Who was killed at a train station in 1913, and Sun Yat-sen wrote an elegiac couplet for him?
This is Song Jiaoren
Song Jiaoren (1882-1913), named Dunchu, nicknamed Yufu, was born in Xiangchong, Shangfang Village, Taoyuan County (now Yufu Village, Bazilu Township) people. He entered a private school at the age of 6 and entered Zhangjiang Academy in Taoyuan at the age of 17. Under the influence of Huang Shouyi, the county magistrate, and Qu Fangmei, the academy chief, he despised the fame of the imperial examination, cared about world affairs, and developed anti-Qing thoughts. In the twenty-eighth year of Guangxu (1902), he was admitted to Wuchang Ordinary Middle School with excellent results. The next year when he entered school, Wuhan, the "thoroughway of nine provinces", showed him a new world. He was attracted by the Wuchang Garden Mountain gathering of the revolutionary group organized by Wu Luzhen and others. He often discussed current affairs and revolution with his classmates Tian Tong, Wu Kun and others, and was determined to fight against the Qing Dynasty. The road to revolution. In August of that year, Huang Xing arrived in Wuchang, and the two met and became close friends until death. Soon, Huang Xing was expelled from Wuchang and returned to Changsha due to his fierce anti-Qing remarks. Later, Song Jiaoren also returned to Hunan and did liaison work in Changsha and Changde in order to establish a revolutionary group.
On November 4, Song Jiaoren, together with Huang Xing, Liu Kuiyi, Chen Tianhua, Zhang Tuzhao and others, organized the establishment of Huaxing Hui in Huangzhai, Changsha, in the name of attending Huang Xing's 30th birthday party. In February of the 30th year of Guangxu's reign, the Huaxing Society was formally established in Changsha, with Huang Xing elected as president and Song as vice president. The purpose of the association is: "Drive out the Tartars and restore China." After the Huaxing Society was established, it immediately began to expand the organization and prepare for an armed uprising. Song Jiaoren's activities in Huaxinghui initially revealed his outstanding organizational skills. In July of that year, Song Jiaoren initiated the establishment of a "scientific tutorial center" in Wuchang, using this as a cover to carry out revolutionary activities in the New Army and schools. In that year, the Huaxing Society planned to divide five groups into simultaneous uprisings in Changsha, Yuezhou, Hengyang, Baoqing, and Changde on the occasion of the 70th birthday of Empress Dowager Cixi. Song Jiaoren was responsible for the organization and mobilization of Changde Road. In September, Song Jiaoren returned to Changde and set up the "Xiangxi Hunan Liaison Station" at the Five Provinces Inn in the city. In early October, he was promoted to the leader of the Hui Party rally held in Bijia City, Changde. It was agreed that during the uprising, the congregation would dress up as pilgrims on their way to Wulei Mountain and gather at the Confucian Temple on the edge of Bijia City to listen to instructions. On November 5, in order to prepare funds, Song Jiaoren went to Changsha and discovered that the uprising was leaked. Lu Yuanding, the governor of Hunan, ordered a search and arrest. At the end of the year, Song Jiaoren boarded a ship and went to Japan via Wuhan and Shanghai.
On December 13, the 30th year of Guangxu's reign, Song Jiaoren arrived in Japan. As soon as he settled down, he resumed his revolutionary activities. First, he founded the revolutionary magazine "China in the Twentieth Century", which was published in June 31st. In August, under the initiative of Sun Yat-sen, the Tongmenghui was established in Tokyo, Japan, and "China in the Twentieth Century" was changed to the Tongmenghui's official newspaper "Min Bao". Song, as the prosecutor-general of the Ministry of Justice of the Tongmenghui, also wrote for the newspaper. In June of that year, Song Jiaoren entered Japan University of Political Science and Law to study. In February of the following year, he entered Waseda University for preparatory studies. He originally planned to advance to a bachelor's degree, but dropped out due to illness.
In the spring of the 33rd year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu, Song Jiaoren sneaked back to Andong, Liaoning, to prepare for the establishment of the Liaodong branch of the Tongmenghui. He contacted Li Fengchun, the "horse knight" in the Northeast, and others, and planned to launch an armed uprising in Shenyang. After the incident was leaked, he sneaked back to Tokyo. . During his activities in Northeast China, he learned of Japan's conspiracy to annex "Jiandao". He temporarily put aside his revolutionary liaison work. With the help of his Japanese friend Katayama Qian, he beat up the Changbai Mountain Society, a Japanese organization engaged in conspiracy organization activities. Risking his life, he investigated A large amount of false evidence was obtained from the association. After returning to Tokyo, he consulted a large number of classics and quickly wrote the book "Jiandao Issues", arguing that Jiandao and the Yanji area have been Chinese territory since the Zhou and Qin Dynasties. The Japanese government found out about this and tried to purchase the manuscript with a huge sum of five thousand gold, but failed. If I forwarded it to the Qing government and received the imperial treasure, the Qing government won the negotiation with Japan based on the powerful arguments of this book.
In the spring of the second year of Xuantong (1910), the revolutionary forces in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River increased sharply, and Song Jiaoren proposed to shift the focus of the revolution accordingly. At the end of the year, when he returned to Shanghai from Japan, Yu Youren appointed him as the chief writer of "Democracy Newspaper". He wrote a large number of articles promoting the revolution under the pen name "Fisherman". In July of the following year, Song Jiaoren, Tan Renfeng, and Chen Qimei established the Central Committee of the Tongmenghui in Shanghai and personally served as the general secretary. He personally or sent people to travel to Shanghai and the two lakes, actively developing the Central Committee of the General Assembly, raising funds, purchasing weapons and ammunition, and promoting the revolutionary process in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The revolutionary situation in the two lakes was at an unprecedented high, which finally led to the outbreak of the Wuchang Uprising.
Song Jiaoren was very happy that the Wuchang Uprising was successful. He created revolutionary public opinion in Shanghai. By publishing articles and sending telegrams, it actively urged the governments of various countries to strictly maintain neutrality towards the Chinese revolution and recognize the revolutionary army as a belligerent group; internally, it vigorously promoted the purpose of the revolution, explaining that "the doctrine of the revolutionary party claims to overthrow the evil government and save the people from misery." " among them" to win the support of the people. At the same time, he actively coordinated the righteous response in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. He published "The Situation and Geography of Hubei" in the "Democratic Daily", discussing the importance of Wuchang, and repeatedly stated: "Today's situation, the most important thing is Wuchang." In his excitement, Song Jiaoren ignored the power of the military and political leaders Deeply worried. On October 24, Huang Xing arrived in Shanghai from Hong Kong. Song Jiaoren met him again after a long separation and talked about the competition. He persuaded Huang Xing to lead the new army of the Ninth Town to seize Nanjing and capture Jiangsu and Zhejiang, so as not to be controlled by Li Yuanhong. Huang Xing could not listen. On the 28th, Song Jiaoren and Huang Xing arrived in Wuhan. At this time, the organization of the governor's government was generally established, and Song Jiaoren was only recruited by Hu Ying to assist in diplomacy. At this time, the great powers had expressed neutrality, and there was nothing major to do in diplomacy. Song Jiaoren tried to instigate Huang Xing to become the governor of Hunan and Hubei, but failed. He turned to local government construction personnel and drafted the "Ezhou Convention". After approval, it was immediately promulgated by the military government.
This is the first democratic and constitutional document in Chinese history, which embodies the spirit of modern Western democracy. However, it was not implemented at the time, and Governor Li Yuanhong's status and power were not diminished. The military affairs presided over by Huang Xing were also in poor condition. Song Jiaoren left Wuchang on November 13 and decided to go to Nanjing to open up a new situation.
Song Jiaoren traveled between Zhenjiang and Shanghai to urge the rapid attack on Nanjing. On December 2, the ancient city of Nanjing finally declared its recovery. On December 7, a new Jiangsu Governor's Office was formed, with Song Jiaoren serving as the director of the Government Affairs Department. At this time, more than ten provinces had declared independence and stood in the revolutionary camp, and it was urgent to organize a provisional central government. Song Jiaoren was also eager to resist Li Yuanhong, but his correct ideas were not understood and suffered repeated setbacks. He also had differences with Sun Yat-sen on the issue of implementing the presidential system and the cabinet system. Sun Yat-sen advocated the presidential system, while Song Jiaoren advocated the cabinet system. On January 1, the first year of the Republic of China (1912), the Nanjing Provisional Government was established. Sun Yat-sen was the provisional president, and Song Jiaoren was only appointed as the president of the Legal Yuan. Many people were aggrieved that Song Jiaoren did not serve as the chief minister of the interior, but he said: "The chief minister is not the chief minister, and it has nothing to do with the grand purpose. I have always advocated a cabinet system, and I advocated a party cabinet. Now it is patched together, and it is okay if a chief minister does not do it. *** and Zhao Unless our party takes responsibility, takes drastic measures, and innovates, it will not be enough to talk about politics. The old bureaucracy is ambiguous and timid. How can it talk about revolution and peace?" Song Jiaoren attached great importance to legislative work, and soon he Drafted a draft constitution "Organic Law of the Provisional Government of the Republic of China", still advocated the cabinet system, and was accepted by Sun Yat-sen. The "Provisional Constitution" issued in the future was based on Song Jiaoren's "Ezhou Constitution" and the draft constitution.
After Sun Yat-sen gave way to Yuan Shikai, Song Jiaoren took office as the chief minister of agriculture and forestry in Tang Shaoyi's cabinet on April 27. His interest was in politics and he immediately began to implement his party political ideals. He asked Qiu Ao and others to found "Yadong News" to "supervise the government, guide the people, consolidate the political system and the political system, and pay attention to the Republic of China" and published a long article in the newspaper under the pen name of "Taoyuan Fisherman". In early July, Song Jiaoren resigned from the post of Director-General of Agriculture and Forestry due to dissatisfaction with Yuan Shikai's violation of the "Provisional Agreement". On July 21, the Tongmenghui headquarters held a summer general meeting, and Song Jiaoren was elected as the director-general of the General Affairs Department and became the de facto host of the Tongmenghui. He accelerated the pace of organizing a major party. On August 25, with the Tongmenhui as the core, the Kuomintang, the Kuomintang Progressive Association, the Kuomintang Progressive Association, the Kuomintang and the Real Progressive Faction and other parties formed the Chinese Kuomintang and held its founding conference. Sun Yat-sen was elected as the chairman, and Song Jiaoren was elected as the director with the most votes second only to Sun Yat-sen and Huang Xing, and was appointed by Sun Yat-sen as the acting chairman. At this time, Sun and Huang's interest and main energy were focused on practical construction. The person in charge of the Kuomintang headquarters in Beijing was Song Jiaoren. At the end of the year, the election of members of Congress begins. By March of the following year, the Kuomintang won an overwhelming majority of seats.
Yuan Shikai deeply felt the threat from Song Jiaoren and the Kuomintang. He first tried to win over Song Jiaoren, and when Lu Zhengxiang resigned as cabinet prime minister, he asked Song to be the cabinet prime minister on the condition that he gave up the party cabinet. The proposal was resolutely rejected; then he tried to bribe him with money, but it also failed. On October 18, the first year of the Republic of China, Song Jiaoren went south to visit his relatives. Along the way, he widely publicized his political views and expressed his irreconcilable attitude towards authoritarianism. At this time, local elections were becoming more and more favorable to the Kuomintang, and the final victory seemed to be a foregone conclusion. There were also high calls for Song Jiaoren to be elected as the prime minister of the cabinet. Yuan Shikai and his group became even more nervous. Not only did they maliciously attack in the press, but they also plotted to eliminate political opponents by assassination. In early March of the second year of the Republic of China, as soon as Song arrived in Shanghai, he received an urgent telegram from Yuan Shikai to "go to Beijing today to discuss important political matters." At 10 pm on March 20, Song planned to take a train from Shanghai to Beijing. Song shook hands with Huang Xing, Yu Youren, Liao Zhongkai and others who were seeing him off one by one. Just as he was about to board the train, he was shot by an assassin sent by Yuan Shikai. In the early morning of the 22nd, Song passed away at the age of 31. Sun Yat-sen's elegiac couplet said Song Jiaoren: "Whoever serves as a safeguard for citizens is the last to die; he who shed blood for the Constitution is the first person to be impartial and truthful."