Nanjing, the capital of Ming Dynasty
The construction of Nanjing City can be divided into four stages. The first stage is to establish a new imperial capital in the southern foothills of Zhongshan Mountain and Jinling Old Town since the Southern Tang Dynasty. The second stage is to build a new city wall from the northwest end of the old city along the outer Qinhuai River to the north until Longjiang Pass (now Xiaguan); The third stage is to build the main entrance of Jubaomen, Sanshanmen and Tongji Gate, as well as the wall and main street beside Xuanwu Lake. The fourth stage is the construction of Outer Guo Cheng. Miyagi and Imperial Capital: Moving Three Mountains to Fill Birds
Miyagi, commonly known as the Forbidden City, is the core of the capital, located in the eastern corner of the capital of Nanjing, surrounded by the Royal River. That is, today and tomorrow around the Forbidden City.
1366, that is, two years before the founding of the Ming dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the construction of the imperial city and the expansion of Yingtianfu City. Although the location of Miyagi delineated by Liu Bowen and others is located in front of the "dragon head" of Zhongshan, which meets the requirements of feudal superstition, Zhu Yuanzhang had to mobilize hundreds of thousands of migrant workers to fill the lake, because this area is the lake body of Qianhu Lake (Yanzi Lake), and the terrain is very low. Because it takes a lot of earth and stone to fill the lake, there is a legend in Nanjing that "three mountains are moved to fill sparrows". It is also rumored that Zhu Yuanzhang once put an old man named Tian Deman living by the lake into the bottom of the lake alive as a "good omen" for "filling up" and later named him "God".
After the arduous lake filling project, the foundation problem has been basically solved. In order to prevent the foundation from sinking, some measures were taken at that time, such as laying boulders at the lower part of the city wall, driving dense wooden stakes under the palace, and laying large sewers with masonry structures. But in Zhu Yuanzhang's later years, the foundation of the palace sank very seriously. The topography of the whole palace shows that the south is high and the north is low. Today, it is higher in the south and lower in the north of the meridian gate. According to feudal superstition, this is very unfavorable to future generations, and even "it won't happen again." At this time, Zhu Yuanzhang was old and weak, and he regretted it. He had to lament in an article "Sacrificing the Kitchen" that he wanted to move the capital again, but he was unable to do so and had to resign himself to fate. Later, some feudal historians said that only four years after Zhu Yuanzhang's death, Zhu Yunwen, the great grandson of the emperor, was forced to set himself on fire by Judy (that is, Ming Chengzu) because of the bad geomantic omen in the Ming Palace in Nanjing (saying that he became a monk and went to Nanyang). This is nonsense, of course.
In Ming Dynasty, Nanjing Miyagi was 2.5 kilometers long from north to south and 2 kilometers wide from east to west. The plane is rectangular, facing south, and is divided into two parts: the first three halls and the last six halls. There are five gates on the wall of Miyagi: Wumen, Zuocheng, Youcheng, Donghuamen, Xihuamen and Xuanwu. The Imperial City is the nearest wall guarding Miyagi. There are Hongwumen, Chang 'an Left Gate, Chang 'an Right Gate, Dong 'anmen, Xi 'anmen and Bei 'anmen on the wall.
The imperial city, Miyagi and the buildings included are collectively called palaces. According to the old system of five doors and three halls in the Book of Rites, the palaces are Hongwumen, Chengtianmen, Duanmen, Wumen and Fengtianmen from outside to inside. After the five gates, there are three main halls-Fengtian Hall, Gaihua Hall and Shenshen Temple-the main entrance to the south of the imperial city is called Hongwumen, slightly north of Guanghua Gate, and there is a broad imperial road running through the north and south. To the east of the Imperial Road, there are central senior administrative institutions such as the official department, the household department, the ritual department, the Ministry of War and the Ministry of Industry (except for the emergency exit, there is only the Ministry of Punishment). To the west of okimichi is the seat of the highest military institution, the Governor's Office of the Fifth Army. In the north of Yudao is the "Waiwulong Bridge", and in the north of the bridge are Chengtianmen and Duanmen. Today, the Waiwulong Bridge in the middle section of Yudao Street in Guanghuamen is still the original appearance of the early Ming Dynasty, but later the bridge railing was added.
Chengtianmen and Duanmen are equivalent to Tiananmen Square and Duanmen in the Forbidden City in Beijing, followed by the main entrance "Wumen Gate" in Miyagi (Forbidden City). The main part of the meridian gate still stands at the northern end of Yudao Street, commonly known as the meridian gate. There are five holes in this city gate, but the tower has already collapsed, leaving only the foundation of the stone pillars, and the foundation of the east and west towers was demolished earlier. There is also a "Inner Wulong Bridge" to the north of the gate, which is an original work of the Ming Dynasty. The meridian gate is mainly the place to convey the imperial edict, and it is also the place where the emperor punishes the so-called "court staff" (that is, beating sticks) of ministers. As for beheading for crimes, it is usually carried out in the "heavenly prison" of the punishments outside the Taiping Gate or in downtown areas. To the east of Chengtianmen, Duanmen and Wumen, there is a "ancestral hall" dedicated to Zhu Yuanzhang's ancestors. On the west side of this line, there is also a "social altar" dedicated to the god who dominates the fate of feudal countries. This is exactly the same as the situation that there is an ancestral temple (now the Working People's Cultural Palace) in the east of Tiananmen Square in the Forbidden City in Beijing and a national altar (now Zhongshan Park) in the west. The northeast of the meridian gate is said to be the former site of the "cold palace" in those days, and it was put into the cold palace when the imperial secretary was made.
Inside the meridian gate is the so-called "front yard". The three main halls located on the central axis are Fengtian Hall, Gaihua Hall and Shrine Hall, which are equivalent to the Hall of Supreme Harmony in the Forbidden City in Beijing today. Zhonghe Hall and Baohe Hall are collectively called "Three Great Halls". Among them, Fengtian Temple, commonly known as "Golden Temple", is the largest place where feudal ceremonies such as the emperor's accession to the throne were held, and its site is on the north side of the road opposite Wuchaomen Park on Zhongshan East Road today. The stone carvings preserved in Wumaomen Park today are mainly the remains of Fengtianmen in front of Fengtian Temple, the "Inner Wulong Bridge" between Wumen and Fengtianmen, and the inscriptions of Ming Dynasty beside the bridge.
To the east of the three halls is Wenhua Hall and to the west is Wuying Hall. To the southeast of Wenhua Hall, there is an "Donghuamen". It is said that all civil servants have to go in and out through this door when they enter the DPRK. There is also a relatively symmetrical "Xihua Gate" in the southwest of Wuying Hall, which is said to be the only way for military attache to enter the DPRK. On the east and west sides of the meridian gate, there is also a gate of the Forbidden City.
To the north of the "Three Great Halls" is the so-called "Back Hall", where the emperor lived daily. Including Fengxian Hall, Rouyi Hall, Hechun Hall, Gan Qing Palace, Kunning Palace and the royal garden in the northwest corner, until Daiyu River in Houzaimen. The only surviving relic in that area is a rockery in the imperial garden, commonly known as "Ma Niangniang dressing table". 1964, a large number of Ming dynasty porcelains were found in the Hexi section of Yudai, indicating that the imperial chef was located in the west of Houting. According to historical records, the stoves of the royal chef are all made of copper bricks. Beijing: Surrounded by mountains and waters, it has a unique shape.
Outside the imperial city, there are also capital city walls to strengthen defense. The southeast corner of this part of the capital is connected with the old city of Jinling in the Song and Yuan Dynasties near Tongjimen. The main entrance to the south is called "Zhengyangmen", which is now Guanghua Gate. Starting from Zhengyangmen, it passes through Hongwumen, Chengtianmen, Duanmen, Wumen, Fengtianmen, Sanda Hall and Bei 'anmen, all of which are located on the north-south central axis. The main entrance to the east is Chaoyangmen, which is located slightly south of Zhongshan Gate and on the same horizontal axis as Donghuamen, Xihuamen and Jin Xuan Bridge (now slightly south of Yixian Bridge). The main entrance to the north is the emergency exit. At that time, the "three laws" that dominated the power of punishment and killing-the Ministry of Punishment, Duchayuan and Dali Temple-were located on Xuanwu Lake outside the Taiping Gate, commonly known as the "Heavenly Prison". Because Ming Taizu and Ming Chengzu killed a lot of people in Nanjing, the cries outside the Taiping Gate were incessant day and night, so people called the Taiping dike leading to the "Tiancang" as "Guling".
After the completion of the Imperial City, Zhu Yuanzhang set out to widen the capital to the north. But at the beginning, he still couldn't make up his mind whether to build Zhoushan and Keelung foothills along the northern wall of Jiankang City in the Six Dynasties to the west, or to build them along the western bank of Xuanwu Lake to the north. Judging from the existing relics, at first he tended to use the northern wall of Jiankang City to extend westward to Gulou and Liang Qing. Because there is a section of the city wall, commonly known as the "Taicheng" in the Six Dynasties, it was reinforced and rebuilt in the Ming Dynasty, ending at the northern foot of Jilong Mountain. According to this plan, the capital of the early Ming Dynasty was only 2/3 of today's city. Facts have proved that Zhu Yuanzhang later gave up this plan and built a city along Hubei, which may have given more consideration to the need to consolidate the river defense. However, the engineering quantity is large, there are many hills along the line, and there are few people. Probably, first, the building materials will be transported from the waterway to Hanximen (now a little south of Hanzhongmen) and Longjiangguan through the Qinhuai River entrance tunnel, and then they will be built in sections to make full use of the loess hills along the line to increase the height of the city wall. Finally, from the Toilet God Gate (now Heping Gate) to the south, and from the Jiefang Gate behind Jiming Temple to the north, the Houhu City was built, and the "Shili Long Embankment" in the Six Dynasties was used to complete the whole project of Yingtianfu City.
As the capital of the early Ming Dynasty, Yingtianfu City, with a circumference of 96 Li, is the largest ideal city in China, with a survey area of 67.35 Li (35.676 km). Even compared with the world's big cities in the same period, it is second to none, surpassing Paris, which is 29.5 kilometers around the city. Waiguo: Tuchengtou, Loess Hill
Legend has it that after Zhu Yuanzhang built Yingtianfu City, he took his sons to Zhongshan to observe the situation in Beijing. They found that Miyagi was too close to Zhongshan. If guns are mounted on the mountains, the palace will be easily hit, and there are some important commanding heights, such as Yuhuatai in the south and Shogun Mountain in the north, which are very unfavorable to the Yugoslav capital. Then, in the 23rd year of Hongwu (AD 1390), Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the construction of Outer Guo Cheng.
This Waiguo City Lord was mainly built by the loess hills outside Yingtianfu City, and only a part of the city wall was built in some weak defense areas, and the gate of 16 was opened, so it was commonly known as "Tuchengtou". Its circumference is called 180 Li, but in fact it is only about 120 Li (60 km), and the bricks in each section add up to about 40 Li (20 km).
The outer Guo is rhombic, with Guanyin Gate at the northernmost gate, Qilin Gate at the easternmost gate and Jiagang Gate at the southernmost gate. The Waiguo city wall in the west is not surrounded, leaving two gaps in the north and south extending to the Yangtze River respectively. It starts at Qilinmen in the eastern suburb, passes through Xianhemen, Yaofangmen (now Yaohuamen), Guanyinmen, Funingmen and Shangyuanmen in the north, and ends at Jinchuanmen outside the river. From Qilin Gate to the south, it passes through Cangbo Gate, Gao Qiao Gate, Fangmen Gate, Jiagang Gate, Fengtai Gate, Big and Small Ender Gate, Big and Small Elephant Taming Gate, Jiangdong Gate and Fence Gate, and also ends at the river, among which the outer Jinchuan Gate and Fence Gate were opened in the late Ming Dynasty. This is generally said that Nanjing has "18 outer city gates". The outer cities were destroyed in earlier years, but people still use the names of these gates as local place names.