1969165438+10 what happened in China?
It is these terrible revolutionaries who caused the future KGB chairman to have a heart attack. Yuri Vladimirovich Bernov, a former staff member of the Central Committee of CPSU, described this experience:
"I felt what happened in the reception room in andropov. There was a smell of medicine in the air and several doctors came out of the office. Yuri Vladimirovich suffered from severe heart disease, so he received many injections. I walked into andropov's office and he was lying on the sofa, looking very bad. "
Although breathing was very difficult at that time, andropov gave such a practical suggestion to deal with the KGB. If it were under more ordinary circumstances, he might be more subtle.
Senior Kremlin officials clearly showed us the life of intrigue. Before being appointed as the chairman of KGB, yuri vladimirovich andropov was the secretary of the Central Committee of CPSU, in charge of relations with the socialist brotherly political parties. There was a distinguished guest from Prague in Moscow at that time. According to the Party's rank, the glorious mission of sending him to the airport fell to Andrei pavlovic kirilenko, member of the Political Bureau and secretary of the Central Committee. This is a person who no one can describe with the words charming and lovely.
I don't know which link went wrong, mostly because the officer in charge of security work in the 9th Bureau of KGB made a mistake about the departure time of the special plane, so kirilenko decided that he couldn't go to the airport. According to Yuri Benov's memory, he "rudely" reprimanded andropov on the grounds that an important political activity was destroyed. Unlucky andropov sat in his office in the old square, never knowing the exact time when the plane took off from the government airport, while angry kirilenko called from time to time, and his temper got worse every time.
For thousands of Soviets, andropov is a person who will become the supreme leader of the country in the future and will be envied. He must be careful before him. But to kirilenko, he is just a subordinate. It was this conversation with a higher-level central secretary that caused andropov to have a heart attack.
As you can imagine, Andre pavlovic kirilenko, who is short and as tall as Napoleon, is so rude and willful. With Brezhnev's appreciation, he gradually climbed to the position of the second-in-command of the country under the condition that serious brain lesions had not yet led to the complete collapse of his personality.
But as far as this matter is concerned, the legendary yuri vladimirovich andropov is so timid and unfortunate that it is a piece of cake for members of the Politburo to shout. Get rid of him easily! So a person is regarded as an outstanding reformer with an iron will? This incident can only show that yuri andropov is a man without a definite view, easily influenced by other people's opinions and very insecure. He is used to avoiding conflicts and instinctively won't go against the will of his superiors.
Kirilenko was the first person to be dismissed after yuri vladimirovich andropov 1982+0 1 became the general secretary of the Central Committee of CPSU. Kirilenko was very ill at that time, so of course he couldn't work. But Brezhnev didn't send him to retire, which is his habit. He doesn't want to wronged his old friend. Andropov asked kirilenko to write a resignation application. Because kirilenko was worried that he could not write such an important document, andropov personally wrote one for him. Kirilenko just copied it with trembling hands. ...
Look up to the boatswain
Yuri vladimirovich andropov 19 14 June 15 was born in the family of a railway telegraph operator at Nagutskaya Station in Stavropol Krai. His father died when he was only five. His mother, a music teacher, also died quite early in 1927. Yuri Vladimirovich had to fend for himself and eke out a living.
Andropov's mother, Evgeniya Karlovna Feynch, is not Russian in Thailand, so some people say that he is of Jewish descent. People who have met yuri andropov even think that he looks like a Semite. Maybe it's because they want to find these features ...
Gorbachev's former aide Valery Ivanovich Paulding wrote that andropov's popularity angered Mikhail sergeyev. Once, in a rage, he said to Paulding, "What special contribution has andropov made to the country? Think about it, he is the chairman of the KGB, holding dissidents, sending them to prisons and mental hospitals, and driving many people out of the country, but why didn't the Chinese and foreign media eat him alive? Because he is a half-breed, of course they will not bully their own people. "
Gorbachev's view that Jews all over the world learn from each other coincides with the suspicion of the first generation of active Russian nationalists, who seem to send people to andropov's hometown to investigate his genealogy. Even though andropov knows that his comrades think his resume is not very innocent, he has proved them wrong with his own actions. During his work in the KGB, andropov vigorously cracked down on "Zionism", which was actually to prohibit Jews from going abroad, do everything possible to suppress people's interest in learning Jewish language, culture and history, and keep a close watch to prevent "non-natives" from occupying too prominent positions. The KGB's Fifth Bureau once set up a department to combat hostile Zionist activities. ...
Andropov went to school in Mozdok, North Ossetia. Due to the events in the Caucasus, newspapers often reported on this city. Later, andropov finished Ribinsk Waterway Secondary Technical School.
When he was the chairman of KGB, he took the exam of CPSU Central Senior Party School as an off-campus candidate. He felt it inappropriate not to have a higher education diploma. Senior party schools are set up for officials in high positions, who have neither a diploma nor the time (more commonly, the ability) to receive education.
Later, it was said that he was knowledgeable and proficient in English. Neither the former nor the latter is correct. He wanted to learn English, but by then he was already the chairman of the KGB, and at his age, he was so busy that it was impossible. However, the experience of working abroad, reading books and materials and interacting with intellectuals made up for his lack of systematic education to some extent.
Andropov worked as an apprentice to a telegraph operator and a film projectionist in Mozdok. After graduating from a secondary technical school, he went to work at Volo Darski Shipyard and sailed on the Volga River. The desire to be a sailor doesn't seem very strong. After landing, he became a full-time Communist Youth League cadre. In his own working experience on water, there is only one boatswain that he never forgets. The boatswain firmly controls the crew and is a model leader in his mind.
Since the age of 22, andropov has been working in the Communist Youth League and Party organs, and served as the ambassador and chairman of the KGB. He has never led any actual production department or region. He has neither knowledge of industry, agriculture and finance nor practical work experience.
From this point of view, his professional experience is similar to that of shelepin: from alliance to party, from party to KGB. The benefits of this lifestyle are obvious: I have a clear understanding of state institutions and the mysterious forces that control the country, and I am good at playing the role of power lever. The fly in the ointment is that all the knowledge about the country is obtained indirectly, from other people's conversations, materials and subordinate analysis reports. Hundreds of pages of secret documents placed on the desks of the central secretary and KGB chairman every day will definitely make people feel that they have a comprehensive understanding of what is happening in the country. This is actually mostly an illusion.
Under the condition that the official documents of KGB do not conceal everything, some deep-rooted dogmas are not doubted. Probably because of this, andropov really thinks that what the country needs is mainly order rectification, strict discipline and anti-corruption, not reform.
In the era of great cleansing, as long as we can preserve our sanity, it is easy for league cadres to make the apprentice. 1937, andropov was elected as the second secretary of the Youth League Committee of yaroslavl, and was promoted to the first secretary the following year. 1940 was transferred to Petrozavodsk as the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Karelia-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic.
In the 1920s and 1930s, this land was the Karelia Autonomous Republic within the territory of the Russian Federation. However, after declaring war on Finland, Stalin had a long-term plan. If these plans are realized and Finland surrenders, Finland's land area is likely to be greatly reduced, while Karelia's area will be expanded. The autonomous Republic of Karelia was renamed Karelia-Finland in advance, and its status was upgraded to join the Republic.
The leader of this new republic is Otto Virge Movich Kuchinin, one of the founders of Finland, who worked in the Comintern for many years. He later became the protector of andropov. Kushining is a learned, intelligent and gentle person, and his contacts have benefited the young Communist Youth League secretary a lot.
1935, yuri Vladimirovich got married for the first time, and his wife was Nina Ivanovna Yengalecheva, who graduated from the same technical school. They gave birth to two children, a daughter (born in 1937) and a son (born in 1940).
Daughter yevgeny Ji became a doctor and lives in yaroslavl. In memory of grandpa, it was named Fu.
Rakimir's son went to prison twice and later worked in tiraspol. He was an alcoholic and died at a young age.
Shortly after his son was born, andropov went to Petrozavodsk. He went alone, without his family. After his divorce from Nina Ivanovna, he got married for the second time. This marriage also gave birth to two children, a son and a daughter.
Andropov doesn't care about the children born from his first marriage. Memories of the past made him unhappy. He hardly ever mentions them himself, and he doesn't like others to mention things he wants to forget.
Andropov didn't go to the front. He was the leader of the Republic Union for four years. 1944 was transferred to the Party as the second secretary of Petrozavodsk Party Committee, which is an enviable position for a 30-year-old man. After the war, he was the second secretary of the Karelia-Finland Central Committee. During this period, he was indirectly influenced by the "Leningrad case" which began at 1949.
When Kuznetsov, secretary of the Central Committee, and Wozniacki, the first deputy head of the government, were arrested, the Ministry of National Security began to search for cadres in Leningrad nationwide. Party cadres who made their fortune in Leningrad were successively dismissed and arrested. Petrozavodsk also failed to escape the storm. What happened there at that time, people in the circle have different opinions. Some people say that during the purge, andropov, who was frightened, did not hesitate to frame his party comrades to save himself. Others said that andropov himself was the target of cleaning, and Kucining saved him.
Lieutenant General Vadim Kilpichenko wrote that andropov is not a man who loves to hold grudges. Once, as the chairman of the KGB, he wanted to know about the work of the staff responsible for his problems and almost arrested him during the Leningrad case. Yuri Flachi milovic not only didn't punish this man, but also didn't even send him to retire.
Not holding grudges and being broad-minded are valuable qualities. However, why did the state security organs leave an investigator who fabricated such despicable things? Even if it is true, does it mean that yuri vladimirovich andropov never condemned his predecessor in Lubyanka?
From 65438 to 0952, Kuchinin was elected as a member of the presidium of the Central Committee of CPSU. Andropov was transferred from Petrozavodsk to the Moscow Central Organ, and from 65438 to 0953, he was transferred to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as the Director of the Fourth European Department. After Stalin's death, the Central Committee decided to send experienced Party cadres to work in socialist countries. It wasn't long before he was sent to Budapest as an embassy counselor. The following year, 1954 was appointed as the ambassador to Hungary.
Alexei Alexeyevich Epishev, former vice minister in charge of personnel issues of the Ministry of National Security, went to Romania as an ambassador. Georgi mikhailovich popov, former secretary of the Central Committee and first secretary of the Moscow Municipal Committee, was sent to Poland.
Popov is notoriously headstrong. He acted like a political commissar of a group of anarchists in Poland. Whenever he has an excuse, he tells Bo Leslaw Beirut, the head of the Party and government, that even Polish farmers should be concerned about how to cultivate the land and how to sow. Finally, he also said that even if Beirut gave him a Moscow district party secretary, he wouldn't.
The angry Beirut can't stand it. He called Khrushchev and said that if he couldn't even be the secretary of the district party committee, he should consider resigning. Khrushchev quickly comforted him. Popov was recalled from Warsaw, and it took him a long time to find a job. Finally, he was sent to Vladimir as the director of the aviation instrument factory.
Because of his personality and temperament, Ambassador andropov's performance is much wiser. But his role in Hungary is also similar to that of an imperial envoy.
Thirty tanks surrounded the embassy.
The detailed compilation of The Soviet Union and Hungary Crisis of 1956 is an important achievement of scholars and archivists. This book helps to evaluate the role of Soviet ambassadors in those tragic events more accurately.
Being an ambassador for three years has taught andropov a lot and broadened his horizons. He saw that life was not just about yaroslavl or Petrozavodsk. Budapest has always been a European city. Even in those days, the ambassador's life itself can still bring a sense of relaxation. Besides, the new ambassador is only 40 years old
However, when andropov became an ambassador, due to the acceleration of industrialization, the Hungarian economic situation became more severe, and farmers were indignant at the idea of rural cooperatives. What makes Hungarians dissatisfied is that they didn't even have the kind of transition in the Soviet Union after the 20th Congress of the CPSU, so they demanded a change of leadership, first of all, Rakosi Magaz, a dictatorship, to rehabilitate all the oppressed people: the staff of the Ministry of National Security sent by Stalin helped Hungarian comrades launch a bloody purge. ...
Ambassador andropov strongly supports Rakosi. He watched with suspicion that Cadal Janos, who had been punished before, returned to politics, and thought that his return to the Politburo was "a major concession to the Rightists and demagogues". Cadal served as Deputy Secretary-General and Minister of the Interior after the war. At first, he participated in organizing political movements, but later he was sentenced to life imprisonment for trumped-up charges. Although his reputation was later restored, he was labeled as distrustful. Moscow is afraid that holding a grudge against punishment will lead Cadal to join the opposition.
Through the analysis of some documents, it can be seen that the Budapest Embassy only contacted a small number of people who took the dogmatic line, made a conclusion based on the information obtained from them, and informed Moscow. When Khrushchev was in power, the opinions of the KGB could not be compared with those of the embassy.
Hungarian * * * scrambled to tell andropov in detail about the meetings of the Politburo and the government and informal talks between some countries, and lost no time to speak ill of his political opponents and opponents.
If you read the encrypted telegram sent by andropov from Budapest, you will get the impression that the only problem in Hungary is that a handful of "right-wing" elements are obstructing the normal work of the country. As long as these people are dealt with properly, the Politburo can unite. But it was not until later that it was suddenly discovered that the people had rebelled. ...
It is also puzzling why the name nagy imre appears repeatedly in telegrams, and why everyone is afraid that he will return to politics, but he came back after all. It seems that the embassy was paralyzed by Najib's return. Later, I learned that he is the most popular politician in Hungary, and people want him to come to power.
Nagy imre is not an idle generation. 19 16 During World War I, he was captured by the Russians. He supported revolution and joined the Bolsheviks. After the civil war, he was sent to Hungary to work underground.
/kloc-returned to Moscow in 0/930, lived here for 15 years, and worked in the Comintern International Agricultural Research Institute and the Soviet Central Bureau of Statistics successively. After 1945, he became a minister and led the Hungarian government. Later, he was labeled as a "right-winger", all his posts were revoked and he was expelled from the party.
1989 in the summer, Vladimir Aleksandrovic Kruckov, chairman of KGB, handed Gorbachev a stack of documents in the archives of his department. As can be seen from these documents, nagy imre was a reporter of the People's Committee of the Ministry of the Interior before the war. 1933 Recruiting and reporting to intelligence agencies the activities of Hungarian compatriots who took refuge in the Soviet Union.
This saved Najib from jail. 1938 In March, he was arrested by revolutionaries of the Moscow Bureau of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the People's Committee, but he only stayed in prison for four days. The Fourth Division (Special Division) of the National Security Bureau of the People's Committee of Internal Affairs stood up to speak for him, and the future Hungarian Prime Minister was released.
Why did Kryuchkov take out the file? In a letter attached to Gorbachev, he said:
"Najib's head is shrouded in a halo. It is said that he is a victim, a person who does not seek personal gain, and a person who is particularly honest and abides by principles. Among all the eulogies about Najib, the most frequently mentioned is that he is a "fighter who completely opposes Stalinism" and a "supporter of democracy and thoroughly reformed socialism". A series of articles published by the Hungarian media bluntly stated that Najib was accused of engaging in counter-revolutionary activities, sentenced to death and executed under the pressure of the Soviet Union. "
Kryukov and andropov worked together in the Soviet Embassy in Budapest. It seems that he hated nagy imre so much that he broke the sacred rules of agents and revealed their names. Cleo Skof seems to be an excitable person, but he still can't help but say to the Hungarians: Look, what a national hero you are!
Hungarian historians were very angry after receiving these documents, saying that they were fakes and the documents were forged. But most of the documents are originals, because all the staff of the Comintern are forced to report the enemy's situation. What are you if you don't expose the enemies of the people? What is a Bolshevik if you don't help the People's Committee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs?
Nagy imre's reform thought is a set of ideas for economic transformation, which Hungarians want to put into practice. Hungary has formed a broad political opposition. They saw that the Yugoslavs were building their own economy and politics in another way, and the Poles began to solve their internal problems without instructions from Moscow.
1956 to 10, nagy imre's post in the party was restored. Najib was greatly encouraged by the example of Poland:1Wadysaw Gomuka, who was arrested on charges of right-wing nationalism in 949, was rehabilitated and reinstated in Poland. Mulka became the head of Poland. Now that Moscow has agreed to this change in Poland, it may also allow Hungary to follow suit?
The situation in Poland was also very serious at that time. The workers took to the streets and shouted slogans against the Soviet Union and socialism. Marshal konev received an order to transfer Soviet troops to Warsaw. Polish generals, especially those with few Soviet puppets in the internal affairs forces, warned that they would fire on the Soviet Union.
Regardless of Moscow's wishes, Wadyslaw Gomurka was elected as the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Polish Unified Workers' Party. Khrushchev realized that it was best not to interfere.
1949 Marshal Konstantin Konstantinovich Rokossovsky, who was sent by Stalin to work in brotherly Poland, was expelled from the Political Bureau of the Polish United Workers' Party Central Committee and lost his post as Minister of National Defense. After returning to Moscow, he said bitterly: "I have always been regarded as a Polish in Russia and a Russian in Poland."
The Hungarian delegation was invited to Moscow to discuss the situation in Poland, but they never expected that the situation in Hungary would become a top priority. A firefight broke out in Budapest, and demonstrators overthrew the huge statue of Stalin.
Ambassador andropov still insists that the whole crux lies in the indecision and unprincipled concessions of the Hungarian Political Bureau. The embassy relies on people who are not supported by the people. Some people even say that we should build Hungarian-style socialism instead of Soviet-style socialism.
The embassy knows everything that happened in the top leadership of Hungary, including tiny details, subtle relations between them and even some signs. But the embassy knows nothing about the words and deeds of the opposition leaders.
10123 October, the demonstration of college students, which was first banned and then allowed, turned into a large-scale protest against the authorities.
Ambassador andropov bluntly asked the commander of the Soviet special forces stationed in Hungary to drive his troops into Budapest. But the other party replied that it needed an order from the Ministry of National Defense.
Andropov got in touch with Moscow, and the Chief of Staff, Vasily Danilovic sokolovski, called the commander through the high-frequency communication line and gave the order. It is thought that as long as Soviet tanks appear, all problems will be solved, just like the situation after the Soviet Union intervened in Berlin in June 1953.
But the Hungarians began to resist. They shot at Soviet troops and threw flammable mixture bottles at tanks. The Soviets couldn't calm the city down. The Hungarian army did not help them, and the number of resistance fighters increased, reaching thousands. Shooting at unarmed demonstrators and strafing houses with tank guns and machine guns further aggravated anti-Soviet sentiment.
At the request of the people, nagy imre became the head of government. He demanded that Soviet troops withdraw from the capital Budapest.
There are differences in Moscow. Khrushchev said that we are not living in the era of the Communist International, and we should not give orders to the fraternal party. In Poland, Khrushchev took risks and counted on Goethe Mulka: although he didn't listen to Moscow, he took control of the country. In Hungary, he decided to support the Najib government and withdraw his troops from Budapest. The tank was withdrawn. This is not a trick. Khrushchev has realized that there is a crisis in the relationship between socialist countries, and the past principles must be revised.
But as soon as the army retreated, a bloody incident happened in Budapest: a group of people punished the staff of the party Committee of the capital city. Officials of Hungarian security agencies were recognized for wearing yellow boots issued by the General Affairs Office. They were hung upside down from the tree.
This changed the attitude of the Kremlin.
During this period, the Middle East War just broke out. Britain, France and Israel attacked Egypt, which had just established close relations with the Soviet Union. In the context of Egypt's inevitable failure, Moscow does not want to encounter another failure in Hungary. In addition, the United States and the West have made it clear that they will not come forward to protect Hungary.
The Kremlin decided to send troops again, and this time it must take decisive action. Nikolay Aleksandrovich Bulganin, chairman of the Council of Ministers, first proposed to establish a reliable government in Budapest, because the current government is "not good". Start looking for candidates for the head of government. There are two candidates-Cadal Janos and Interior Minister Munnich Ferenc. The two were transferred to the Soviet Union and sent to Moscow for an interview. Cadal was more popular. After some hesitation, he agreed to lead the government.
When Ambassador andropov angrily told nagy imre in Budapest that he had nothing to do with Minnie and Cadal's disappearance, they had already returned with the Soviets. They stayed at the base camp of Marshal konev, who was in charge of directing the operation. Cadal was sent back by Soviet armored personnel carriers.
Khrushchev later explained in a secret conversation with josip broz tito of Yugoslavia: We can't allow Hungary to resume capitalism, because in our Soviet Union, people will say that this didn't happen when Stalin was in power, but that these people who criticized Stalin lost everything. ...
In the frank conversation among members of the Central Presidium, Khrushchev and others never thought of saying that the Hungarian incident was planned by western spies. They clearly know that Hungary no longer exists because the people rose against them. They can count on the Soviet army and a handful of people headed by Cadal Janos.
The number of Soviet invaders was 60,000.
Most Hungarian soldiers did not resist. It's no use knowing. But some troops chose to fight, and thousands of rebels joined them. They have several tanks and some cannons. They even shot down a Soviet plane with anti-aircraft weapons.
The Soviet embassy is safe and sound because there are 30 tanks guarding the building. The fear experienced in Budapest remains in andropov's memory forever. It is said that his wife was particularly hit.
1 65438+1October1day, Premier nagy imre announced the abolition of the Warsaw Treaty and the neutrality of Hungary.
In a radio address, he informed about the armed intervention of the Soviet Union: "Early this morning, Soviet troops began to attack our capital in an open attempt to overthrow the legitimate democratic government of Hungary. Our army is fighting. The government still sticks to its post. "
The resistance forces were wiped out one by one under the intensive fire of Soviet artillery and tanks.
A total of 640 Soviet troops were killed and 125 1 injured in the Hungarian incident. The losses of Hungarians totaled 2,652 deaths and19,226 injuries.
The Cadal government opened fire on the miners' procession, banned the activities of the workers' committee, arrested the workers' committee, and dissolved the writers' association and journalists' association. Approved the establishment of a field military court and gave it the power to make a death sentence quickly. Cadal, without domestic support, has become more and more ruthless under the influence of Soviet comrades, which makes Moscow feel inexplicably happy.
The overthrown nagy imre and several ministers still loyal to him and their families hid in the Yugoslav Embassy in Budapest. Cadal promised that they were inviolable and that they would not be held accountable. So Najib and others agreed to leave the Yugoslav embassy.
On the bus, a Soviet officer sat next to them as if to send them all home. There are two Yugoslav diplomats in the car. But the car unexpectedly stopped in front of the Soviet representative office building, and Soviet officers forced Yugoslav diplomats to get off. Then Soviet armored vehicles surrounded the car, and Najib, his colleagues and their families were sent to Romania. At first, they were under the supervision of Romanian national security personnel. Later, they were thrown into prison. April 1957, sent back to Hungary. Cadal didn't keep his promise.
Nagy imre, his defense minister, Ledel Barr, and several others were sentenced to death, and the rest were sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment ranging from one year to one year. Najib refused to ask for pardon. It is said that Cadal was present at the execution, and he called Khrushchev afterwards. This incident also involves some personal factors: Cadal was tortured in prison, and he believed that nagy imre was the chief culprit causing his pain. ...
The main lesson andropov learned in Hungary is simple and clear. He saw that if the party ignored ideological supervision, it would easily lose state power. Nothing else, whether it is economic difficulties or enemy agents, can destroy the party's political power.
The inherent logic of the survival of the socialist system is that as long as there is a little relaxation, the system will begin to collapse.
The seriousness of the lesson is that andropov experienced a pure physical fear while he was afraid of losing power. He witnessed with his own eyes how Hungarian national security personnel were lynched. He doesn't want this to happen to himself.
It is said that the experience in Budapest had a very harmful effect on andropov's wife. She began to have a slight illness, but he gradually lost his complete family life and had to work blindly. ...
In the book Secrets of the Kremlin Hospital, the surgeon Prakoviniu nikolayev Moshentseva described her working experience in the Fourth Bureau of the Soviet Ministry of Health for more than 30 years. In the book, she also talked about andropov's wife: "She has been admitted to the neurology department more than once and has been asking for an injection ... She just suspected that she was sick here or there and asked for an anesthetic. She is dismissive of sedatives. It seems that she has been used to anesthetics since she was a child. Now I think it's the doctor's fault. As soon as they heard her husband's name, they couldn't help but be afraid and give in to her wayward demands. It was the doctor who made her addicted to narcotics. "