifying the relationship and connecting the adverbial and the head word can be translated into "ground" or not. I have been thinking all day, but it is not as good as what I learned in an instant. Causality translates as "therefore". I'm sorry, too. It didn't have the pleasure of traveling with my husband. 8 metaphor, translated as "like". The army was shocked. This article took 20 * *. Understand their respective tones and explore the reading rules of "Er". (1), the satrap and guests are drinking here ... and the year is the highest (progressive, rereading) (2), Ruofu ... Cave (career, light reading) (3), back to back, returning at dusk (modified)