2022 senior high school geography must recite knowledge points
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High school geography must recite knowledge points
1. Celestial bodies and celestial bodies systems
Celestial bodies refer to all kinds of stars and interstellar matter in terms of the existing form of matter in the universe. Celestial system is a relatively independent layered system composed of moving celestial bodies due to mutual attraction and rotation.
2. Meteors, meteors and meteorites
Solid blocks and dust particles running in interplanetary space are called meteoroids. When it rushes into the earth's atmosphere at high speed, it collides violently with air molecules and burns the birth and death of light, which is the so-called meteor phenomenon. The "fragments" of meteoroids that landed on the ground and failed to burn out are called meteorites.
3. Division of day and night, alternation of day and night and length of day and night
The difference between day and night refers to the phenomenon that half of the earth's surface facing the sun is bright and the other half is dark, because the earth is a non-luminous and opaque sphere. The alternation of day and night is due to the rotation of the earth, and the alternation of day and night produced by the earth takes a solar day (24 hours) as a cycle. The length of day and night is due to the existence of the intersection of ecliptic and the movement of the direct point of the sun caused by the revolution of the earth, which makes the length of day and night of all latitudes change year by year except the life trajectory.
4. Solar terms and seasons
Solar terms are determined according to the evolution of weather and phenology, with the sun running on the ecliptic 150 degrees as the dividing standard, and there are 24 solar terms in a tropical year. Season; According to the annual variation of the height of the sun at noon and the length of day and night in different places, the sun runs 90 degrees on the ecliptic as the dividing standard; Both of them reflect the changes of winter and summer and phenology in a year to some extent.
5. Temperature drop rate and ground temperature rise rate
The former shows that the change rate of tropospheric temperature decreases gradually with height. The average temperature drops by 0.6℃ for every rise 100 meter. The latter indicates the rate of change of ground temperature at a certain depth below the normal temperature layer with the increase of depth. Average depth 100 m, temperature rising by 3℃.
6. Solar radiation, solar radiation intensity and solar constant
Solar radiation is a physical concept. Refers to the electromagnetic wave and particle flow emitted by the sun into space. Solar radiation intensity is a physical variable, which refers to the solar radiation energy obtained per square centimeter per minute on the earth's surface. Its size varies with latitude, sun height and time. The solar constant is a physical constant, which refers to the solar radiation intensity when the upper limit of the solar altitude angle of the earth's atmosphere is 90 under the condition of the average distance between the sun and the earth.
7. Land-sea breeze, monsoon and monsoon climate
Sea-land wind is caused by the daily change of air pressure between land and ocean, which only appears in coastal areas, and it is a phenomenon that the wind direction changes in one day. Monsoon is the seasonal change of air pressure center (or the seasonal movement of the position of air pressure area and wind area) caused by the difference of thermal properties between land and sea. Monsoon is a wind system in which the prevailing wind direction changes significantly with the seasons in a large range. However, the monsoon climate is not necessarily formed in areas with monsoon, but only distributed in the monsoon areas with obvious land-sea contrast and obvious wind direction change on the east coast of tropical, subtropical and temperate continents.
8. Meteorology, weather and climate
Meteorology is a general term for physical states and phenomena showing atmospheric characteristics. Including air pressure, temperature, temperature, wind, clouds, precipitation and other elements. Weather refers to the meteorological change of a place's loyalty in a short time. It is an atmospheric physical condition comprehensively expressed by various meteorological elements. Climate refers to the general meteorological conditions obtained by years of field observation in an area. The weather is changeable and the climate is relatively stable.
9. Water body and hydrosphere
Water refers to natural or man-made water bodies, such as ocean water, river water, lake water, etc. Atmospheric water, etc. Hydrosphere is the general name of all kinds of water bodies on the earth, and it is a continuous irregular circle.
10. Runoff and Runoff
Runoff refers to the water flowing along the surface and underground after precipitation deducts losses such as evaporation. Runoff refers to the amount of water flowing through a certain reach in a certain period of time, and the unit is cubic meters per second.
1 1. Flood season and flood period
Flood season refers to the phenomenon that the river water level rises regularly due to seasonal rainfall or melting water of ice and snow in the basin. Flood season refers to the period when the water level of rivers and lakes exceeds the normal level and reaches the peak water level and above.
12. Water resources, water resources and hydraulic resources
In a broad sense, water resources refer to the water available to human beings on the earth's surface, while in a narrow sense, water resources refer to fresh water available to human beings directly. Water resources refer to the water that humans can control or basically control for irrigation, water supply, power generation, shipping and aquaculture. In recent years, the word "water resources" is often used to replace and include "water resources". Hydraulic resources belong to the category of water resources, which usually refers to the kinetic energy resources contained in natural rivers or lakes, waves and ocean currents.
13. Crust, asthenosphere and Rock Map
The crust is below the surface and above the Moho interface. The asthenosphere is located in the upper mantle and about 60 km -250 km -400 km underground. The lithosphere extends from above the asthenosphere to the surface. The relationship between them can be expressed as: lithosphere = crust = top of upper mantle = upper asthenosphere.
14. Minerals, minerals and deposits
Minerals are the material basis for the formation of minerals and deposits. Minerals are not equal to minerals, but useful minerals are enriched to meet the requirements of basic agricultural utilization. Mineral deposits are not necessarily called mineral deposits, only mineral-rich areas are called mineral deposits. Minerals are formed in the process of rock formation, and deposits can only be formed under certain geological processes.
15. Geological process, crustal movement and geological structure
Geological process refers to the changes in the surface morphology, composition and internal structure of the earth's crust caused by natural reasons. According to its energy source, it can be divided into internal force and external force. Crustal movement is only an important manifestation of internal force, and all kinds of geological structures in the crust are basically the result of crustal movement.
High school geography answer template and problem-solving skills
(1) Senior high school geography should first be answered separately, with clear answers, focused points and strong logic. The answers extracted directly from the background data are put in front. In the answers to the geography questions in senior high school, the main aspects of the questions are emphasized. Therefore, among the many factors that affect geography, we should grasp the most important factor and get to the point. If you are really not sure that you can't catch it, then we should catch the primary and secondary problems together, and the more the better. However, we should pay attention to putting the most exciting and important things in front as much as possible, and don't leave a bad impression on the marking teacher that the questions are irrelevant. Pay attention to the topic score. If the geography score in high school is high, we should pay attention to expanding the focus of answering questions. In expanding, don't contradict the topic and don't make mistakes.
(2) High school geography answering words should be as few and precise as possible, pay attention to key words, and pay attention to the answering standard of "don't ask, don't answer, ask more and answer more, ask first and answer first". However, if you are not sure, you are afraid to miss the knowledge points. According to the current grading standard of high school geography comprehensive questions, it is better to answer more questions.
(3) High school geography answers should be as specific and detailed as possible. If you are not sure, you can do a moderate fuzzy processing. For example, "the influence of San Francisco coastal ocean current on climate" can be answered as cooling and dehumidification of coastal cold current without specifying the name of ocean current.
(4) Try to use geographical terms when answering geographical questions in senior high schools. Such as atmospheric circulation, river runoff and other languages, are important standards to measure whether candidates answer questions with high quality. The answer should be described qualitatively first, and then analyzed concretely.
(5) The writing standard of geography answering questions in senior high school is not to write typos. Scribbling is not easy for the marking teacher to find the scoring point.
City (factor) (regional form) (layout form)
(1) urban road network problem:
Form: circle-radial grid-circle-radial
Function: Radiation: Facilitate the traffic in the city center and make the city center the most accessible area.
Ring Road: Shorten the distance between urban endpoints, avoid introducing a large number of people and cars into the city center, and reduce traffic congestion and pollution in the city center.
(2) Urban traffic environment problems:
Two major problems: ① traffic congestion; ② Traffic environmental pollution
Solving traffic congestion: the fundamental measure is to plan urban roads reasonably
Solving traffic pollution: ① implementing technical measures to reduce automobile exhaust pollution;
(2) Widely planting flowers and trees, greening and beautifying traffic roads;
③ Reasonable planning of urban roads. (two * * * measures)
(3) Anti-urbanization:
Reasons: ① People's requirements for environmental quality have increased; ② Infrastructure in rural areas and small towns has been gradually improved.
Development: Britain, America, Western Europe, Japan-Northern Europe (associated with the memory of economic development level)
Performance: ① Urban population returns to rural settlements and small towns; ② The central area of big cities is shrinking;
③ Small and medium-sized towns are developing rapidly; ④ The rural population has increased.
(4) Location characteristics and reasons of urban industrial areas:
(1) keeps moving to the periphery of the city.
Reason: The urban land is increasingly tense, and the environmental pollution problem of industrial enterprises is prominent.
② It tends to be distributed along major traffic arteries.
Reason: The transportation demand for industrial production activities is large.
Summary of geography teaching in senior high school
How time flies! In a blink of an eye, this semester is coming to an end. Looking back on this semester's work, there are gains and losses. In order to do a good job in teaching in the future, the work of this semester is summarized as follows:
First of all, prepare lessons carefully
Not only students, but also textbooks and teaching methods should be prepared. According to the content of the textbook and the students' reality, design the course types, formulate the teaching methods to be adopted, and carefully compile the teaching plans. Every class should be previewed. I pay attention to the cultivation of students' ability in teaching, combine the transmission and acceptance of knowledge and skills with the development of intellectual ability, inject the factors of ideological and emotional education into the knowledge level, and give play to students' innovative consciousness and ability. Let students' various qualities be effectively developed and cultivated.
Second, enhance classroom skills and improve teaching quality.
Make the clue clear, definite, concise and simple. Pay special attention to arouse students' enthusiasm, strengthen the communication between teachers and students, fully reflect the main role of students, and let students study easily, easily and happily.
Third, actively and seriously participate in collective lesson preparation activities.
Participate in collective lesson preparation regularly every week, study and discuss the teaching methods and learning methods of the course, and consult other teachers humbly. In teaching, if you have doubts, you should ask questions, overcome your own shortcomings and improve your work.
Four. Main experience and lessons
1. Pay attention to the teaching of methods: geographical concepts and laws are the core content of geographical knowledge. Cultivate students to pay attention to geographical phenomena, and guide students to form geographical concepts and learn geographical laws from the observation and analysis of phenomena. Therefore, we should be interested in the discovery process of laws, avoid learning geography by mechanical memory, and pay attention to cultivating students' ability of analysis and generalization in teaching, so that students can learn key concepts and laws better and give full play to their role in developing intelligence and cultivating ability. However, the understanding of knowledge and the cultivation of ability need a process, and we can't ask too much and be too hasty.
2. In teaching, we should pay attention to the actual connection with students' life: help students understand the geographical knowledge they have learned through familiar phenomena. For example, the distribution of temperature in winter and summer, the distribution of precipitation, weather forecast and so on. Let students understand the wide application of geographical knowledge in life, production and scientific experiments, and enhance their interest and confidence in learning geography.
3. Cultivate students' ability to use geographical knowledge to solve simple problems: Teachers should give necessary explanations during the discussion by looking at pictures, students' exercises and classroom discussions. When doing exercises, students are required to find out geographical facts, think independently, put forward their own methods to solve problems, and analyze and judge the results.
4. Assessment is not just about grades: we should attach importance to exams and form various evaluations of students.
Problems in verb (abbreviation of verb) and its improvement measures
Of course, there are also some shortcomings in teaching, such as the transformation of students with learning difficulties. After a class, I always feel that I can still know what I know, and I can't know what I can't know. In addition, not all geographical knowledge is a creative professor, and sometimes the content is dull and unattractive, which leads to students' boredom. In the future teaching, efforts should be made to:
1, taking students as the main body, paying attention to the teaching of basic knowledge and stimulating students' interest in learning.
2. Strengthen teaching reform, introduce new teaching mode and improve classroom teaching effect.
3. Attach importance to the teaching methods of geographical concepts and laws.
4. Pay attention to the application of geographical knowledge.
5, in the process of teaching activities, pay attention to the psychological education of students.
In short, the school provided me with a platform to display my talents and gave me confidence and honor. I will go all out, work hard and devote myself to my work with full enthusiasm.
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