Citrus knowledge
1. Citrus tree knowledge
Methods for preventing and controlling citrus diseases ① Prevention and control of scab disease: focus on the secondary spraying control in the early stage. The first time is when the spring buds sprout (the buds grow 0.5 cm), spray to protect spring shoots: for the second time, spray to protect young fruits when two-thirds of the flowers have fallen.
② Anthracnose control: Spray 2-3 times every 10-15 days during the tender leaf stage in spring and autumn, especially during the young fruit stage and August and September. ③ Prevention and treatment of resin disease: It should be controlled at the early stage of the disease, usually between the young fruit period from May to June and September, spraying 2-3 times every 10-15 days.
④ Bordeaux mixture, thiophanate, carbendazim and other bactericidal pesticides can be used as disease prevention agents. Citrus pest control ① Citrus mites: For citrus spider mites, rust ticks and other mites, pesticides should be used rationally based on forecasts, pest occurrences and weather conditions to protect natural enemies and control mite damage.
Pharmaceuticals include promethazine, tricyclic tin, methane, etc. ② Citrus scale insects: For scale insects, predictions should be made to prevent and control them when first-instar nymphs occur in large numbers. The effect will be better.
Pharmaceuticals can be used such as Lesbon and Sucu. ③ Citrus leafminer: should pass.
Forecasts should be made during the tender leaf stage in autumn, usually between May and June, and between the young fruit stage and September. ③ Resin disease control, Wanling powder, insecticide, etc.: For scale insects, spray 2-3 times every 10-15 days: Control and reduce the impact of disease and insect pests on citrus according to the occurrence of different diseases and insect pests. Harm, spraying to protect spring shoots: effective measures such as chemical prevention and control should be taken at the early stage of the disease.
Pharmaceuticals include bactericidal pesticides such as carbendazim and carbendazim. ② Anthracnose prevention and control: Shoots should be controlled by wiping buds.
For pesticides, you can use Lesbon; insecticide double, in September. ④ Disease prevention agents can be Bordeaux mixture and Dagenson: Prevention and treatment methods of citrus red spider citrus diseases ① Prevention and treatment of scab disease, especially in the young fruit stage and 8 years old, the effect is better, quick culling, etc.
For other citrus pests and diseases, control of mite damage and tricyclic tin should be based on forecasts to control leaf miner damage, extermination, etc.: Spray for the second time when two-thirds of the flowers have fallen. Use of pesticides to protect young fruits: Focus on the prevention and control by secondary spraying in the early stage, uniformly spray early autumn shoots and thiophanate at the appropriate time, and adopt artificial prevention and control. ② Citrus scales are first controlled when spring buds sprout (buds are about 0.5 cm long). Spray 2-3 times every 10-15 days, depending on the occurrence of insect pests and weather conditions.
③ Citrus leaf miner. Citrus pest control ① For citrus mites, control when first-instar nymphs occur in large numbers, biological control, rust ticks and other mites, protect natural enemies, and use pesticides rationally.
Measures combining pesticides with clofenac and spraying for protection should be carried out in spring.
2. Knowledge about oranges
Introduction to orange knowledge: Oranges are the mature fruits of various tangerine types such as Rutaceae plants such as Lucifera or Vermilion orange. Oranges are often collectively referred to as tangerines together with tangerines. They are brightly colored, sweet and sour, and are one of the most common fruits in daily life. Nutritional analysis of oranges: 1. Oranges are rich in vitamin C and citric acid. The former has a beautifying effect and the latter has a fatigue-relieving effect;
2. The thin inner skin of the orange contains dietary fiber and pectin, which can promote It is laxative and can lower cholesterol;
3. Hesperidin can strengthen the toughness of capillaries, lower blood pressure, and expand the coronary arteries of the heart. Therefore, oranges are a food that can prevent coronary heart disease and arteriosclerosis. Studies have confirmed that , eating citrus can reduce the cholesterol deposited in arteries and help reverse atherosclerosis;
4. In fresh citrus juice, there is a substance with strong anti-cancer activity called "nolan" "Milin" can decompose carcinogenic chemicals, inhibit and block the growth of cancer cells, double the activity of detoxification enzymes in the human body, prevent carcinogens from damaging the cell nucleus, and protect the integrity of genes. Suitable people for oranges: The general population can eat them, but those with coughs due to wind-cold and phlegm-retention coughs should not eat them. Therapeutic effects of oranges: Oranges are sweet and sour, cool in nature, and enter the lung and stomach meridians;
It has the effects of appetizing, regulating qi, quenching thirst and moisturizing the lungs;
It mainly treats chest qi and vomiting. Eat less, lack of stomach yin, thirst in the mouth, cough due to lung heat and excessive drinking. Orange foods are incompatible with each other: oranges and crab foods can cause soft carbuncles. Eating meat with otters is disgusting. Do not eat with betel nut. (Quoted from "Dietary Instructions") Instructions for cooking oranges: Peel and eat them raw, or sweat them out and drink the liquid.
3. Basic knowledge of growing citrus
The growth and development, flowering and fruiting of citrus trees and the environment such as temperature, sunshine, water (humidity), soil, wind, altitude, terrain and slope aspect Conditions are closely related, and these conditions affect the maximum number of temperatures. Even a difference of 0.5°C in temperature can sometimes produce completely different results. The growth and development of citrus requires a temperature of 12.5~37℃. Flower bud differentiation in autumn requires day and night temperatures of about 20°C and 10°C respectively, and the soil temperature for root growth is roughly the same as that of the aboveground part. If the temperature is too low, the citrus will be frozen. Sweet oranges will be frozen at -4℃. Wenzhou satsuma mandarins will freeze their branches and leaves at -5℃. Sweet oranges will be frozen below -5℃. Wenzhou satsuma mandarins will be frostbitten if they are below -6℃. Sweet oranges - Below 6.5℃, Wenzhou mandarin oranges below -9℃ will freeze the plants to death.
Temperature
High temperature is also not conducive to the growth and development of citrus. When the air temperature and soil temperature are higher than 37℃, the fruit and root system will stop growing. The effect of temperature on fruit quality is also obvious: within a certain temperature range, usually as the temperature increases, the sugar content and soluble solids increase, the acid content decreases, and the quality becomes better. Citrus is a tree species with strong shade tolerance, but it still needs good sunshine to achieve high quality and high yield. Generally, areas with annual sunshine hours of 1200 to 2200 hours can grow normally. For example, compared with the citrus-producing areas of Chongqing, which has less sunshine and less sunshine, South China, which has good sunshine and rich calories, has high sugar content, low acid content and high sugar-acid ratio. Generally, tropical and subtropical areas with annual rainfall of about 1,000 mm are suitable for citrus cultivation, but irrigation is often required due to uneven annual rainfall distribution. The relative moisture content of the soil is 60% to 80%. If it is less than 60%, irrigation is required. Too much rain will cause water accumulation in the soil or high groundwater levels. Citrus orchards with poor drainage will cause the root system to die. Citrus fruit trees require a relative air humidity of about 75%.
Soil
Citrus has a wide range of adaptability to soil. It can grow in purple soil, red and yellow soil, beaches and tidal flats with a pH value of 4.5 to 8. The best pH value is 5.5 to 6.5. most suitable. The growth of citrus root systems requires high oxygen content. Soil with loose texture, good structure, 2% to 3% organic matter content, and well-drained soil is most suitable.
4. Citrus management knowledge and pruning
The focus of citrus pruning is to prune large branches.
Large branch pruning is a method of cutting large branches supplemented by detailed pruning. It is essentially pruning to correct the tree skeleton. It can control the top edge, open the crown, reasonably distribute nutrients, regulate tree growth, etc. effect. The main technical points are: (1) Pruning time is generally between early February and early to mid-March, when spring buds sprout and flower buds form.
(2) Pruning objects: It is suitable for adult citrus orchards over 7 to 8 years old. The effect is better for citrus orchards with closed crowns. (3) Pruning requirements: Large branch pruning re-adjusts the crown skeleton from bottom to top. On the basis of obtaining a reasonable distribution of the tree skeleton, the remaining branches can be sawed off regardless of their diameter.
After pruning, the tree height should be controlled below 3 meters, and 3 to 4 main branches should be retained and evenly arranged. Each main branch should be equipped with 2 to 3 deputy main branches, and more side branches and fruiting branches should be retained. The branching angle of the main and secondary branches should be greater than 45 degrees to achieve a dwarfed tree body, an open crown, and clear branch hierarchy.
(4) Operation essentials: According to the above tree shape and the degree of crown correction, it can be completed in 2 to 3 years. Crown branches are divided into three categories: permanent branches, excessive branches, and branches cut off in the current year.
The steps are as follows: First look: Look at the number and branch angles of main branches and sub-main branches. The operator drills into the lower part of the crown, looks up and scans around the crown, and determines 3 to 4 large branches with suitable positions to be retained as main branches. Other large branches that compete with the main branches are retained. The remaining thick branches are also temporarily retained and removed by sawing.
Second sawing: Large branch pruning is too large at one time, which will have a certain impact on the yield of the year. It can be implemented in 2 to 3 years according to the size of the tree. The amount of pruning is generally about 1/4 of the green leaf layer each time.
Adult trees, weak trees, and old trees should be heavy, 1/3 to 1/4 of the leaves of the whole plant; young trees, strong trees, and young trees should be light, 1/3 of the leaves of the whole plant. /5~1/6. In the first year, saw off the middle upright branches that compete with the main branches from the base, lower the height of the tree, open the "skylight", and appropriately saw off the intersecting and shady branches on the main branches that disrupt the shape of the tree, so that The branches are distinct.
In that year, 1 to 2 main branches and 2 to 3 sub-main branches can be cut off. In the second year, cut off 2 to 4 temporary reserved branches.
If the amount of pruning is large and cannot be completed within 2 years, it will be continued in the third year. Three pruning: Roughly cut off diseased and insect-infested branches, dead branches, and cross branches, appropriately retract some 2 to 3-year-old side branches, and renew the aging and fruiting branches.
Four protections: The wound after sawing the large branch should be protected. The cut surface should be slightly inclined and smoothed with a knife. Apply a protective agent or wrap it with a film. Citrus management: (1) Disease prevention and control 1. Huanglongbing Huanglongbing, also known as yellow shoot disease, is a plant quarantine target at home and abroad. It is the most important disease of citrus in the south subtropical citrus of my country. It affects the southern parts of the three provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian and Taiwan. , Hainan Province is the most serious.
It has also occurred in individual areas of Yunnan, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang and other provinces. The leaves of the top and outer 1 to 2 branches or multiple branches of the diseased tree do not turn green, but are uniformly yellow-green. The diseased leaves fall off easily. This disease is caused by a bacterium-like disease.
The pathogen is spread over long distances through diseased scions and seedlings, and within orchards are spread by citrus psyllids at short distances. Banana tangerines, ponkans, and red tangerines are most susceptible to the disease.
Prevention and control methods: Strictly implement plant quarantine and strictly prohibit the introduction of diseased seedlings, scions and fruits into disease-free areas. After non-toxic identification and pathogen detoxification, establish a disease-free mother garden and disease-free nursery; rootstock seeds and scions should be treated with 49°C hot and humid air for 50 minutes, treated with 1000PPm tetracycline hydrochloride or oxytetracycline hydrochloride for 2 hours or soaked in 500PPm liquid Take it out after 3 hours and rinse with water.
Strictly prevent and control citrus psyllid, dig out and destroy diseased plants in time. Injection of 1000PPm tetracycline hydrochloride or penicillin into the trunk of trees with initial disease has a certain therapeutic effect.
2. Canker disease This disease is a plant quarantine target at home and abroad. It occurs in many citrus producing areas in my country, especially along the southeast coast. However, it is currently found in Hunan, Hubei, and Jiangxi in the mainland. occur. Damage to the young shoots, leaves and young fruits of citrus.
After the disease occurs on the leaves, needle-sized light yellow or light green oil-stained spots begin to appear on the back of the leaf, and then expand into gray-brown nearly round lesions. The lesions penetrate the front and back of the leaf and become raised. However, the bulge on the back of the leaf is more obvious than on the front. The center is cracked and corked like a crater, with a yellow-brown halo around it. The diameter of the lesions is generally 2 to 5 mm, and sometimes several lesions are connected to form large irregular spots.
The lesions on the branches are similar to those on the leaves but more prominent than on the leaves. Compared with the lesions on the leaves, the spots on the fruit are larger, the corkization and protrusions are more obvious, the cracking of the central crater is more obvious, and the halo disappears after the fruit matures.
Often causes leaf and fruit drop, reducing yield and quality. The disease is a bacterial disease that overwinters on plant tissues and is spread over short distances by wind, rain, insects, and contact with branches and leaves. Long-distance spread is through the scions and fruits of diseased seedlings.
Seedlings, saplings and young tissues are susceptible to the disease, while old leaves and mature fruits are less susceptible. The disease is mild in wide-skinned citrus. At present, some varieties have strong disease resistance, such as Ehime No. 30, Ehime No. 38, Harumi, Tianxiang, Qingmi and other hybrid citrus varieties.
Prevention and control methods: Strictly implement plant quarantine, strictly prohibit the introduction of diseased seedlings, scions and fruits into disease-free areas. Once discovered, they should be completely destroyed, establish a disease-free nursery, cultivate disease-free seedlings, and dig out diseased plants in a timely manner Remove and burn them, and strengthen prevention and control of leaf miners to reduce wounds on branches and leaves and prevent the invasion of pathogens. Plant disease-resistant varieties, such as mixed citrus Ehime No. 30, Ehime No. 38, Harumi, etc.
Chemical control: Spray once every 20 days and 30 days after each shoot sprouts for protection. The main chemicals are 0.5% Bordeaux mixture, 77% can kill 1000 times the liquid. 12% copper chloride 800~1000 times solution, 40% copper hydroxide 600 times solution, 1000~2000PPm agricultural streptomycin, etc. In addition, soak the scion with 2000ppm agricultural streptomycin and 1% alcohol for 1 hour, then rinse with water and set aside.
3. Scab disease occurs in all citrus producing areas in my country. It mainly damages the young leaves, shoots, young fruits and flowers of citrus.
The injured areas on the leaves initially appear as small water-soaked brown dots, and then expand into yellow corky lesions. The lesions are mostly conical protrusions on the back of the leaf, and the front is concave, and the lesions cannot penetrate the leaf. (This is the fundamental difference from canker disease). When multiple lesions are connected together, the leaves are often twisted into deformities. The lesions on new shoots are similar to those on leaves, but the protrusions of the lesions are not as obvious as those on leaves.
After the petals are damaged, they will soon fall off, and soon the young fruits will become sick. When the damage is severe, the fruit will be small, deformed, thick-skinned, sour and prone to fall early.
Prevention and treatment methods: Prune off diseased branches and leaves in winter to eliminate overwintering pathogens. Strengthen fertilizer and water management to make the young shoots neat and healthy.
When the spring buds exceed 4 mm in length and 2/3 of the flowers have fallen off, spray once each time.
5. My dad wants to learn some knowledge about growing citrus, but I don’t know where he can learn it.
High-quality and efficient citrus cultivation technology 1. High-standard garden construction 1. Garden site selection and mastering the appropriate location The principle of planting is based on factors such as temperature, water source, improved soil, and reasonable arrangements based on local conditions.
Generally, the altitude is below 400m, the slope is within 20 degrees, and hilly land with gentle slopes facing south or southeast is preferred. Different varieties have different tolerances to low temperatures. The order from strong to weak is kumquat, satsuma tangerine, red tangerine, red tangerine, ponkan, local early sweet orange, pomelo, and lemon.
Be careful not to build gardens in areas with dangerous pests and diseases. Before building a garden, survey the water source and water supply volume to ensure that there is water for irrigation during the autumn dry season. It requires convenient transportation. 2. Build horizontal terraces. Horizontal terraces should be built in mountainous orchards and hilly sloping orchards with a slope of more than 10 degrees to prevent water and soil erosion.
Terraces are composed of ladder walls, ladder surfaces, ladder ridges and inner drainage ditches. Ladders are usually built step by step from top to bottom, and adjusted according to the principles of "make big bends straight, keep small bends straight", "move convex downwards, and concave upwards", and increase the horizontal distance between the centers of two adjacent ladders as appropriate. Lines are subtracted from each other to form contour lines.
When filling, dig inside and fill outside. When building ladder walls, attention should be paid to quality to ensure that ladder collapse, soil erosion, etc. do not occur. There are several types of ladder walls: stone ridges, earth ridges, grass ridges, etc., which can be selected according to materials and funds.
First dig a ditch above the highest contour line to stop rainwater from flowing down from the top of the mountain. Then dig a ditch 0.1~0.5m wide and 0.3m deep on the horizontal baseline, and dig loose the soil at the bottom of the ditch. , make it closely combine with the filled soil, consolidate the ladder wall, build it to a certain height, and then take soil from the inside of the ladder to build the wall. The soil should be stepped tightly layer by layer, and the ladder should be dug while building the ladder wall. Plant shrubs, turf, etc. to protect the ladder. The height of the ladder wall should be based on the principle that the ladder surface slopes slightly outward. Then level the ladder surface, excavate soil from the base line of the upper ladder and fill it into the constructed ladder wall. The ladder surface should be high on the outside and low on the inside. Build a ridge on the outside and build a trench inside. Build a horizontal earth ridge every 4 to 5m in the trench to store water. .
Smooth the ladder surface, paying special attention to improving the subsoil on the inside of the ladder. On gently sloping land, machinery can be used to open the garden to improve work efficiency.
After the land is leveled, plant broad beans, garden flowers, Indian cowpeas, soybeans, mung beans, etc. to fertilize and improve soil fertility.
The flat orchard is designed according to the plan. The roads, drainage and irrigation channels, protective forest belts and building locations are first determined in the park, and then divided into several planting areas between the roads and channels. The areas are reclaimed one by one. Before the reclamation, the debris on the ground must be cleared. Grass, shrubs and twigs, level the ground.
The row and plant directions of flat orange orchards should be in a straight line, and the row direction should be perpendicular to the main road at the edge of the community, usually in the north-south direction. Hilly orchards with a slope within 10 degrees can also be planted on slope lines.
3. Planting of seedlings is usually done from late February to early March before spring shoots sprout, or from late October to early December. Specific arrangements can be made based on climate conditions and seedlings. The distance of planting depends on the characteristics of the variety, terrain, soil, rootstock, farming management methods, etc.
Generally, 40-50 early-maturing Wenzhou mandarins are planted every 667 square meters on flat land, and 70-80 plants are planted on mountains. Medium-ripening Wenzhou mandarins are planted every 667 square meters on flat land, 40-50 plants, and 50-70 plants are planted on mountains. ; Plant 20-40 sweet oranges on the flat ground and 40-60 plants on the mountain; plant 50-60 oranges on the flat ground and 70-80 plants on the mountain; plant 20-40 pomelo plants on the flat ground and 40-60 plants on the mountain; before planting Dig holes at fixed points and apply planting fertilizer. Generally, 3kg of cake fertilizer and 1kg of phosphate fertilizer are applied to each hole, mix well with the soil, apply to the bottom of the hole, and then cover with 20cm thick fine soil to separate the roots from the stems. Place the seedlings upright, paying attention to aligning up, down, left and right, and stretching. For the root system, after filling in a small amount of fine soil, gently lift the seedling upward to make the soil and roots closely combined. Fill the soil and compact it until the soil is up to the root neck.
Pour enough water to set the roots, make a small disk of topsoil around the seedlings, water 20kg of water per plant, and then cover with soil to expose the grafting interface and set up pillars on the windward side. Water once every 1 week when the weather is fine but not raining until it survives.
2. Adoption of standardized fertilization technology my country has implemented the "Technical Regulations for the Production of Pollution-Free Food Citrus" on October 1, 2001. This is based on the current citrus production status and market demand of the national agricultural department, and Standardized production technology proposed through years of practical experience. The regulations put forward the principle of "the requirements of citrus for various nutritional elements should be fully met in the fertilization process. It is recommended to apply more organic fertilizers and rationally apply inorganic fertilizers."
At present, most citrus orchards do not have a good grasp of the fertilization process. Some believe that the more nitrogen is applied, the better, the fewer the frequency and amount of fertilization, the better, and the types of fertilizers used are simple, or They are ternary or binary compound fertilizers, or even simple chemical fertilizers. They do not pay attention to the application of organic fertilizers and soil improvement, and even ignore the supplement of trace elements. To achieve standardized citrus production, standardized fertilization technology must be implemented.
1. Choose good fertilizers. There are many types of fertilizers for fertilization. In addition to qualified and suitable compound fertilizers, organic-inorganic compound fertilizers, biological fertilizers, and foliar fertilizers on the market, there are also green manures, human and animal fertilizers, etc. Manure and other farmyard manure. When processing farmyard manure, especially human and animal manure, it must be fermented at high temperatures above 50°C for more than 7 days.
In addition, the residue after biogas production is also a good fertilizer. When choosing or purchasing commercial fertilizers, you should grasp the principle of mainly using organic fertilizers and combining them with inorganic fertilizers.
For example, Haiyan organic to inorganic compound fertilizer currently used in many citrus producing areas in Hunan Province contains a variety of nutrients and can effectively improve quality. 2. Pay attention to fertilization methods. Soil fertilization mainly uses methods such as strip furrow application and ground broadcast application.
Dig a trench (hole) in the dripping part of the tree crown with a depth of 20~40cm. Rotate fertilizer positions symmetrically.
Instant fertilizer should be applied in shallow trenches (holes). Citrus orchards with sprinkler and drip irrigation facilities can be fertilized with liquid.
When using organic fertilizer to amend the soil, it is best to dig a deep trench outside the drip line and bury it. The main time for foliar top dressing is during the flowering and fruit setting period, fruit development period and after harvest. It is best to use organic nutrients such as amino acids and nucleotides. The concentration should be reduced during high temperature and drought periods. Stop foliar top dressing within 20 days before fruit harvest.
Fertilize young trees, apply frequently and lightly, mainly nitrogen fertilizer, combined with phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. Fertilize 4 to 6 times during the shoot growth period in spring, summer and autumn.
The application of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer should be stopped after August. The appropriate ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 1:0.25~0.3:0.5.
The amount of fertilizer should be increased year by year from less to more. Watering with thinly decomposed manure should be applied around the crown of young trees to avoid direct contact with the roots.
You can also use formula fertilizer specifically for saplings. Fertilize fruit-bearing trees.
The appropriate ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 1:0.5~0.7:0.7~1.0. What is lacking in trace element fertilizers should be supplemented.
Mature trees grow annually.
6. Some information about citrus
Citrus has a sweet and sour taste and is popular among people. More importantly, its nutritional value is higher than that of ordinary fruits. It is determined that every 100 grams of edible part contains 0.9 grams of protein, 0.1 grams of fat, and 12 grams of carbohydrates, which can produce 53 kcal of heat. It also contains 26 mg of calcium, 15 mg of phosphorus, 0.2 mg of iron, and 0.55 mg of carotene. As well as vitamins B1, B2, niacin, etc.; the vitamin C content in oranges is second only to dates and lychees, while the vitamin C content in mandarin oranges exceeds that of lychees, at 49 mg.
Traditional Chinese medicine believes that all kinds of citrus have medicinal value. The peel, core, leaves and tangerines are all "authentic medicinal materials".
Orange peel is used as medicine and is called tangerine peel. It tastes bitter, pungent, warm in nature, and has the function of regulating qi and strengthening the spleen. Tangerine is bitter in taste and neutral in nature. It has the effects of unblocking collaterals and reducing phlegm, smoothing qi and activating blood circulation. Orange core is bitter in taste, neutral in nature, and has the effects of regulating qi, dispersing stagnation and relieving pain. If you suffer from cold, cough, stomach cold and vomiting, decoction of orange peel and ginger has significant curative effect. Women with indurated penis can use 15 grams each of green orange peel, green orange leaves, and orange core, decoct it with rice wine and water, and take it warmly twice a day. The curative effect is remarkable.
Eating citrus during the journey can soothe the stomach and strengthen the spleen, smoothen the qi and activate blood circulation, relieve fatigue and relieve acclimatization.
7. What should not be eaten with citrus?
Introduction to citrus knowledge: Oranges; Chinese honey orange; Sweet orange; Mandarin orange. Citrus is an evergreen fruit tree in tropical and subtropical areas, mainly produced in The districts include Guangdong, Fujian, Sichuan, Hunan, Zhejiang, Hubei, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou and other places. It is also cultivated in other places such as southern Anhui, near Taihu Lake in Jiangsu, and Hanzhong in Shaanxi. There are extremely rich types and varieties of citrus. The four most cultivated categories in my country are pomelo, orange, wide-skinned citrus and kumquat.
Pomelo has the largest fruit, thick skin, many pulp valves (13-18 valves), and many seeds. Excellent varieties include Shatian pomelo, Pingshan pomelo, etc. Oranges include limes and sweet oranges, with spherical fruits and orange skin. Excellent varieties include Xinhui orange, Jin orange, perfume orange, etc. The peel of wide-skinned citrus is loose and easy to peel, and the pulp is easy to separate. There are many varieties, which can be roughly divided into two groups: tangerines and tangerines. The fruits of the tangerine group are generally smaller than tangerines, flat in shape, with thin and loose skin that is easy to peel off. The sponge layer is light yellow and the embryo is dark green. There are annual oranges, red oranges, red oranges, milk oranges, etc. Citrus fruits are generally larger than oranges, oblate and round, with slightly thicker skins that are easier to peel off. The sponge layer is white and the embryo is light green. There are banana tangerines, Wenzhou tangerines, etc. Kumquats are small fruits with fleshy orange peels, sweet taste, and few flesh petals (3-7 petals). The varieties include mountain kumquat, Luofu mandarin, round kumquat, and gold bullet. Nutritional analysis of citrus: 1. Oranges are rich in vitamin C and citric acid. The former has a beautifying effect and the latter has a fatigue-relieving effect;
2. The thin inner skin of the tangerine contains dietary fiber and pectin, which can promote It is laxative and can lower cholesterol;
3. Hesperidin can strengthen the toughness of capillaries, lower blood pressure, and expand the coronary arteries of the heart. Therefore, oranges are a food that can prevent coronary heart disease and arteriosclerosis. Studies have confirmed , eating citrus can reduce the cholesterol deposited in arteries and help reverse atherosclerosis;
4. In fresh citrus juice, there is a substance with strong anti-cancer activity called "nolan" "Milin" can decompose carcinogenic chemicals, inhibit and block the growth of cancer cells, double the activity of detoxification enzymes in the human body, prevent carcinogens from damaging the cell nucleus, and protect the integrity of genes. Suitable people for citrus: The general population can eat it, but people with cough due to wind-cold and phlegm-yip cough should not eat it. Therapeutic effects of citrus: citrus tastes sweet and sour, cool in nature, enters the lungs and stomach meridians;
It has the effects of appetizing, regulating qi, quenching thirst and moisturizing the lungs;
It mainly treats chest qi and vomiting. Eat less, lack of stomach yin, thirst in the mouth, cough due to lung heat and excessive drinking. Guidance on how to make citrus: Peel and eat raw, or sweat and drink the liquid.
8. What should not be eaten with citrus?
Oranges are rich in sugars, namely glucose, fructose, sucrose, vitamins, malic acid, citric acid, protein, fat, and dietary fiber. And a variety of minerals, etc. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that oranges are warm in nature and can easily lead to internal heat if eaten in large quantities. Especially for people with a constitution of yin deficiency and yang excess, it is best to eat less. I would like to remind you that some foods can be poisonous if eaten together with oranges. So what should not be eaten with oranges? Introduced below.
1. Cucumber
Oranges and cucumbers should not be eaten together. The vitamin C decomposing enzyme in cucumber will destroy the multivitamins contained in oranges, thereby reducing the nutritional value of oranges.
2. Eels
Eels and oranges are incompatible and will cause poisoning if eaten together.
3. Crab
Citrus and crab cannot be eaten together. Turtle meat is rich in protein, while oranges contain more fruit acids. If fruits rich in acid such as oranges are eaten at the same time as turtle meat, which contains more protein, the acid in the fruit can coagulate the protein and affect the digestion and absorption of the protein.
4. Red flowers
Red flowers and oranges are in conflict with each other. Both red flowers and oranges are damp and hot in nature. Eating them together can easily make people get angry.
5. Milk
Oranges should not be eaten with milk. The protein in milk will react with the peracid and vitamin C in oranges, and will condense into lumps, which will affect the digestion and absorption of the gastrointestinal tract and can easily cause uncomfortable symptoms such as bloating, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Therefore, people must not eat oranges within 1 hour after drinking milk.
6. Animal liver
Citrus and animal liver cannot be eaten together. Citrus is rich in vitamin C, and animal liver is rich in copper, iron and other ions. If the two are eaten at the same time, copper, iron and other ions can easily oxidize the vitamin C in citrus, thus losing its original nutritional value.
7. Radish
Do not eat oranges and radishes together. Because after eating radish, the human body will quickly produce a substance called sulfate, and metabolize it to produce an anti-thyroid substance-thiocyanate.
If you eat oranges at this time, the flavonoids in the oranges will be decomposed in the intestines and converted into hydroxybenzoic acid and ferulic acid, which will promote the inhibitory effect of thiocyanate on the thyroid gland and lead to goiter.
8. Eggs
1. Eggs and oranges are in conflict with each other. Eggs are rich in protein. If eaten together with fruits such as oranges that are rich in fruit acid, the fruit acid will coagulate the protein. Affect protein digestion and absorption, and even cause adverse symptoms.
9. Asparagus
Citrus and asparagus cannot be eaten together. Citrus contains more fruit acid, while asparagus is rich in protein. If the two are eaten at the same time, the acid in the citrus will coagulate the protein in the asparagus, affecting digestion and absorption.
10. Medication
Do not eat oranges while taking medication. Oranges are rich in fruit acid and vitamin C. You should avoid eating oranges when taking vitamin K, sulfa drugs, spironolactone, triamterene and potassium supplements.
11. Rabbit meat
Rabbit meat and oranges are incompatible with each other. Because oranges are sweet, sour and warm in nature, eating too much will generate heat, while rabbit meat is sour and cold. Eating the two together can cause gastrointestinal dysfunction and diarrhea. Therefore, it is not advisable to eat oranges immediately after eating rabbit meat.
12. Soy milk
Soy milk and oranges should not be eaten together. Oranges contain a lot of fruit acid, and fruit acid can coagulate and denature the protein in soy milk, affecting digestion and absorption.
9. What should be paid attention to when planting citrus?
Shallow plowing of tree trays and covering the tree trays with grass should be done by 5 to 10 cm to keep the topsoil loose and eliminate weeds.
However, cultivating should be shallow rather than deep, and herbicides can also be used to control weeds. Covering materials mainly include mountain grass and straw, etc., mainly tree disc covering. The thickness of the covering grass is 10-20 cm, and the width is 20 cm outside the drip line of the tree crown. After the covering is completed, the covering material is turned over and buried in the soil along with the fertilization, which can significantly Stably and gently maintains soil moisture, which is beneficial to the growth and fruiting of citrus and reduces the impact of high temperatures during drought and low temperatures in winter.
In mountainous orange orchards with steep slopes, the dense growth of ladder grass can prevent erosion and collapse. Dead and cut weeds are decomposed by soil microorganisms, which can increase soil humus. After the grass roots die, the soil can be regenerated. Loose, improve its physical and chemical properties, and increase soil organic matter. Perennial herbs with dense root systems such as day lily and thatch can be used to fix the wall.
Moderately shape young trees, with light pruning or no pruning. The pruning of adult trees should be simple and labor-saving after picking fruits and before spring shoots sprout.
Prune large branches to keep a certain distance between plants and rows. Renewal pruning is coordinated with soil improvement and root system renewal, and is mainly used for the renewal and rejuvenation of aging trees.
There is a certain gap between the main branches. To reduce the ineffective volume, the length of the second sub-main branch is the first. 50% to 60% of a secondary main branch, with an interval of 60 to 70 cm. The leggy branches and upright branches on the secondary main branch should be thinned out from the base. The apex of the secondary main branch is drooping, and should be retracted to make it head upward.