World Population Day of 5 Billion in 1987

On July 11, 1987, the world’s 5 billionth resident was born in Zagreb, the former Yugoslavia. His name is Mattei Gaspar. Later, the city of Zagreb was designated as the 5 billionth city with residents. At that time, the front pages of major newspapers around the world carried very eye-catching and thought-provoking headlines such as "Global Population Hits 5 Billion Mark" and "What Does 5 Billion Mean?" The United Nations Population Activities Foundation declared this day as "Population 5 Billion Day".

From the birth of mankind to the beginning of the 19th century, it took millions of years for the world's total population to reach 1 billion. After entering the 20th century, the world's population has grown faster and faster. By 1930, the world's population reached 2 billion, double what it was at the beginning of the 19th century. By 1960, the world's population had grown to 3 billion. Another 15 years passed before it reached 4 billion in 1975. It took only 12 years to go from 4 billion to 5 billion. According to projections by demographers, the world's population is expected to reach 6.3 billion by the end of this century. The world's population is growing rapidly at the rate of 3 people per second and 250,000 people per day. The United Nations Population Activities Foundation calls on all countries to seriously think about and discuss population issues, because this sustained and rapid growth of population has had a profound impact on the world economy and even world politics.

The manifestations of this influence are:

First, the gap between the rich and the poor between the north and the south has further widened. In the early post-war period, the gap in per capita national income between developed and developing countries was 10:1. Although in the 30 years after the war, the growth of industrial production and national income in developing countries was slightly higher than that of developed countries, due to population growth, developing countries Too fast, by the end of the 1970s, the gap widened to 13:1.

The second is to continue to hinder the economic development of developing countries. In developing countries, due to rapid population growth, consumption funds account for a large proportion of national income, and domestic investment rates have to decline, resulting in economic development being restricted. At the same time, the contradiction between population and food has become more prominent.

Third, the deterioration of the natural environment continues to intensify, which is mainly reflected in the sharp reduction of forest area, severe desertification and shortage of safe drinking water. Due to population growth, developing countries have to destroy forests to create farmland in order to survive. Deforestation to create farmland also causes serious water and soil erosion, and the area of ​​deserts in arid areas continues to expand.

Excessive population growth in developing countries not only affects their own economic development, but also affects the development of the world economy, and also affects world peace and stability. In 1974, the United Nations held the World Population Conference in Bucharest, prompting all countries to pay greater attention to the development of world population. Ten years later, there are 85 countries in the world that are controlling population growth. China, India, Indonesia, Mexico and other populous countries have successively implemented population control policies aimed at contraception.

"5 Billion Population Day" has once again sounded the alarm to the world. Statistical Bulletin

"Statistical Bulletin on National Economic and Social Development in 1987"

February 23, 1988

In 1987, people of all ethnic groups in China Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the State Council, we have further implemented the policy of reform and opening up and carried out the campaign of "increasing production and saving, increasing revenue and reducing expenditure". Production has continued to develop steadily, the domestic market is active, foreign economic exchanges have expanded, science and technology, culture, education, health, etc. , sports industry has new development. Preliminary calculations show that the annual GDP was 1.092 billion yuan, an increase of 9.4% over the previous year. National income was 915.3 billion yuan, an increase of 9.3% over the previous year. The main problems in the development of the national economy are: the total social demand is still greater than the total social supply, the supply of some commodities, especially major non-staple foods, is tight, and prices have increased significantly. Increase agricultural production. In 1987, the total agricultural output value was 444.7 billion yuan, an increase of 4.7% over the previous year. Among the output of major agricultural products, the total output of grain was 402.41 million tons, an increase of 10.9 million tons over the previous year and close to the historical high in 1984. The production of cotton and oil crops reversed two consecutive years of decline, the production of tea, flue-cured tobacco, silkworm cocoons, and fruits increased, while the production of sugar and jute kenaf decreased.

The output of the main agricultural products is as follows:

In 1987, it increased by % over the previous year. Grain 402.41 million tons 2.8

Cotton 4.19 million tons 18.4

Oils 15.25 million tons -3.5

Among them: rapeseed 6.73 million tons 14.5

Sugarcane 46.85 million tons -6.7

Beet 7.97 million tons-3.9

Yellow kenaf 960,000 tons-32.5

Frue-cured tobacco 1.64 million tons 19.5

Silkworm cocoon 39. 70,000 tons 7.6

Tea 497,000 tons 8.0

Fruits 15.51 million tons 15.1

Forestry production has further mobilized the vast majority of The enthusiasm of the masses for forest management and forest protection has improved, and the quality of forest management has improved. New achievements have been made in the afforestation of plain areas and the construction of protective forests in northwest, north and northeast China, and progress has been made in the construction of timber forest and fast-growing and high-yield forest bases. However, indiscriminate deforestation still occurs in some places. Forest fire prevention work is weak, and a huge fire broke out in the Daxinganling forest area.

In animal husbandry production, grass-eating livestock increased steadily, the number of large livestock increased at the end of the year, and the number of sheep continued to rebound at the end of the year. Increased production of milk, sheep wool, and poultry eggs. However, the number of pigs slaughtered, meat production, and the number of pigs in stock have decreased to varying degrees. The output of major livestock products and the number of livestock are as follows:

In 1987, an increase of % over the morning period

Pork 17.8 million tons -0.9

Beef and mutton 1.41 million tons 16.9

Milk 3.19 million tons 10.0

Sheep wool 208,000 tons 12.4

The number of pigs slaughtered is 25 5.13 million -0.8

The number of large livestock at the end of the year is 12 6.33 million heads 6.2

The number of pigs at the end of the year is 32 6.4 million heads -3.2

The number of sheep at the end of the year 178.35 million 7.3 Fishery production maintains a rapid development momentum. The output of aquatic products was 9.4 million tons, an increase of 14.1% over the previous year; of which the output of freshwater products increased by 17.8%, and the output of seawater products increased by 11.5%.

Agricultural investment has increased, farmland water conservancy construction has begun to be strengthened, and production conditions have improved. By the end of 1987, the total power of agricultural machinery in the country reached 247.2 billion watts, an increase of 7.7% over the previous year; there were 880,000 large and medium-sized tractors, an increase of 2%; there were 560,000 trucks, an increase of 11.8%; and the power machinery for drainage and irrigation reached 67.9 billion watts, an increase of 2%. 12.4%; chemical fertilizer application amount was 20.1 million tons, an increase of 4.1%; rural electricity consumption was 65.9 billion kilowatt hours, an increase of 12.3%. However, the lack of agricultural potential still exists, and the production of major agricultural products cannot meet the needs of national economic development.

Rural reform continues to deepen, and the rural economy develops rapidly. In 1987, the total output value of rural society was 904.1 billion yuan, an increase of 12.7% over the previous year; of which the total output value of industry, construction, transportation and commerce in rural areas increased by 21.8%, and its proportion increased from 46.9% of the previous year. to 50.8%, exceeding the proportion of total agricultural output value for the first time. Balanced growth in industrial production. In 1987, the total industrial output value was 1.378 billion yuan, an increase of 16.5% over the previous year; excluding the industries at and below villages, it was 1.182 billion yuan, an increase of 14.6%. Among the total industrial output value, industries owned by the whole people increased by 11%, industries owned by collectives increased by 25%, individual industries increased by 48%, and industries operated by Sino-foreign joint ventures, Sino-foreign cooperation and wholly foreign-owned enterprises increased by 98%.

Coordinated development of light and heavy industries. In 1987, the total output value of light industry was 656 billion yuan, an increase of 16.8% over the previous year; the total output value of heavy industry was 722 billion yuan, an increase of 16%. The development of the electric power industry and agriculture-supporting industry has accelerated significantly, and basic industries such as steel, nonferrous metals, and chemical raw materials have developed steadily. In the consumer goods industry, industries using non-agricultural products as raw materials, especially famous and high-quality durable consumer goods, are growing faster. However, the contradiction that the industrial production structure does not adapt to the demand structure still exists, and the supply of energy and some raw materials is tight.

The output of major industrial products is as follows: 1987 increased by % over the previous year

Yarn 4.32 million tons 8.7

Cloth 16.7 billion meters 1. 4

Wool 260 million meters 3.0

Made-made paper and cardboard 10.08 million tons 1.0

Sugar 5.11 million tons-2.6

Cigarettes 28.81 million boxes 11.0

Bicycles 40.91 million 14.7 Televisions 19.38 million 32.8

Among them: color TVs 6.72 million Department 62.1

Audio recorder 1 8.63 million units 6. O

Cameras 2.39 million 18.2

Household washing machines 9.92 million 11.0

Household refrigerators 3.98 million 76.8

920 million tons of raw coal 2.9

134 million tons of crude oil 2.6

Power generation 496 billion kilowatt hours 10.3

Among them: hydropower 99.5 billion kilowatt hours 5.3

Steel 5 6.02 million tons 7.3

Steel 4 3.91 million tons 8.2 Cement 180 million tons 9.2

Wood 6 8.43 million cubic meters 5.2

Sulfuric acid 9.62 million tons 26.1

Soda ash 2.37 million tons 10.5

Chemical fertilizers (equivalent to 100% active ingredients) 1 7.03 million tons 22.0

Chemical pesticides 260,000 tons 27.9

Power generation equipment 9.6 million kilowatts 32.9

146,000 machine tools-10.6

Among them: 4,267 CNC and high-precision machine tools 6.4

472,000 automobiles 27.7< /p>

40,000 tractors 39.2

909 railway locomotives 11.1

1.92 million civil steel ships 12.7

The connection between production and sales of industrial enterprises is relatively good, and economic benefits are gradually improving.

In 1987, state-owned industrial enterprises realized profits and taxes of 130.7 billion yuan within the budget, an increase of 9.9% over the previous year; the turnover days of fixed working capital were shortened from 109.1 days in the previous year to 105.4 days; the labor productivity of all employees increased compared with the previous year. 7.6%; the quality of most products has steadily improved; energy consumption has dropped, and the industrial sector has saved more than 20 million tons of energy, with an energy saving rate of 4%. However, product costs were overrun, the losses of loss-making enterprises increased by 4.6%, and the inventory of a few unsalable products increased.

The reform of industrial enterprises began to shift towards the reform of supporting internal mechanisms. According to statistics from 28 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government, 68% of state-owned industrial enterprises have implemented the factory director responsibility system; among large and medium-sized state-owned industrial enterprises, various forms of contract management have been implemented 82% adopt the responsibility system; among small state-owned industrial enterprises, 46% change to collective operation, leasing and individual contracting. Horizontal economic alliances are developing in depth, becoming wider and wider in scope and taking more and more forms. By the end of 1987, there were 6,780 horizontal joint organizations with industrial enterprises at or above county level across the country, with an investment of 12.57 billion yuan. The joint organization's output value and realized profits increased by 38% and 38.1% respectively over the previous year, exceeding the national average.

Fixed asset investment and construction industry

The growth rate of fixed asset investment has slowed down. In 1987, the national fixed asset investment was 351.8 billion yuan, an increase of 49.8 billion yuan over the previous year, an increase of 16.5%, which was lower than the 18.7% growth rate of the previous year; of which 226.2 billion yuan was in units owned by the whole people, an increase of 14.4%; 48 billion yuan was in collectively owned units. yuan, an increase of 22.4%; personal investment was 77.6 billion yuan, an increase of 19.6%. However, the total scale of investment is still too large, and there are too many unplanned projects under construction and newly started projects.

All localities have implemented the policy of "three guarantees and three pressures" for infrastructure construction, and the investment structure has improved. The investment in capital construction of units owned by the whole people was 132.4 billion yuan, an increase of 12.6% over the previous year. Among the capital construction investments, the energy industry sector was 30.9 billion yuan, an increase of 25.5% over the previous year; the transportation, post and telecommunications sector was 20.4 billion yuan, an increase of 7.9%; the raw material industry sector was 19.4 billion yuan, an increase of 31%; the light textile industry sector 6.7 billion yuan, an increase of 15.9%. The proportion of investment in basic industries such as energy and raw materials increased from 33.5% in the previous year to 38%.

Key construction continues to be strengthened. The 206 key projects organized and constructed by the state according to reasonable construction periods have completed investments of 36.2 billion yuan. The major physical engineering projects for the construction of key oil fields, power stations, coal mines, railways, and ports have all been completed well. There were 102 large and medium-sized capital construction projects completed and put into operation nationwide, and 193 individual projects of large and medium-sized projects.

The main newly added production capacities in the country’s infrastructure construction include: power generation installed capacity of 8.1 million kilowatts, the most since the founding of the People’s Republic of China; raw coal mining of 17.11 million tons and crude oil mining of 16.31 million tons (including renovation and other Capacity to increase investment), 272 kilometers of new railways have been delivered and operated, 433 kilometers of double-track railways, 204 kilometers of electrified railways, coastal port throughput capacity of 9.84 million tons, 300,000 tons of ethylene, 2.97 million tons of cement, and 3.9 million weight boxes of flat glass.

Enterprise technological transformation has made steady progress. In 1987, 74.3 billion yuan was invested in the renovation and renovation of units owned by the whole people, an increase of 19.9% ​​over the previous year. Among them, 25.6 billion yuan was used to increase product production capacity, an increase of 21.3%; 10.6 billion yuan was used to increase varieties, an increase of 8.3%; 4.2 billion yuan was used to improve product quality, an increase of 7.3%; and it was used to save Energy accounted for 2.8 billion yuan, an increase of 24.4%. Throughout the year, 42,000 renovation and renovation projects were completed and put into operation, with 54.9 billion yuan in new fixed assets.

The reform of the construction industry continues to deepen. There are 117,000 projects under various economic contracting responsibility systems implemented by construction enterprises owned by the whole people, with a construction area of ​​160 million square meters, accounting for 83.9% of the total construction area; among them, 18,000 unit projects were bid for contracting, with a construction area of ​​3,693 million square meters, accounting for 19% of the total construction area. Reform promoted the development of production. In 1987, the total output value of the construction industry owned by the whole people increased by 7.7% over the previous year, and the labor productivity of all employees increased by 6.2%.

Mineral resource exploration has yielded a bumper harvest. In 1987, 366 new mineral deposits were discovered, involving 64 types of minerals, 31 billion tons of newly proven coal reserves, considerable gold reserves, and a large number of metal, non-metal and energy mineral resources. The development of deep-sea pelagic geological surveys has yielded a wealth of marine geological meters. The transportation sector will deepen reform, strengthen technological transformation, and improve transportation capacity. The transportation volume completed by various transportation means has increased across the board.

In 1987, it increased by % over the previous year

Cargo turnover volume 2190.9 billion ton-kilometers 9.2

Railway 947.1 billion ton-kilometers 8.2

Road 2 40.9 billion ton kilometers 13.7

Water transportation 9 39.7 billion ton kilometers 9.8

Air transportation 660 million ton kilometers 37.5

Transportation Oil and gas pipelines 62.5 billion ton-kilometers 2.1

Passenger turnover 5 35 billion ton-kilometers 11.0

Railway 2 84.3 billion ton-kilometers 10.1

Road 212.9 billion person-km 11.6

Water transport 19.2 billion person-km 5.5

Air transport 18.6 billion person-km 27.4

Throughput of major coastal ports Volume 397 million tons 3.3

The post and telecommunications industry has experienced significant growth. In 1987, the total volume of postal and telecommunications business nationwide reached 3.89 billion yuan, an increase of 18.3% over the previous year. At the end of the year, there were 2.93 million local telephone users in cities across the country, an increase of 17% over the end of the previous year. There are 196 large and medium-sized cities across the country that have launched domestic postal express services.

The economic benefits of the transportation sector have further improved. The railway sector's large-scale contract operation has entered its second year, and transportation efficiency continues to improve. The average daily loading volume has exceeded 70,000 vehicles, an increase of 1.6% over the previous year; the average daily output of railway freight locomotives is 821,000 ton-kilometers, an increase of 1.9% over the previous year. %; railway transportation revenue and realized profits increased by 8.7% and 2.6% respectively over the previous year; the labor productivity of railway transportation personnel increased by 5.3%. The output of freight tonnage ships directly under the Ministry of Transport was 50,100 ton-kilometers, an increase of 7.4% over the previous year. The container transportation business has developed rapidly. The annual railway and sea container transportation volume reached 14.38 million tons, an increase of 27.7% over the previous year.

Expansion of transportation capacity. The railway has expanded the passenger train formation and opened 20 additional pairs of passenger trains. At the same time, it has reformed the crew system. Some direct express trains have removed camping cars and luggage cars, improving passenger transportation capacity. The highway transportation department has actively developed long-distance passenger transport to reduce the burden on railways. The number of cross-provincial highway passenger transport lines across the country has reached 2,500, and the volume of less-than-truckload truck freight increased by 10.5% over the previous year. However, the situation of transportation, post and telecommunications not adapting to economic development is still serious. There are many transportation accidents.

Domestic commerce and material supply and marketing

The domestic market continues to be active. In 1987, the total retail sales of goods reached 582 billion yuan, an increase of 17.6% over the previous year; after deducting price increases, the actual increase was 9.6%. Among the total retail sales of social commodities, the retail sales of agricultural production materials were 70.5 billion yuan, an increase of 22.4%; the retail sales of consumer goods were 511.5 billion yuan, an increase of 16.9%. As some government agencies, organizations, enterprises and institutions continue to engage in extravagance and waste and treat tourists at public expense, the purchasing power of social groups has increased dramatically. The retail sales of consumer goods sold to social groups for the whole year reached 55.3 billion yuan, an increase of 19.7% over the previous year.

Retail sales of goods in various economic types generally increased, among which the national ownership increased by 15.6%, the collective ownership increased by 15.4%, the joint venture economy increased by 26.3%, and the individual economy increased by 24.2% , farmers’ retail sales to non-agricultural residents increased by 24%.

Sales of various consumer goods increased across the board. Except for a few non-staple foods such as pork, vegetables, and sugar, which are in tight supply, most food supplies are relatively abundant. Retail sales increased by 18.1% over the previous year (the actual increase was 7.2% after deducting price increases). The number of goods increased by 13.9%, and the goods used increased by 16.7%.

The reform of the business system continues to develop in depth and breadth. By the end of 1987, more than 60% of large and medium-sized state-owned commercial enterprises had implemented the contract management responsibility system, and 80% of small-scale state-owned commercial enterprises had changed to collective operation, converted to collective ownership, or leased to individuals for operation. More than 90% of enterprises in supply and marketing cooperatives have implemented various forms of internal contract management responsibility systems. The number of urban and rural market trade points increased from 68,000 in the previous year to 69,000; the annual market trade turnover was 110 billion yuan, an increase of 21.3% from the morning. Commercial economic associations continued to develop, reaching 6,792 at the end of 1987, an increase of 20.3% over the end of the previous year; the annual turnover was 15.5 billion yuan and the profit was 650 million yuan.

The economic benefits of state-owned commerce and supply and marketing cooperatives have improved. In 1987, the expenses per 100 yuan of goods sold dropped by 1.4% compared with the previous year, the profit increased by 6.4%, and the working capital turnover days were shortened from 220 days in the previous year to 203 days.

The market for production materials has further expanded, and the proportion of materials uniformly distributed by the state has declined. Steel dropped from 53.1% in the previous year to 46.8%; cement dropped from 16.2% to 15.6%; wood dropped from 30% to 26.2%. The sales volume of the material department was 156.7 billion yuan, an increase of 32.5% over the previous year; of which the sales volume of the material trading center was 26.8 billion yuan, an increase of 69.6%.

Price has increased significantly. In 1987, the overall retail price level increased by an average of 7.3% compared with the previous year (including an increase of 9.1% in December compared with the same month of the previous year). Looking at urban and rural areas, the urban growth rate increased by 9.1%, while the rural growth rate increased by 6.3%.

In terms of commodities, food prices increased by 10.1%, of which meat, poultry and eggs increased by 16.5%, fresh vegetables increased by 17.7%, and aquatic products increased by 17%; clothing prices increased by 3.5%, of which pure woolen yarn increased by 18.1%; Daily necessities increased by 6.1%; medicines and medical supplies increased by 4.6%; fuels increased by 3.6%; agricultural production materials increased by 7%.

In 1987, the overall price level of workers' living expenses increased by 8.8% compared with the previous year, and the increase in some large and medium-sized cities exceeded 10%.

The overall purchase price level of agricultural and sideline products increased by 12% compared with the previous year.

The main problem in market price management is that some monopolistic industries and companies arbitrarily raise prices to purchase and sell in-demand goods at higher prices, and resell them in the middle to make huge profits. It is not uncommon for many shops and individual vendors to increase prices in disguised form, to sell goods that are not as good as good ones, or to be short of goods.

Foreign Economics, Trade and Tourism

Exports have increased significantly and imports have been controlled. According to customs statistics, the total import and export volume in 1987 reached US$82.7 billion, an increase of 12% over the previous year; of which the total export volume was US$39.5 billion, an increase of 27.8%; the total import volume was US$43.2 billion, an increase of 0.7%. The import and export deficit narrowed to US$3.7 billion from US$12 billion in the previous year.

Non-trade exchanges continue to expand. In 1987, the country's non-trade foreign exchange income was US$5.38 billion, and its expenditure was US$1.99 billion, with revenue exceeding expenditure by US$3.39 billion.

In 1987, the country's actual utilization of foreign capital reached US$7.57 billion, an increase of 4.3% over the previous year; of which external borrowings were US$5.33 billion, an increase of 6.4%; direct investment from merchants was US$2.24 billion, Basically the same as last year.

New progress has been made in foreign economic and technological cooperation. In 1987, the value of newly signed foreign project contracting and labor cooperation contracts was US$1.74 billion, an increase of 28.3% over the previous year; the completed turnover was US$1.11 billion, an increase of 13.5%.

The economic strength of the special economic zones has increased, and the degree of export-orientedness has increased significantly. According to statistics from the four cities of Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou and Xiamen, the total industrial output value reached 11.2 billion yuan in 1987, an increase of 52% over the previous year. The total value of exported goods was US$2.74 billion, an increase of 114% over the previous year. The investment direction of foreign investment has gradually shifted to productive projects, and more than 100 foreign-invested industrial enterprises were completed and put into operation throughout the year. The actual amount of foreign capital utilized throughout the year was US$510 million, a decrease of 16% from the previous year.

International tourism is booming. In 1987, the number of arrivals from 169 countries and regions for tourism, visits, visits and various exchange activities reached 26.9 million, an increase of 17.9% over the previous year. The annual tourism foreign exchange income was US$1.84 billion, an increase of 20.3% over the previous year. The reform of the science and technology system continues to deepen, and the role of science and technology in economic and social development becomes increasingly significant. In 1987, 225 invention awards and 807 technological progress awards were approved by the state, and 9,902 scientific and technological achievements were awarded by relevant departments of the State Council and the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government. Projects such as the miniature neutron source reactor, national laser wavelength standard series, ultra-precision shafting and ultra-precision lathe research projects that won the Technology Progress Award have reached the international advanced level. In order to track the development of high technology in the world, in 1987, nearly 800 projects were implemented in 7 fields, including bioengineering technology, information technology, new energy technology and new material technology, with a total investment of 200 million yuan. During the "Seventh Five-Year Plan" period, nearly 4,000 special contracts had been implemented by the end of 1987 under the national key scientific and technological research plan. The National Natural Science Foundation of China, which mainly supports basic research and some applied research projects, approved 2,777 funding projects of various types throughout the year, with a funding amount of 130 million yuan. The "Spark Plan" with the purpose of revitalizing the rural economy has achieved a number of gratifying results, with more than 2,800 projects completed in the past two years. Mass science and technology activities are widely carried out. The technology market is in the ascendant, with 132,000 technology contracts of various types concluded throughout the year, with a turnover of 3.35 billion yuan.

Remarkable progress has been made in patent work. 26,077 patent applications were accepted throughout the year, and 6,811 were approved, more than doubling the previous year.

The meteorological and oceanographic departments have made relatively timely and accurate forecasts of weather and sea conditions, provided a large amount of data and information, and improved social and economic benefits.

For the purpose of economic construction and resource development, the surveying and mapping department surveyed and mapped 26,000 maps of various scales throughout the year, published 223 types of public maps, and printed a total of 82.22 million maps (volumes).

The scientific and technological team continues to expand. In 1987, there were 8.68 million natural science and technical personnel in units owned by the whole people, an increase of 430,000 over the previous year. At the end of the year, there were 5,580 independent research and development institutions owned by the whole people at or above the county level, with 1.05 million employees.

Education has further developed during the reform. In 1987, there were 40,000 graduate students enrolled nationwide, 120,000 current graduate students, and 28,000 graduate students. General colleges and universities enrolled 617,000 undergraduate and junior college students, 1.959 million students were enrolled, an increase of 4.2% over the previous year, and 532,000 graduates. Adult colleges and universities enrolled 498,000 undergraduate and junior college students, and 1.858 million students were enrolled.

The structure of secondary education tends to be reasonable.

There are 5.169 million students in various vocational and technical high schools (including 1.046 million students in technical schools), an increase of 377,000 over the previous year, accounting for 40% of the total 12.91 million high school students. Adult secondary vocational schools There are 1.68 million students in schools and 7.36 million students in adult technical training schools.

Basic education will be further strengthened. There are 41.74 million students in junior high schools and 128.36 million students in primary schools across the country. The enrollment rate of school-age children has increased from 96.4% in the previous year to 97.1%. 1,240 counties have passed the inspection and acceptance of universal primary education. Special education for mentally retarded and disabled children has also made great progress.

Cultural undertakings are increasingly prosperous. In 1987, it produced 146 feature films and released 195 new films (feature films). There are 163,000 film screening units of various types nationwide, 3,089 art performance groups, 2,980 cultural centers, 2,432 public libraries, 826 museums, and 3,238 archives. There are 385 radio stations, 624 radio transmitting stations and relay stations, 365 television stations, and 719 television transmitting stations and relay stations with a capacity of more than 1 kilowatt across the country. 20.6 billion copies of national and provincial newspapers were published throughout the year, 2.64 billion copies of various magazines were published, and 6.25 billion copies of books were published. Health services have further developed and medical conditions have continued to improve. At the end of 1987, the number of hospital beds nationwide reached 2.365 million, an increase of 3% from the end of the previous year. There were 3.609 million professional health technicians, an increase of 2.9% over the previous year; among them, there were 1.482 million doctors (including 777,000 Chinese and Western physicians), an increase of 2.6%; and 718,000 nurse practitioners and nurses, an increase of 5. 4%. New results have been achieved in the prevention and control of various infectious and chronic diseases, with the total number of infectious diseases falling by 20% compared with the previous year. However, the phenomenon of "difficulty in getting medical treatment" in cities and the lack of medical treatment and medicine in rural areas is still common. 12.2% of villages have no medical point.

Remarkable achievements have been made in sports. In 1987, Chinese athletes won 69 world championships; broke or exceeded 22 world records 41 times; broke 171 national records 392 times. The Sixth National Games achieved the best results in all previous National Games. The income of urban and rural people continues to increase. In 1987, the total wages of employees nationwide were 186.6 billion yuan, an increase of 20.6 billion yuan or 12.4% over the previous year. According to a sample survey of urban and rural households, the average income per person of urban residents for living expenses was 916 yuan in 1987, an increase of 10.6% over the previous year; after deducting price increases, the actual increase was 1.7%. The average net income per person of farmers was 463 yuan, an increase of 9.2% over the previous year; after deducting price increases, the actual increase was 5.3%. Among farmers' net income, the average productive net income per person was 419 yuan, an increase of 11.7%. However, the income growth of urban and rural residents of all strata is uneven. 21% of urban households have experienced a decrease in their actual income level due to rising prices; 8.2% of rural households have an average net income per person of less than 200 yuan.

The reform of the labor system continues to deepen, and labor employment increases. In 1987, 3.49 million unemployed people were resettled in cities and towns across the country. At the end of the year, the number of employees nationwide was 131.9 million, an increase of 3.81 million from the end of the previous year. Among them, the number of employees in units owned by the whole people who implement the labor contract system reached 7.26 million, an increase of 2.02 million. The number of self-employed workers in urban areas was 5.67 million, an increase of 840,000 from the end of the previous year.

The savings of urban and rural people have increased significantly. At the end of 1987, the balance of residents' savings deposits reached 307.5 billion yuan, an increase of 83.8 billion yuan from the end of the previous year, an increase of 37.5%.

Urban and rural living conditions have further improved. In 1987, 180 million square meters of new housing was built in urban areas and 860 million square meters of new housing in rural areas.

Social welfare continues to develop. In 1987, there were 37,000 social welfare institutions nationwide and 482,000 people were adopted. There are 2.33 million people living alone, elderly, disabled and young in urban and rural areas who are supported by collectives. Poor households in urban and rural areas have received relief and support, the employment and study conditions for disabled people have improved, and great progress has been made in poverty alleviation and prosperity in border areas. The natural growth rate of the population increased slightly. According to the sample survey data of 1% of the country's population and verification in the second half of the year, the birth rate in 1987 was 21.04‰, the death rate was 6.65‰, and the natural growth rate increased from 14.08‰ in the previous year to 14.39‰. The total population of the country at the end of the year There were 1.08 billion people, an increase of more than 15 million compared with the end of the previous year.

Note -

The figures in this communiqué are preliminary statistics for the year, and do not include figures for Taiwan Province. The gross national product, national income and various gross output figures listed in the communiqué are all calculated based on current year prices; the growth rate is calculated based on comparable prices.

① Gross national product refers to the added value of the material production sector and the non-material production sector as well as net income from abroad, excluding the value of intermediately consumed products and services.

② The total rural social output value includes the total agricultural output value, as well as the total output value of rural collective and individual industries, construction, transportation and commerce.