Geography Mind Map for Grade 1 Volume 1 Chapter 2, Chapter 3 and Chapter 4 Knowledge Points
Chapter 1 Earth and Map
Section 1 Earth and Globe
1. The Earth has an average radius of 6371 kilometers and a maximum circumference of about 4 A sphere with a surface area of 510 million square kilometers.
2. Latitude: A circle perpendicular to the earth's axis and surrounding the earth, indicating the east-west direction. The equator is the largest circle of latitude.
3. The 0 degree latitude is the equator; the 0 degree longitude is the prime meridian. There are only 0 degrees latitude, 0 degrees longitude and 180 degrees longitude on the globe.
4. Longitude: a semicircle that connects the north and south poles and intersects perpendicularly with the latitude. Meridians indicate north and south directions.
5. Countless lines of longitude and latitude can be drawn on the globe.
6. The west longitude of 0 degrees longitude is called west longitude, represented by "W"; the east longitude of 0 degrees longitude is called east longitude, represented by "E".
7. If the latitude and longitude network diagram you draw does not have a 0-degree longitude or a 180-degree longitude, look at the degrees. The degree that increases toward the east is the east longitude, and the degree that increases toward the west is the west longitude.
8. On the latitude and longitude network map centered on the Antarctic Pole, the degrees that increase clockwise are east longitudes, and the degrees that increase counterclockwise are west longitudes; on the latitude and longitude network map centered on the North Pole, then on the contrary.
9. North of the equator is called northern latitude, represented by "N"; south of the equator is called southern latitude, represented by "S".
10. If the latitude and longitude network diagram you draw does not have a 0-degree latitude line, look at the degrees. The degree that increases toward the south is the southern latitude, and the degree that increases toward the north is the northern latitude.
11. On the latitude and longitude network map centered on the pole, the following rules should be used to determine the north and south latitudes: with the South Pole as the center, the latitude is the south latitude; with the North Pole as the center, the latitude is the north latitude.
12. 0 degrees (equator) divides the northern and southern hemispheres; 200W and 1600E divide the eastern and western hemispheres.
Section 2 The Movement of the Earth
1. The rotation of the Earth around its axis is called the rotation of the Earth. The direction of rotation is from west to east; one rotation takes about 24 hours.
2. Natural phenomena caused by the rotation of the earth: alternation of day and night, time difference.
3. The rotation of the earth around the sun is called the revolution of the earth. The direction of revolution is from west to east; one revolution is one year.
4. Natural phenomena caused by the rotation of the earth: the formation of four seasons and five belts.
Section 3 Maps
1. The three elements of a map: scale, direction and legend.
(1) Scale = distance on the map ÷ distance on the ground
A. There are three forms of scale: line segment type, digital type and text type.
B. Compare the size of the scale: Divide the scale into fractions for comparison. A scale with a large denominator is smaller, and a scale with a small denominator is larger;
C. A large scale represents a small range. The content shown is detailed; the small scale shows a large range and the content shown is simple. < /p>
C. A map without direction indicators and no latitude and longitude grid: up, north, down, south, left, west, right, east.
2. Memorize some commonly used legend symbols.
3. Altitude: the vertical distance of a location above sea level.
4. Relative height: the vertical distance between two places.
5. Contour lines: Points with equal altitudes are connected to form a line.
6. Interpretation of contour topographic maps:
(1) Judgment of steep and gentle slopes: dense contour lines and steep slope; sparse contour lines and gentle slope.
(2) Interpretation of different parts of the mountain: A. Top of the mountain: the center of the closed contour line; B. Ridge: the contour line bulges downward;
C. Valley: Contour lines convex upward; D. Saddle: between two mountain tops; E. Cliff: overlapping contour lines.
(3) Interpretation of several basic land topography: A. Basin: high around, low in the middle.
B. Mountains: high altitude, large undulating ground; C. Hills: high altitude, large undulating ground;
D. Plateau: steep edges, broad ground; E. Plain: low altitude, flat ground.
7. The layered color topographic map can clearly see the heights and shapes of the ground and the undulations of the seabed.
8. On the layered color topographic map: blue represents the ocean; green represents the land; yellow represents the mountains.
9. Terrain profile: It can express the ups and downs of the terrain more intuitively.
Chapter 2 Land and Ocean
Section 1 Continents and Oceans
1. 71% of the earth’s surface is ocean, while land only accounts for 29%. "Seven parts of the ocean are divided into three parts of the land"
2. The land is mainly concentrated in the northern hemisphere, and the oceans are mostly distributed in the southern hemisphere.
3. For any two equal-sized hemispheres of the Earth, the ocean area is greater than the land area.
4. The largest continent is Asia; the smallest continent is Oceania.
5. The largest ocean is the Pacific Ocean; the smallest ocean is the Arctic Ocean.
6. Greenland is the largest island in North America.
7. The equator crosses the continents of Africa and South America.
8. The Panama Canal divides South America and North America; the Suez Canal divides Asia and Africa; the Bering Strait divides Asia and North America; the Denmark Strait divides Europe and North America; the dividing line between Asia and Europe is the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian Sea, the Great Caucasus Mountains, the Black Sea and the Turkish Straits.
Section 2 Changes in sea routes
1. The main reasons for changes in sea routes: changes in the earth's crust, rise and fall of sea levels, and human activities (such as land reclamation).
2. The theory of continental drift was proposed by the German scientist Wegener.
3. The earth’s surface is made up of six major plates, and the plates are in constant motion.
4. The basic movement modes between plates: tension, stretching and collision and squeezing.
5. The crust at the plate junction is active, with many volcanoes and earthquakes.
6. Two major volcanic and seismic zones: the Pacific Rim zone and the Alps-Mediterranean-Himalayas zone.
7. The Red Sea between Asia and Africa is expanding. Some people predict that in tens of millions of years, the Red Sea will become a new ocean.
8. The Mediterranean Sea between Europe and Africa is shrinking. Some people predict that in tens of millions of years, the Mediterranean Sea will disappear.
9. The Himalayas were formed by the collision of the Eurasian plate and the Indian Ocean plate.
Chapter 3 Weather and Climate
Section 1 Changeable Weather
1. Characteristics of weather: short time and frequent changes.
2. People often use cloudy and sunny, windy and rainy, hot and cold, etc. to describe the weather.
3. When the sky is full of clouds, it is a "cloudy day"; when there are no clouds or very few clouds, it is a "sunny day".
4. Wind direction is the direction of the wind; wind force is the strength of the wind, which is divided into 13 levels. The larger the level, the stronger the wind.
5. Precipitation probability indicates the possibility of precipitation.
6. On the satellite cloud map: green represents land; blue represents ocean; white represents cloud area. The whiter the cloud color, the thicker the cloud layer. Places with thick cloud layer are generally rainy areas.
7. Fresh air has a low pollution index; dirty air has a high pollution index.
Section 2 Temperature and temperature distribution
1. Annual temperature range: the difference between the highest monthly average temperature and the lowest monthly average temperature within a year.
2. Ability to draw temperature curves.
3. On the same isotherm line, the temperature at each point is equal.
4. Temperature distribution: (1) Regions with different latitudes: high temperatures at low latitudes and low temperatures at high latitudes;
(2) Regions at the same latitude: high temperatures on land and oceans in summer The temperature is low; in winter, the land temperature is low and the ocean temperature is high;
(3) Mountainous areas: The temperature decreases with increasing altitude. For every 100 meters of altitude increase, the temperature drops by about 0.60C.
5. The world's annual average temperature distribution: from the equator to the poles, the temperature gradually decreases.
6. Factors affecting temperature distribution: latitude, land and sea location, terrain, etc.
Section 3 Precipitation and Precipitation Distribution
1. Rain, snow, hail, etc. falling in the atmosphere are collectively called precipitation.
2. The main form of precipitation is rainfall. The basic instrument for measuring precipitation is the rain gauge.
3. Ability to draw precipitation histograms.
4. Precipitation distribution: A. There is more precipitation near the equator and less precipitation in the polar regions;
B. In temperate regions, there is more precipitation along the continental coast and less precipitation in the interior.
5. Factors affecting precipitation distribution: latitude, sea and land location, topography, etc.
Section 4 The Climate of the World
1. Climate is the average weather conditions in a place for many years; its characteristics are: long time and little change.
2. Characteristics of several climate types: A. Tropical grassland climate: lush vegetation in the wet season, dry season on the plateau;
B. Tropical rainforest climate: high temperature and rain all year round; C. Temperate monsoon climate: high temperature and rain in summer, cold and dry winter;
D. Tropical desert climate: high temperature and little rain all year round; E. Mediterranean climate: high temperature and little rain in summer, mild and rainy winter.
3. The main factors affecting climate: latitude, land and sea location, terrain, etc.
4. Rice grown in the tropics can be harvested three times a year; in the subtropics it can be harvested twice a year; in temperate zones it can only be harvested once a year.
Chapter 4 Residents and Settlements
1. Natural growth rate = birth rate – death rate. If the natural growth rate is greater than 0, it means that the population is increasing; if it is less than 0, it means that the population is decreasing; if it is equal to 0, it means that the population is neither increasing nor decreasing.
2. Population density: refers to the average number of people living per square kilometer. Population density = total population ÷ total area.
3. Densely populated areas: mid- and low-latitude coastal plains such as southeastern Asia, western Europe, and southeastern North America.
4. Sparsely populated areas: extremely arid desert areas, rainforest areas with an overly humid climate, high latitude areas with severe cold all year round, and high plateaus and mountainous areas.
5. Population growth must be compatible with social and economic development, and coordinated with the environment and resources.
6. Problems caused by a small population: aging population, labor shortage, insufficient resources for national defense, etc.
7. White people: mainly distributed in Europe; Yellow people: mainly distributed in Asia; Black people: mainly distributed in Africa.
8. Chinese is the most widely spoken language in the world; English is the most widely spoken language in the world.
9. Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, etc. are the major languages in the world and the working languages of the United Nations.
10. Christianity is the religion with the largest number of believers in the world. It was formed in western Asia, and its representative building is the church.
11. Islam originated in the Arabian Peninsula. It is also called Islam or Islam in China. Its believers are called Muslims. The representative building is the mosque.
12. Buddhism was founded in India and is now mainly distributed in eastern and southeastern Asia. Its representative buildings are Buddhist temples.
13. Rural areas and cities are collectively called settlements. There were rural settlements first, and then there were urban settlements.
14. Elevated houses in Southeast Asia; houses with thick walls and small windows in West Asia; Inuit igloos in the Arctic; cave dwellings on the Loess Plateau; and Dai bamboo houses in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan.
Chapter 5 Development and Cooperation
1. In terms of land area, Russia is 17.07 million KM2, Canada is 9.97 million KM2, China is 9.6 million KM2, the United States is 9.37 million KM2, and Brazil is 8.54 million KM2, Australia 7.69 million KM2.
2. According to differences in economic development levels, countries in the world are divided into developed countries and developing countries.
3. Developed countries are mainly located in Europe, North America and Oceania.
4. Developing countries are mainly located in Asia, Africa and Latin America.
5. North-South dialogue: political and economic discussions between developing and developed countries.
6. South-South cooperation: mutual assistance and cooperation among developing countries.
7. The United Nations is the world’s largest international organization, and its basic purpose is to “promote national development and maintain world peace”
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