-154 What kind of plane is it? Where does it come from?

Tu-154 (ту- 154) is a three-engine medium-range passenger plane developed by the tupolev Design Bureau of the former Soviet Union. At that time, the code name in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization was "careless". Similar models are Boeing 727 in America and Trident in Britain. Tu-154 was designed at 1966 to replace Tu-104 and Il-18 passenger planes of the former Soviet Union. 1968 carried out the ground taxiing test in zhukovsky factory near Moscow in early, and carried out the first flight test in June 1968+00+04. * * * Six prototypes and pre-production machines were used for flight test, and the seventh one was delivered to the Civil Aviation Administration of the former Soviet Union for use. 197 1 years ago, Soviet civil aviation used the first map-154 for preliminary verification flight and crew training flight.1971may started mail and cargo transportation, passenger flight between Moscow and Tbilisi started in July, and Moscow-/kloc-0 started on February 9. Figure-154 The basic layout of the fuselage has three engines and a "T" tail, which is similar to Boeing 727. Tu-154 has stable structure, good thrust-to-weight ratio and good takeoff performance. It can take off from the uneven runway, and it has 14 large low-pressure tires to land on the snowy and uneven runway. For passengers accustomed to Boeing, the cabin of Tu-154 seems to be relatively narrow. This is because the interior of the cabin is oval and the ceiling is lower than that of the passenger plane developed in the west. The cabin door of Figure-154 is also smaller than similar western models, and the position of the luggage rack at the top of the cabin is also very limited. By the time production stopped in 2006, 935 Tu-154 aircraft of various models had been produced. Most of them are used by civil aviation in the former Soviet Union and Russia. Foreign users include Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, Cuba, Poland, North Korea, Syria, Iran and China. [Edit this paragraph] Main model drawing-154 drawing-154 There are many types of passenger aircraft. Figure-154 In addition to the general differences in weight and engine, there are different models using different fuels. Many drawings-154 are equipped with noise reduction devices, and some of them have been converted into freight machines. Figure-154 basic type. The power plant is equipped with three Kuznetsov NK-8-2 turbofan engines. The passenger capacity is 167. 197 1 July shipment. Figure-154A developmental type. The passenger capacity and overall size have not changed, and three NK-8-2U turbofan engines have been installed, which improves the engine power. Increasing the intermediate fuel tank increases the maximum takeoff weight, improves the equipment and system, improves flight performance and reliability, reduces maintenance requirements, and installs more emergency exits. 1973 made its first test flight in the second half of the year, 1974 was put into trial operation in the civil aviation of the former Soviet union, and 1975 officially flew. Improvement of figure-154B-154B. The power plant is the same as Type A, with the addition of Class II automatic landing automatic flight control and navigation equipment of Thomson /CSF/SFIM. The low-speed lateral control spoiler is adopted in the control system, which increases along the span and shortens the outer low-speed aileron, thus improving the lateral maneuverability of flight. Increased the maximum takeoff weight. The airtight partition frame behind the fuselage moved backward, which increased the length of the engine room and the passenger capacity 180 people. The fuel used for ballast on Type A ships can be used as common fuel on Type B ships .. 1977 started mass production. Figure-154B- 1 upgraded the control equipment. Figure-154B-2 introduces the western flight control and navigation systems, including crosswind landing system and new radar system. This model is mainly for export. Figure-154C (Figure-154S) Freight Types. 1982. On the basis of Type B, a cargo door with a width of 2.8m and a height of1.87m is added in front of the left wing of the fuselage. Reinforced cargo floor. The main cargo hold has a volume of 73 m3, and the whole cargo hold floor is equipped with a ball roller system, which can transport nine containers with a size of 2.24m× 2.74m ... The luggage compartment under the floor has a space of 38 m 3 to transport bulk cargo. Figure-154C Normal load 20,000kg, voyage 2,900km. The latest improvement of figure-154M and figure-154M (formerly known as figure-164). After the production of Tu-154B began, tupolev Design Bureau made necessary modifications to its structure, and put forward Tu-154M in 1980. 1984 65438+First delivery of civil aviation in the former Soviet Union on February 27th. The tail wing was redesigned, the slats of the wing were reduced, the spoiler was added, the air inlet of the tail central engine was increased, and the auxiliary power unit originally located under the central engine was moved to the tail cone of the fuselage. Replacing Solovjeff D-30KU turbofan engine is more economical, quiet and reliable than the previous model. The attendance rate of Russian aviation map-154M is always higher than 99%. China Civil Aviation once introduced 30 such aircraft. Figure-154M also has the following models: Figure-154M-LK- 1 is used to connect VIP models. Figure-154M2 is a twin-engine model with two PS-90A turbofan engines. Figure-154- 100 redesigned the cockpit and cabin. Figure-155/ Figure-156 is a vehicle with hydrogen or natural gas as fuel. The central engine of Tu-155 can use natural gas or methane, which made its first flight in the late 1960s. All three engines in Figure-156 can use hydrogen or natural gas. In the development of these two models, low temperature physics technology is introduced. [Edit this paragraph] Design features: the cantilever lower wing of the wing and the common all-metal three-beam damaged safety structure. 1/4 chord sweepback angle is 35. The center sill extends to the left and right sides to the inner end of aileron. Five leading-edge slats account for 80% of the leading edge of each wing. Three cardigans. The slats are driven by hydraulic pressure, and the flaps are driven by electricity. There are four spoilers on each wing, and the two spoilers on the inner side of the wing can be used as deceleration and lift devices. The lateral aileron provides lateral control, and the medial aileron can be used as a speed brake in flight. The leading edge slat is electrically heated and anti-icing. All-metal structure of T-shaped cantilever of tail wing. The horizontal tail 1/4 chord sweepback angle is 40, and the vertical stabilizer front edge sweepback angle is 45. Rudder and elevator are honeycomb structures. All the control surfaces of the tail are hydraulically controlled. The leading edges of the vertical tail and the horizontal tail are both engine bleed air and anti-ice. All-metal semi-hard shell structure, general circular cross section of fuselage. The cross-sectional diameter of the fuselage is 3.8 meters. Except the nose radome and the tail cone equipped with auxiliary power device are non-pressurized cabins, the other cabins are airtight pressurized cabins. All skins are made by chemical grinding. The first three points of landing gear hydraulic expansion and contraction. The nose landing gear retracts forward into the fuselage, and the main landing gear retracts backward into the wing trailing edge fairing. Disc brake with anti-skid device. The front landing gear is two wheels parallel, and the main landing gear is a six-wheeled carriage landing gear. This trolley landing gear can make Tu-154 be used on the cement runway with the thickness of 180mm. The power plant is basically equipped with three Kuznetsov NK-8-2 turbofan engines, each with a thrust of 93. 16 kn (9,500 kg), of which two are suspended on both sides of the tail of the fuselage, and the middle one is located at the tail, and its inlet bends and extends to the root of the vertical tail. Figure-154A is equipped with three NK-8-2U turbofan engines with a single thrust 102.9kn (10500kg). Figure-154M modified Solovjeff D-30KU turbofan engine, single thrust 104kN (10604kg). All the fuel is stored in the six integral fuel tanks of the wing. In order to adjust the fuel quantity of each fuel tank, each fuel tank is connected with the oil collecting tank. In case of emergency landing, the fuel in the fuel tank can be quickly flushed with carbon dioxide gas. The leading edge of the engine air inlet is equipped with an engine air-entraining anti-icing device. Each model is equipped with TA-95 auxiliary power unit. There are three seats in the cockpit: pilot, co-pilot and flight engineer. The standard layout of the basic model is 6 seats per row, with 54 seats in the front cabin, 0/04 seats in the rear cabin, and 0/58 seats in * * */kloc. The latest model-154M seats increased to 180 seats. * * * There are four passenger doors and four emergency exits. The cargo hold is a compression chamber, with front and rear doors and cargo handling machinery. System air conditioning system pressurizes the cabin. Three hydraulic systems are powered by engine-driven hydraulic pumps. Any hydraulic system can independently drive the wheel brake, control system booster, flap, spoiler and landing gear to retract. The engine drives three alternators, a 36V AC and 27V DC power generation system, and four batteries. Each engine compartment has a fire extinguishing system, and the auxiliary power unit drives a DC generator or alternator as an emergency power supply system. There is a smoke alarm in the luggage compartment. Two anti-icing systems, wing leading edge electric heating and tail leading edge engine air bleeding. Automatic flight control system and inertial navigation system of airborne equipment, radio navigation system for measuring distance and heading relative to ground navigation station, Doppler radar system for correcting yaw angle and ground speed, and movable map display can record data of inertial navigation system and radio navigation system. The digital/analog hybrid computer can synthesize the data from the aircraft atmospheric data sensor and navigation equipment and provide it to the automatic flight control system. The transponder provides speed, altitude and ground radar identification. 3 sets of angle of attack sensors, PB-5 radio altimeter, APK- 15 radio compass, shortwave and ultrashort wave communication stations, and meteorological radar installed in the nose cover. Tu-154M also has a 3-channel autopilot matched with the autopilot system, and the automatic flight control system can be used during the flight phase of the aircraft from takeoff to 400 meters to landing to 30 meters. [Edit this paragraph] The technical data has a wingspan of 37.55m, a wing area of 20 1.45m, a captain of 47.90m, an aircraft height of 1 1.40m, a fuselage diameter of 3.80m, and a cabin length × width× height of 22.57m× 3.58m× 2.02m. 8000 kg maximum takeoff weight 100000 kg maximum fuel weight 39750 kg maximum cruising speed 950 km/h Figure Korean Air-154 economic cruising speed 900 km/h maximum cruising altitude 1 1900 m service ceiling1. However, accidents are usually caused by long-term exposure to bad and extreme weather, frequent flights, poor quality maintenance and human error, and are rarely caused by design defects. Since the service of Tu-154, 62 aircraft have been lost due to accidents. Six of these plane crashes were caused by terrorist attacks or being shot down by the army. Some of them apparently took off and landed on the runway due to bad weather, including collisions with a snow removal vehicle that was accidentally left on the runway. And bad air traffic control. For example, on July 2, 2002, due to the negligence of the Swiss air traffic control center, Bashkir Airlines Flight 2937 collided with DHL Flight 6 1 1 (Boeing 757 cargo plane) over Burlingen, Baden-Wü rttemberg, Germany. Major accident1980 On July 7th, a Tu-154B-2 passenger plane crashed after taking off from Almaty airport, killing 163 people. 1984101October 15 a picture-154 passenger plane collided with a tanker on the runway of omsk airport, 150 people were killed in the fire. 1985 July 10 A Tu-154 passenger plane crashed after taking off from Tashkent airport, killing 200 people. 1991On May 23rd, a Tu-154 passenger plane stalled and fell to the ground when entering Leningrad Pulkovo Airport. Passengers on board 164, 12 were killed and 34 were injured. 1On July 20th, 992, a Tu-154 cargo plane crashed at Tbilisi airport due to overload, killing seven crew members and six delivery personnel. 1On February 8, 1993, a Tu-154 passenger plane of Iran Airlines collided with a fighter plane of the Iranian Air Force, resulting in 130- 135 deaths. 1994 65438+1On October 3, a Tu-154 passenger plane flying from Irkutsk to Moscow crashed due to a malfunction on its way back to the airport, killing all nine crew members and 1 1 passengers. 1On June 6, 1994, a Tu-154M passenger plane (B-26 10) of China Northwest Airlines crashed near Xi 'an, killing 160 people. After investigation, the maintenance mistakes and faults of the control system are the causes of the accident. 1995 154 a Russian passenger plane crashed on the way from southern sakhalin to Khabarovsk on February 7, killing all 88 passengers and 8 crew members on board. 1On August 29th, 1996, a Russian Tu-154 passenger plane crashed while landing at Longyear Airport in Spitsbergen, Norway, killing all the crew members and Norwegian miners. 1997 65438+February 15 A Tu-154 passenger plane of Tajikistan Airlines crashed while entering the airport in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Only one of the 86 passengers on board survived. 1August 3, 9981A Tu-154 airliner of Cubana de Aviació n crashed while taking off from Quito airport in Ecuador, killing 70 people. 1September 1997 13 A German Tu-154 passenger plane collided with an American C- 14 1 military transport plane in Namibia, killing 33 people. On February 24th, 1999, a Tu-154 passenger plane (numbered B-2622 of China Southwest Airlines) was on its way from Chengdu to Wenzhou. During the descent and landing, it turned off and crashed 30 kilometers away from Wenzhou airport, killing 64 people. After investigation, the cause of the accident was that the elevator control link was incorrectly assembled in the overhaul factory, and no hidden danger was found in the daily maintenance, which led to the elevator control link disengaging during the flight operation, losing the pitching control ability and the plane stalling and falling to the ground. On July 3rd, 20001,a Russian Tu-154M passenger plane crashed 20 kilometers away from Irkutsk airport, killing all 127 passengers and 9 crew members on board. On July 3rd, 20001,a Russian Tu-154 passenger plane crashed 22km west of Irkutsk airport, killing all 136 passengers and 9 crew members on board. 20011/On October 4th, a TU-154 passenger plane of Russian Siberian Airlines was hit by missiles of Ukrainian air defense forces over the Black Sea, killing all 78 people on board. On July 2, 2002, a TU-154 passenger plane of Russian Bashkirk Airlines collided with a Boeing 757 cargo plane over Burlingen, Baden-Wü rttemberg, southern Germany, killing all 69 people on the passenger plane and two crew members on the cargo plane. On February 2, 2002, a Tu 154 passenger plane of Iran Airlines crashed in the mountains near Khora Marbad in western Iran, killing all the passengers on board 105 and 12 crew members. On August 24th, 2004, a TU-154 passenger plane of Russian Siberian Airlines was attacked by a Chechen "black widow" named Jabir Hannova on the way from Moscow to Sochi, and crashed in Rostov State, killing all 46 people on board. On August 22nd, 2006, a TU-154 passenger plane of Russian Pulkovo Airlines crashed near the eastern Ukrainian city of Donetsk, killing all 160 passengers and 10 crew on board. On July 5th, 2009, an Iranian Caspian Airlines passenger plane (flight 7908 from Tehran, Iran to Yerevan, Armenia) with 168 passengers crashed in qazvin province, northwest Iran. There are 153 passengers and 15 crew members on board. 201065438+1On October 24th, an Iranian passenger plane Tu 154 caught fire during the forced landing at Mashhad airport in the northeastern Iranian city, causing at least 46 injuries. The Russian Cartographic-154 passenger plane of Iranian Taban Airlines carries 157 passengers and 13 crew members. 201April 10, the plane of Polish President Kaczynski crashed at Smolensk airport in Russia, killing 88 senior officials (originally reported as 132, corrected to 97) and 9 crew members. The plane's black box was found, and the official claimed that the pilot did not obey the command of the airport commander without authorization, and the plane was old, which led to the air crash. The names of the deceased are as follows: 1, Lech Kaczynski, born in1June 8,0949 (President) 2, Maria Ka Chinzka, born in1August 942 (President's wife) 3, Richard de Kachurovski,/kloc-0. Ioanna Agaka Injezka was born in February 1964+ 18 5. Yeva Bakovska. 1962 65438+ 10/0 1 7, Christina Bo Cenec1953, born on June 30th, 8, Anna Maria Barovskaya1July 20th, 928. 0. Tadesh Booker 1938 was born in March 1926, 13, leek-ger Tula, 1953, was born on February 25th, 14, Zbignev-Jebsky. Born in February 1960, 16, Edward Dukowski, 1930, 65438+ 10/0/6, 17, Alexander Fedorovitz. 1952 June 14 birth19, Jordaslav-Flohr Zack,1969 February 12 birth 20, artur-Frankus,197/kloc-. 19565438+ Born on September 8th, 0 (Chief of Staff of Polish Army) 22, Jessica Glaz, 195 1, 12, 13, born on 23rd, Casimir Gilaski. 65438+1born in May, 964 12 (a famous member of parliament) 25, Branislav-Gostomski1948 165438+1born on October 9, 26, Maliush-Hanjik/Kloc. 193 1 year1month 14 years 28, Pavel-Janezeks,1April 973 16 years 29, Darius-jankowski. Born on August 23rd 1950 (a famous member of parliament) 3 1, Joseph Jonik 1959 10 10/2, born on 32, Sebastian Kapi Nu. 1958 June 1 1 born 34, mariusz Kazana,1960 born on May 8th 35, Janis Kochanovszky,1940 April 18 born 36, Stanislav. Stanislavski,1953,65438+February18,38; Pavel Krajewski, 65438+July 28th, 0975, 39; Andrzej Cremel, 196 1 was born on August 8th (Deputy Foreign Minister) 40, Nijislav-kroll, 1935 was born on May 8th 4 1, Jonis-Krupski,195/kloc-. Born in May 1952, 10, 43, Janus Kurtka, 1960, 8 13 (director of National Memorial Institute) 44, Andrzej Kwasnik, 1956,/kloc-. Born on May 5th 1950, 46 years old, Wojciech-Lyubinski, 1969, 10, born on October 4th/kloc-0, 47 years old, Tadoshi-Lyuto Bolsky, 1926, 48 years old. 1957165438+1October 10 49, Zeng1965165438+1October 7th, born 52, stanislavski/. 1 940 65438+1October1born 55, Peter Nozek,1born on September 20th, 975 56, Peter nurov,1born on June 20th, 946 57, Branislav. Born on March 24th, 0975, 65438+59, Adam Pilc, born on June 26th, 0965, 65438+60, Zina PisKurska, Qatar, born on March 2nd, 0937, 65438+6 1, Mache Prazensky,1February 958. Born on March 9, 1963,1956; Frozimeige-Potashinsky, 1956, born on July 3rd1; 64; Andrzej Pushewosnik,1born on May 30, 963 (Secretary-General of the Security Committee for Struggle and Suffering); 65; Christopher Putra. 1957, born on July 4th, 66; Richard Lu Manecke, born on October 7th, 1967/kloc-0, 1947,165438+; Arkadiusz Lubitz Ji,1953,65438+was born in' 6810.2. 1969 165438+ Born in 691October 6th Andrzej-Saliush-Scaboo1937165438+Born in 701October 20th. 1963 was born in may 10 (governor of the national bank) 72, lashke-Solski 1935 165438+ was born in1October 23rd 73, Vladislav-Sta Siaq/kloc-0. Born on July 2, 75,1974; Alexander Siglo, 1963, 65438+761October 27th; Ge Ye Smazzinski, 1952, born on April 9, 1977; Juranta Snack. 65438+ was born in/KOOC-0/July, 954/KOOC-0/2 (a famous member of parliament) 78, Isabella Tomasev Skaya was born in September/KOOC-0/95579, and Malik ·URI· Rick was born in/KOOC-0/975/KOOC-0. Kloc-0/, Jereza-Valevska-Pouchard Kofskaya were born in September 1438 was born in August 1946, 1 7,84, Edward Voitas, 1955,1. Stanislav Zachag, 1 949 May1Born in 87, Janis Sakel Rensky, 1486? 1 Kruszynska-Gusteau (female official) gave up boarding at the last minute because she was unwell.