What are the related discoveries and inventions in the 20th century?
Television: When it comes to the invention of television, people often think of Scottish engineer john baird. 1923, he applied for a patent for the device of eight imaging lines he made for the first time. 1930, the first TV set was put on the market, and he named this device "TV receiver". 1932, BBC began to transmit the world's first regular TV program. Today, TV programs have spread all over the world through wireless relay stations, cables and satellite transmission. However, public opinion is still debating whether it is beneficial to education or a cultural scourge.
(3) Penicillin: the specific medicine of this century, which was discovered by Scot alexander fleming in 1928. At that time, he found a mold that could kill bacteria in a Petri dish. But it was not until 10 years later that three researchers at Oxford University found a way to purify this mold and use it as a medicine, and his discovery was widely used. The mass production of penicillin began at 1943, which was greatly promoted in World War II. Penicillin has saved countless lives and led to the birth of the whole antibiotic family.
(4) Atomic fission: The controversial atomic age began at 1942. At that time, as part of the Manhattan project to develop nuclear weapons, a nuclear reactor at the University of Chicago Stadium reached a critical state. 1On July 6th, 945, the first atomic bomb exploded successfully in Los Alamos, New Mexico. A month later, two atomic bombs (a uranium bomb and a plutonium bomb) exploded over Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. After World War II, the confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union plunged the world into a terrible arms race. Nuclear energy has been widely used in developed countries.
(5) Electronic computer: The first practical electromechanical computer was invented by British mathematician alan turing in 1943. This computer named "Giant" is used to decipher Nazi codes. Since then, continuous innovation has made electronic computers smaller and smaller, but the capacity has increased by thousands of times: the invention of transistors (1947), integrated circuits (1 959) and microprocessors (1970) has improved the data running speed; The invention of hard disk (1956), modem (1980) and mouse (1983) improved the ability of obtaining data. There will be some "smart" devices in the future: for example, a watch-style dialogue device, a refrigerator that can remind you to buy milk in time, and so on.
(6) Contraceptive pill: 1954 was invented by American doctor gregory pincus. This oral pill-a mixture of two hormones that can inhibit ovulation-triggered a sexual and social revolution. For the first time, women can effectively control their fertility, enabling them to choose whether and when to have children. In the process of this revolution, women got rid of the shackles of sexual freedom and the right to work, which finally made them gain an unprecedented position in politics and economy.
(7) DNA:1953 On February 28th, British scientist francis crick announced in a Cambridge bar: "We have discovered the secret of life." Crick and American James Walson determined that DNA is a double helix molecule existing in the nucleus, which can determine heredity. Deciphering the genetic codes of human beings, animals and plants has opened up broad prospects for overcoming diseases and increasing food production. In the next1/4th century, researchers may discover gene therapy for cancer, heart disease, hemophilia, diabetes and many fatal diseases. However, genetic research also raises ethical issues, such as cloning.
(8) Laser: The concept of laser originated from the idea of laser wave put forward by Einstein in 19 17. But it was not until 40 years later that Gordon Gould, a doctoral student at Columbia University in new york, discovered the powerful power of "stimulating radiation to emit an amplified beam" (that is, laser), and applied this beam to cutting heated substances and measuring distances, and this idea became a reality. Gould spent nearly 30 years patenting his discovery. At that time, the laser technology he discovered has been widely used in welding, scanning, surgery, calculation, CD, VCD, retail and other fields.
(9) Organ transplantation: 1967 is a milestone. That year, South African doctor Christian Bernard completed the world's first heart transplant. With the development of drugs to control organ transplant rejection, doctors now can transplant hands, liver, skin, retina and even testicles for patients. In the future, the fields to be conquered will be brain cell transplantation for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, and allogeneic transplantation, that is, transplanting animal organs into human body.
(10) IVF: luis brown celebrated her 2 1 birthday this year. This English girl is the first test-tube baby in the world-conceived by eggs taken from her mother and sperm from her father. The first application of embryo freezing technology was 1984, and embryo transfer began in 1990. Test tube technology has brought hope and joy to infertile couples, but it has also caused some ethical problems. For example, do women in their fifties or sixties have the right to have children, because their parents will all die in childhood. (1 1) Space Exploration:19571kloc-0/On October 4th, the space age began with the successful launch of the Soviet artificial satellite Sputnik- 1 (a small satellite orbiting the earth and emitting beep signals). 12 April 12, Soviet astronaut yuri gagarin became the first man to go into space. 1On July 20th, 969, neil armstrong landed on the moon, which marked that Americans won the race to the moon. Other space powers are Western Europe (European Space Agency), China and Japan. Satellites shorten the distance around the world, provide people with cheap and instant telephone, television, radio and data link services, and also provide information for navigation, weather forecast and scientific research. Man has begun to explore the planets in the solar system. With the completion of the International Space Station in the next millennium, manned space flight will enter a new era.
(12) Internet: It is a tool to break the information fortress and make it possible for people to acquire all kinds of knowledge cheaply. The Internet was developed by a secret communication network of the Pentagon. It is like a spider web, even if a part of the network cable is interrupted, the whole network is still intact. The first communication of the network, the good packet exchange, was 1969, which was conducted between computers in two laboratories in southern California. In 1989, the Internet was widely used among people. Tim Berners Lee, a British computer genius, has designed a simple connection mode and address for data transmission, which is not limited by central system engineering and special software.