1. Population migration in Song and Yuan Dynasties II. Population migration in the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The population migration in Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties was the best.
After the stability of the Three Kingdoms, those who moved to Liaodong often returned to their homeland, while those who moved to the south mostly settled down. Later, Wei, Shu and Wu Sanda families used political means to force people to migrate around their ruling centers in order to enrich the strength of their respective ruling areas. For example, at the end of Jian 'an, Cao Cao begged Zhang Lu to enter Badong and Brazil County (now East Sichuan), and induced more than 80,000 local people to move to Ye and Luoyang. Then Cao Ping moved tens of thousands of Hanzhong residents to Chang 'an and Sanfu. Cao Pi has its capital in Luoyang, and fifty thousand people in Jizhou live in Henan. After Wei destroyed Shu, 30,000 Shu households moved to Luoyang and Guanzhong. During the Jian 'an period, Sun Quan of Soochow continued his Western Expedition and settled in Huang Zu, the satrap of Jiangxia in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. He plundered tens of thousands of men and women and moved to Jiangdong. Liu Bei brought a large number of Jingzhou people into Shu, and later fought several wars in the south and north, and also moved people to Chengdu Plain. In addition, at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wuhuan and Xianbei in the north gradually settled in the Central Plains and scattered in border counties. More than 30,000 Huns settled in Fenshui Valley. After Soochow conquered Shanyue, it also moved the Yue people from the mountainous area to the plain, with a total of about 65,438+10,000 people.
During the Three Kingdoms period, there were years of wars, and quite a few people died, fled and hid. Therefore, according to the household registration in the early years of Taikang in the Western Jin Dynasty (1980s), there were only 2.46 million households in China, with a population of 1.6 1.60 million. The Yellow River basin still accounts for 56.72%, and the Yangtze River basin accounts for 34%. The Yellow River basin is concentrated in Keke and Hebei, accounting for 32. 12% of the national population. The first county-level population distribution in China is Henan County, where Luoyang, the capital of Cao Wei regime, is located, with 1 10000 households, followed by Hanoi County, which borders Henan County, Danyang County, where Jianye is located, Yangping County, which borders southern Hebei and southern Shandong, and Shu County, where Shuhan is located, with more than 50,000 households. It can be seen that it is the result of population migration during the Three Kingdoms period.
The Yongjia Rebellion at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, under the double oppression of class and nation, people in the Central Plains crossed the Huaihe River southward in succession, resulting in the first large-scale population migration in the history of China. Since then, every major political change in the Central Plains, such as the Zulu Northern Expedition, the Battle of Surabaya, the Northern Expedition of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Southern Invasion of the Northern Wei Dynasty, and so on, has caused a large-scale population migration to the south. According to research, as of the time of Liu Song, the population of Du Nan was about 900,000, accounting for 1/6 of the total population of more than 5 million at that time. During the Western Jin Dynasty, there were 1.4 million households in northern states, including the area north of Huaihe River, with a population of more than 7 million. Du Nan has a population of 900,000 1/8. That is to say, there are 1 people in the north who moved to the south, while there are 1 people in the south who are expatriates in the north. Expatriates from the north are concentrated in Chengdu Plain in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, Xiangyang, Jiangling and Wuchang in Jianghan Valley, and today's Jiangsu Province in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, with Huaiyin, Yangzhou, Nanjing, Zhenjiang and Changzhou as the most, where a large number of overseas Chinese counties are set up. Today, overseas Chinese have settled in Xuzhou in the south of Zhenjiang, and the number of people who have emigrated abroad is more than the local indigenous population.
2
During the Yuanfeng period of the Northern Song Dynasty (1078 ~ 1085), there were more than160,000 households in the whole territory, and there were 20 million households in the first year of Chongning (1 102). There are 5 people in each household. At the beginning of the 2nd century, there were about 1 1 ~ 1 100 million people in the Northern Song Dynasty. Now the boundary between Song and Jin Dynasties (basically the Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River) is divided into north and south areas. There are more than 5.8 million households in the north and 1 1 household in the south. This reflects that from the late Tang Dynasty to the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty, due to the population growth brought by the migration of the northern population to the south and the economic development in the south, the absolute population of the south began to surpass that of the north, which is a turning point in the population distribution of China.
The population in the south is mainly concentrated in Zhejiang, Jiangnan East, Xihe and Fujian, which is equivalent to the three provinces of southern Jiangsu, southern Anhui, Fujian, Zhejiang and Jiangxi. Yuanfeng has 5.2 million households and Chongning has 5.7 million households. Among them, Liangzhe Road (that is, Taihu Lake Basin in the south of Jiangsu and Zhejiang) has the largest population, with Yuanfeng 654.38+0.78 million and Chongning 654.38+0.98 million. The rest are Jiangnan West Road (except for Jiang, Xin and Rao in Jiangxi Province), Jiangnan East Road (south Anhui, south Jiangsu to the west of damao mountain and northeast Jiangxi Province) and Fujian Road (now Fujian Province). Liangzhu Road has been the richest area in the south since the Tang Dynasty. During the Northern Song Dynasty, Jiangnan West Road was fully developed in the lakeside plain and Ji Tai Basin, and there were developed industries and mines in the mountainous areas, with a large increase in population. Although the number of households is lower than that of Liangzhe Road, the number of households exceeds that of Liangzhe Road, ranking first in the country.
At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, Nuzhen invaded the south, and the second large-scale population migration in the history of China occurred in the Yellow River basin. The most densely populated area in Du Nan is Liangzhe Road, because it was the political center of the Southern Song Dynasty. "People from all directions gather in Zhejiang, which is a hundred times more common" (Chronology of the Department of Inflammation since its establishment 158). Comparing the number of households in the first year of Chongning in the Northern Song Dynasty and the thirty-second year of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 162), there are 260,000 households in Liangzhe Road, 320,000 households in Fujian Road, 2 100 households in Chengdufu Road and 240,000 households in Tongchuan Road. In a word, the population of the south generally increased during the Southern Song Dynasty. According to the estimation of Professor Wu of Fudan University, the population of north and south was more than 5 million during the period from Jianjian to Shaoxing (History of Chinese Immigrants, Volume 4).
At the end of Jin Dynasty and the beginning of Yuan Dynasty, the population in the north suffered heavy losses. It is estimated that in the early days of the demise of the Jin Dynasty, the population in the north was about 3 million (refer to Wang Yumin's Population History of China), with a population of 6.5438+0.8 million. Mongolia destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty, and the population of the Southern Song Dynasty also suffered some losses. 1280 There were about11800,000 households (Complete Works of Purple Mountain by Hu Youti), with more than 63.7 million people. Considering the population growth in the north, there are about 4 million households in the north at this time. 1280 when the country was unified, the population in the north accounted for about 27% of the national population.
After the Anshi Rebellion, the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River experienced a long period of war, and a large number of people moved south. "It's not enough to dress in the world, avoid Wu Dong and move from Yongjia to the south" (Complete Works of Li Taibai, 26). The population has generally declined. Coupled with the separatist regime in the buffer region, the central government decree will not work, and the household registration will not be reported. Therefore, the population data of the late Tang Dynasty is incomplete and it is difficult to make a comprehensive estimate. Compared with the number of households in Tianbao period in Yuanhe year (806 ~ 820), the number of households in Xiangzhou (now governing Xiangfan City and Lingxian County 7) increased by 120%, that in Ezhou (now governing Wuchang and Lingxian County 5) increased by 100%, and that in Suzhou (now governing Wuxian County and Lingxian County 7) increased. It is enough to show that the population of southern China generally increased in the late Tang Dynasty.