09 college entrance examination composition topic
Haiyan Hall [1], a historic site in Yuanmingyuan, was built in 1759 (twenty-four years of Qianlong). The word "Haiyan" means "Heqing Haiyan, peaceful country and safe people". Wenyuan Huaying, Tang Zhengxi, and Wang Cifu in Japan and China: "When he was young, Qing Haiyan" River, Yellow River; Yan, calm down. "Heqing Haiyan" is also called "Haiyan Heqing", which means that the Yellow River is clear and the sea is calm. This phrase is used to describe world peace and has auspicious meaning of praising world peace. The name "Haiyan Hall", a practical ornamental building in Yuanmingyuan, a royal garden in China, also comes from this. The essence of this building complex, the bronze statue of the zodiac, is famous for telling the time in water.
[Edit this paragraph] The design of the bronze statue of the animal head in Yuanmingyuan.
Bronze statue designer
The bronze statue of the animal head in Yuanmingyuan was built in Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty. The bronze statue of the animal head in Yuanmingyuan was designed by European missionary Lang Shining (1688- 1766), and designed and supervised by French court craftsman R.Michel.Benoist (17 15- 1744).
Originally, Lang Shining wanted to build a sculpture of a naked woman with western characteristics, but Emperor Qianlong thought it was against China's ethics, so he ordered a redesign, and later this bronze statue of the Chinese zodiac came into being. Another problem is that when the design was completed, Lang Shining found that no craftsman in the Qing Dynasty knew how to make bronzes. Later, he and other craftsmen consulted the classics, which was time-consuming and laborious.
Modeling and construction principle of bronze statue
Haiyan Hall, a historic site in Yuanmingyuan, was built in 1759 (twenty-four years of Qianlong). The word "Haiyan" means "Heqing Haiyan, peaceful country and safe people". Wenyuan Huaying, Tang Zhengxi, and Wang Cifu in Japan and China: "When he was young, Qing Haiyan" River, Yellow River; Yan, calm down. "Heqing Haiyan" is also called "Haiyan Heqing", which means that the Yellow River is clear and the sea is calm. This phrase is used to describe world peace and has auspicious meaning of praising world peace. The name "Haiyan Hall", a practical ornamental building in Yuanmingyuan, a royal garden in China, also comes from this. The essence of this building complex, the bronze statue of the zodiac, is famous for telling the time with water.
The bronze statue of China Zodiac was designed by European missionary Lang Shining and made by Qing court craftsmen. It is an artistic treasure to show the blending of Chinese and western cultures, and it has high artistic value and appreciation value in the world. The designer fully considered the folk culture of China, and replaced the human body sculpture commonly used in western fountain design with a sitting statue of the zodiac. The bronze statue of the zodiac is a stone carving, dressed in robes, with a realistic head and fine casting. The wrinkles and fluff on the animal's head are clear and realistic. The material for casting the animal head was refined copper from the Qing court at that time. Dark appearance, clean connotation, a hundred years of rust, a must. According to textual research, the bronze statues of the 12 zodiac animals were arranged on both sides of a pool in front of Haiyan Hall in Yuanmingyuan, and were called "hydraulic clocks" by people at that time. Every day, the bronze statues of the zodiac will spray water in turn, representing different periods of the day. At noon, the twelve elephants will spray at the same time. Tang Haiyan Zodiac Fountain is a fountain clock designed according to China Zodiac. Every hour, the zodiac clock belonging to that hour will automatically spray water, and at noon, the zodiac will also spray water at the same time, which is extremely exquisite in design. The main building of Haiyan Hall faces west, with eleven rooms above and eleven rooms below. There is a cascade fountain at the left and right of the building door, and a big fountain at the bottom of the steps. The bronze statues of the head of the Chinese zodiac are arranged in a figure of eight around the pool. Every other day and night for twelve hours, the Chinese zodiac sprays water in turn, commonly known as the "hydraulic clock".
The zodiac image was originally on the 12 stone platform on the north and south sides of the fan-shaped pool spray platform in front of Haiyan Hall in the west building of Yuanmingyuan. On the south bank are rats, silver tigers, dragons, afternoon horses, monkeys and dogs. There are ugly cows, rabbits, snakes, sheep, chickens and pigs on the north shore. These portraits are all animal heads, including copper heads and stone bodies, which are connected by water spray pipes in the hollow. Every hour (two hours), representing the image of the Chinese zodiac at that time, water is sprayed from the mouth; At noon, the fountain gushed out from the mouth of the zodiac at the same time, becoming a spectacle. These bronze zodiac statues are 50 cm high and beautifully carved, making them one of the most exquisite bronzes in the Qing Dynasty.
In the center of the pool is a clam stone carving about two meters high, and there are six stone seats on both sides of the pool, which are in a figure of eight. Each stone is carved with an animal head in a robe. Animals' heads are made of copper, and people are made of stone. They are arranged according to the laws of the Chinese zodiac in China. Every hour (two hours today), the head of the animal at that time sprayed water in its mouth, and the water was injected into the pool in a parabolic shape, that is, at midnight (from 23: 00 to 65438+ 0: 00 the next day), a water column was ejected from the mouth of the bronze statue of the mouse head; When it is ugly (1: 00 to 3: 00), a water column is ejected from the mouth of the bronze bull's head. At noon 12, except the horse's head continued to spray water, the mouths of the other eleven bronze animals also sprayed water columns together, and the scene was spectacular in an instant. Therefore, people can know the current time as long as they see the water spouted from the mouth of the head of the Chinese zodiac. This group of fountains is a huge and unique water clock.
Lost bronze statue
During the Second Opium War, British and French allied forces invaded China, captured Beijing, plundered countless treasures of Yuanmingyuan, and snatched 12 bronze animal heads, which led to the loss of these national treasures overseas for more than 100 years.
The zodiac is an artistic treasure that shows the blending of Chinese and western cultures, and it has extremely high artistic value and appreciation value in the world. When the invading army robbed, it was still regarded as the most precious treasure. Those who get them are also people with special identities.
1860, the British and French allied forces set fire to Yuanmingyuan, and the bronze statue of the zodiac in Yuanmingyuan was lost overseas, which became a microcosm of the loss of cultural relics in China. In the hundred years after the Opium War, as many as one million pieces of China cultural relics were lost overseas due to war, looting and carving.
[Edit this paragraph] The whereabouts of the existing bronze statue of the animal head in Yuanmingyuan
At present, five bronze animal heads of cattle, tigers, monkeys, pigs and horses were rescued by patriots in 2000, 2003 and 2007 respectively, and collected in Poly Art Museum. It is known that the head of a mouse and the head of a rabbit were auctioned in an auction house in France in February 2009, but the whereabouts of five pieces, including the head of a bronze dragon, the head of a snake, the head of a sheep, the head of a chicken and the head of a dog, are still unknown.
Puppy mouse
Christie's, the auction giant, appeared at the special auction of Yves Saint Laurent and Pierre Beijing Treasures held in Paris from February 23 to 25, 2009. At the auction on February 26th, it was unveiled at the reserve price of 9 million euros, and finally sold at 6,543,800 euros. At that time, Christie's did not disclose the true identity of the buyer. On March 2nd, Niu Xianfeng, Deputy Director-General of China Special Fund for Saving Lost Overseas Cultural Relics, said at a press conference held in Beijing that Cai Mingchao, the collection consultant of China Special Fund for Saving Lost Overseas Cultural Relics, participated in the auction and became the final bidder. However, because the payment has not been paid and is still within the payment period, it is still unknown whether the final auction can be made. Cai Mingchao said, "I won't pay for it. Under the circumstances at that time, everyone in China would stand up and I just did my duty. "
Ugly cow
In the 1980s, Cai, an entrepreneur from Taiwan Province Province, China, bought it at Sotheby's. On April 30th, 2000, China Poly Group bought it at Christie's auction house for HK$ 7.745 million, and now it is deposited in Poly Art Museum.
Yinhu
In the 1980s, Cai, an entrepreneur from Taiwan Province Province, China, bought it at Sotheby's. On May 2, 2000, China Poly Group bought it at Sotheby's for HK$ 65,438+05,444,750, and it is now in the Poly Art Museum.
Maotu
Christie's, the auction giant, appeared at the special auction of Yves Saint Laurent and Pierre Beijing Treasures held in Paris from February 23 to 25, 2009. At the auction on February 26th, it was unveiled at the reserve price of 9 million euros, and finally sold at 6,543,800 euros. At that time, Christie's did not disclose the true identity of the buyer. On March 2nd, Niu Xianfeng, Deputy Director-General of China Special Fund for Saving Lost Overseas Cultural Relics, said at a press conference held in Beijing that Cai Mingchao, the collection consultant of China Special Fund for Saving Lost Overseas Cultural Relics, participated in the auction and became the final bidder. However, because the payment has not been paid and is still within the payment period, it is still unknown whether the final auction can be made. Cai Mingchao said, "I won't pay for it. Under the circumstances at that time, everyone in China would stand up and I just did my duty. "
dragon
A person's current whereabouts are unknown.
Sishe
A person's current whereabouts are unknown.
Uma
In the 1980s, Cai, an entrepreneur from Taiwan Province Province, China, bought it at Sotheby's. On September 20th, 2007, Dr. Stanley Ho, a member of the Standing Committee of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and an entrepreneur, successfully purchased and donated to the country with a record of HK$ 6,965.438 million.
have not ended yet
A person's current whereabouts are unknown.
Shenhou
In the 1980s, Cai, an entrepreneur from Taiwan Province Province, China, bought it at Sotheby's. On April 30th, 2000, China Poly Group bought it at Christie's auction house for HK$ 865,438+085,000, and it is now in Poly Art Museum.
You coward
A person's current whereabouts are unknown.
dog
A person's current whereabouts are unknown.
Haizhu
1987, bought by an American museum. In 2003, Dr. Stanley Ho, a famous entrepreneur, bought it and donated it to the Poly Art Museum for collection, and finally returned to the motherland. As for the amount paid, Poly did not disclose it. It is said that it is less than HK$ 7 million.
[Edit this paragraph] The precious significance of the bronze statue of the animal head in Yuanmingyuan.
Why is the bronze statue of the animal head in Yuanmingyuan precious? In the prosperous period of Qianlong, the national strength of the Qing Dynasty was strong, and the level of craftsmanship was at its peak, which was particularly fully manifested in the bronze statue of the animal head of the 12 Zodiac in Yuanmingyuan.
First of all, the copper used in it is alloy copper specially refined for the court, which contains a lot of precious metals, the same as the bronze cranes displayed in the Forbidden City and Summer Palace in Beijing. Dark color and clean connotation. It is necessary that it will survive the wind and rain without rusting.
Secondly, it was elaborately made by palace craftsmen who specially served the emperor. The foundry worker finished it, and the surface was carved with a fine chisel. Details such as animal fluff are chiseled and forged, clear and realistic. The key parts such as nose, eyes and ears, as well as the wrinkles on the nose and neck are very delicate, showing a very high level of craftsmanship.
What's more commendable is that the bronze statue of the animal head of the Chinese Zodiac was made by court craftsmen in China, and the designers were artists from Europe such as Lang Shining, so the bronze statue not only has strong traditional aesthetic taste in China, but also combines the characteristics of western plastic arts.
[Edit this paragraph] The reproduction and re-creation of the bronze statue of the animal head in Yuanmingyuan.
● Silhouette images in the stamp products of bronze statues of animal heads of the 12 zodiac animals in Yuanmingyuan.
On June 5438+1October 18, 2005, the bronze statue of the animal head of the 12 Zodiac in Yuanmingyuan, the "Soul of National Treasure" issued by china national philatelic corporation, was officially unveiled. The China Special Fund for Saving Lost Overseas Cultural Relics, which participated in the design, called on the whole society to contribute to the return of lost overseas national treasures.
"Soul of National Treasure"-The bronze statue of the animal head of the Lunar New Year in Yuanmingyuan consists of 12 stamps and 4 stamps. At that time, the four national treasures that were rescued and returned to China were all printed cards with physical photos, including cow head, tiger head, monkey head and pig head. The other eight bronze statues of the Chinese zodiac, such as the head of a mouse, the head of a rabbit, the head of a dragon, the head of a snake, the head of a horse, the head of a sheep, the head of a chicken and the head of a dog, have still been lost overseas or have never been seen before. Therefore, China-made rescue kits are used in the stamp products. What's the matter with you?
"Although this is a great pity, it also reminds people that we must make unremitting efforts to reunite the bronze statues of the Chinese zodiac in our hometown as soon as possible," said Zhang Yongnian, director of the China Special Fund for Saving Lost Overseas Cultural Relics.
● Ceramic replica of Ji Gu Pavilion of Beijing Cultural Relics Reproduction Agency.
Replica of Ji Gu Pavilion (2007) The bronze statue of the twelve animal heads of Yuanmingyuan looted by the British and French allied forces was successfully copied by Ji Gu Pavilion, an old cultural relic copying institution in Beijing, and was exhibited collectively in Liulichang in 2007. Five bronze statues of dragons, snakes, sheep, chickens and dogs, whose whereabouts were unknown at that time, were also copied by experts looking for information in many ways.
At that time, there were four bronze statues of the Chinese zodiac that were lost overseas for more than 65,438+040 years, including four in Poly Museum and two in France. Horseheads are collected by collectors in Taiwan Province Province and will be auctioned by Sotheby's. The remaining five bronze statues are missing.
Li Lianxiang, the person in charge of the replica, said that the replica of the cultural relic was the most difficult to copy in Ji Gu Pavilion for decades, because there was no original for reference. In order to be as close to the original as possible, the staff referred to the paintings of Lang Shining, the designer of Yuanmingyuan and bronze statues, and the representative sculptures of the Qing Dynasty, "trying to find out the sculpture style and aesthetics of that era".
Li Lianxiang said frankly that without the original for reference and comparison, no matter how well the replica is made, there will be shortcomings. According to Li Lianxiang, the copying work began in 2005, and five bronze statues without original references took most of the time. "The bronze statue of the faucet is the most difficult. The design was changed five times and it took half a year to make it."
The materials used in this replica are different from the original. Originally made of copper, the replica is made of celadon ceramics. The five bronze statues of dragon, snake, sheep, chicken and dog have the same modeling style as other bronze statues, with simple modeling and smooth lines. "The expression is consistent, which shows the success and level of replication," said Li Lianxiang.
● Zhu Bingren's work "The Soul of Yuanmingyuan-The Guess of the Missing Animal Head in Yuanmingyuan"
On June 6th, 2008, 165438+ At the 9th China Arts and Crafts Masters' Works and International Art Fair, a group of shocking heavy works of molten copper were presented to the world for the first time. As a result, Zhu Bingren's brand-new handicraft exploration crystallization "copper melting art" was introduced.
As the only "China Master of Arts and Crafts" in the field of copper art in China, Zhu Bingren carefully selected 30 pieces of fine copper melting art from more than 100 works, and concentrated on his original copper melting art, copper painting and calligraphy art, and the engraving "Homologous Bridge" symbolizing the same root and homology between the two sides of the strait. In the most eye-catching position in the exhibition area, five bottles of missing Yuanmingyuan national treasures represented by this group of works are particularly eye-catching. Zhu Bingren expounded the essence of molten copper art and its artistic and social values: a statue of molten copper animal head is vast, eroded and in different shapes; Or hold your head high, or be sad and twisted, as if telling, accusing, condensing and praying. It artistically and truly reproduces the historical changes of the national treasure and expresses the grief and revenge of the Chinese nation.
"I used my blood and passion to melt copper, casting the vicissitudes and sadness of national history." Master Zhu Bingren said from the bottom of his heart.
[Edit this paragraph] ● Cai Mingchao became the last lot of the first auction of Bunny in Yuanmingyuan.
Just as people were speculating about the buyer of the animal head of Yuanmingyuan, Xinhua reported the incident. Niu Xianfeng, Deputy Director-General of China Special Fund for Saving Lost Overseas Cultural Relics, said at the press conference held in Beijing on March 2 that Cai Mingchao, the collection consultant of China Special Fund for Saving Lost Overseas Cultural Relics, participated in the auction of rabbit's head in Yuanmingyuan, and became the final bidder.
Niu Xianfeng told reporters: Although Cai Mingchao photographed the rabbit head and mouse head of Yuanmingyuan with a total price of 3 1.49 million euros in Paris, it is still in the payment period because it has not been paid, and it is still unknown whether the final transaction can be made.
Cai Mingchao said at a news conference: "I won't pay. Under the circumstances at that time, everyone in China would stand up and I just did my duty. "