20 14 review guide for junior high school graduation Chinese narrative and explanatory answers

(A) commonly used knowledge points in narrative reading

Six elements of narrative: time, place, people, cause, process and result of events.

Summary of the article: look at the topic, people (things), events and make a comprehensive summary.

Writing mainly includes: narration, praise and expression.

Based on notebooks: describe ..., criticize (praise) ... and express. ...

Describe the scenery: to describe and praise by means of …

Travel Notes: Describe … and express … feelings.

Character description methods: portrait description, appearance description, expression description, action description, language description, psychological description, detail description, etc.

Function: This paragraph uses the description technique of …, shapes the image of … (if it is set off by profile description), shows the character of … and embodies the spiritual quality of ….

Environmental description can be divided into social environment description and natural environment description.

The function of social environment description: to explain the background of the times, social customs, ideas and the relationship between people.

The description function of natural environment: (including the location, season, climate, time, scenery and scene of the characters' activities) explains the background of the times, exaggerates the atmosphere, shows a character of the characters, sets off a mood of the characters, promotes the plot development and deepens the theme.

The perspective of describing scenery: vision, hearing, taste and touch.

Methods of describing scenery: dynamic and static combination (writing static by moving), from far and near (or from near and far) generalization and concrete combination, combination of reality and reality, combination of point and surface, and combination of sound and emotion.

Descriptive (or lyrical) methods: front (also called direct) and side (also called indirect)

Narrative sequence and its function

(1) Time sequence (according to the sequence of events)

Function: The narrative has a beginning and an end, which is clear, clear and impressive to read.

(2) Flashback (write the results first, and then explain what happened before. )

Function: arouse suspense, attract readers, avoid dull narration and enhance the vividness of the article.

(3) insert (interrupt the clue when telling, and insert another related thing. )

Function: complement and set off the plot, enrich the image and highlight the center.

(B) the knowledge points of the novel

Three elements of a novel: characters, environment and plot.

Plot structure: (prologue) beginning, development, climax and ending (epilogue)

Classification of novels: novels, novellas, short stories and mini-novels (short stories)

(C) the knowledge points of prose

The characteristics of prose: scattered in form but not scattered in spirit.

Prose types: narrative prose, lyric prose and reasoning prose.

(4) Explain the commonly used knowledge points in text reading.

Classification of expository texts: things expository texts and things expository texts.

The order of interpretation is: time series symbols are words that express time, ancient and modern, morning and evening, spring and summer, autumn and winter, etc. Explain the common use of things (technological process, production process)

The symbol of spatial order is a word indicating orientation; Far and near, inside and outside, left and right, front and back, high and low, whole. (Structure and shape of things) indicates the architectural structure, and is often used in spatial order.

The logical order is based on the law of thinking. Introducing high-tech products or explaining the relationship between things, the internal relations of things are usually in a logical order. Total causality

The structural forms of explanatory text are: general concreteness, general concreteness, sub-general, sub-general, parallel and progressive.

Features of language: scientificity, accuracy and preciseness.

The role of common interpretation methods:

Example: Explain the characteristics/reasons of things by giving specific examples, so as to make the explanation more specific and convincing.

Classification: explain the characteristics/reasons of things in different categories, so as to make the explanation more organized.

Compare: compare ... with ... and highlight the characteristics of things.

Interpretation: give a specific explanation of the characteristics/reasons of things to make the explanation easier to understand.

Metaphor: compare ... with ... to explain the characteristics/reasons of things vividly.

Imitation: A vivid description of the characteristics/facts of things, thus making the explanation more specific.

Definition: to reveal the object/science in concise and scientific language, so as to reveal the characteristics/science of things more scientifically, essentially and generally.

Enumerate figures: explain the characteristics/facts of things with specific data to make the explanation more accurate and convincing.

Chart: Use charts to explain the characteristics/facts of things, making the explanation more concise and intuitive.

Quotation: Quotation has the following forms.

Quote famous sayings, aphorisms and proverbs; The function is to make the explanation more convincing. Quote myths and legends, news reports, riddles, anecdotes, etc. The function is to enhance the interest of the explanation.

Standardized answer mode: this paper mainly uses ... to explain ... (content: the characteristics or reasons of things), thus explaining ... (role: refer to the previous explanation methods to clarify its role)

(E) Common knowledge points in argumentative reading

Three elements of argumentative writing: argument, argument and argumentation

Argument: It should be a clear judgment, a complete expression of the author's point of view, and a formally complete sentence. Arguments are generally expressed in the form of judgment sentences.

Central argument 1 (commander-in-chief's argument) Sub-argument n (supplement and proof of central argument)]

Methods: ① From the position: title, beginning, middle and end.

2 analyze the arguments of the article. (Can be used to test whether the expected parameters are appropriate)

(3) Extraction method (only sub-argument, no central argument)

Classification of arguments: factual arguments (summarizing after giving examples, and sticking to arguments when summarizing) and rational arguments (analyzing quotations).

Structure of argumentative essay

(1) Basic structure: (1) Introduction (asking questions); (2) this theory (analyzing problems); ③ Conclusion (solving the problem).

⑵ Argumentation structure: ① Parallel type: total-sub-total; Total score; Total score ② Progressive type.

The function of demonstration method

(1) Illustration: (Illustration) Narration of factual arguments.

Function: According to the example of.

(2) Argument: (citation and reasoning) Argument discussion.

Function: Quote famous sayings or proverbs.

③ Comparative argument: (It can also be an example argument and a reason argument)

Function: it is discussed from both positive and negative aspects, and it is put forward that ... is highlighted.

④ Metaphorical argument: using metaphorical state method.

Function: Illustrate things with examples, demonstrate the viewpoint of … vividly, and make the argument easy to understand and be accepted.

(6) News knowledge points

News features: fast, timely (fast), true (accurate) and concise (short) language.

News classification: the characteristics of news communication

The structure of news: a summary of the main background of the headline introduction

News elements: time, place, people, cause and effect of things.

(7) Drama knowledge points

The content of drama: the language of the characters on the stage

The characteristics of drama: sharp contradictions and conflicts, highly concentrated time and space, and unique character language.

Plot structure of drama: (prologue) beginning, development, climax and ending (epilogue)

Drama classification: drama comedy tragedy (Shakespeare's four tragedies Hamlet, Othello, King Lear Macbeth).

Rhetoric methods and functions

(1) Metaphor: describe things vividly and concisely, and explain the truth.

Answer format: written vividly+object+characteristics.

(2) personification: endow things with human character and personify things, so as to achieve vivid images.

(3) Exaggeration: highlight the characteristics, reveal the essence, and give readers a clear and strong impression.

(4) Parallelism: the organization is clear, the rhythm is distinct, the language potential is enhanced, and it is longer than lyric.

Answer format: emphasis+object+characteristics.

(5) Duality: the form is neat, the phonology is harmonious, and they set off each other and complement each other.

(6) Repetition: emphasizing a certain meaning, strong lyricism and appeal.

(7) Question: Ask yourself and answer yourself, attract attention and inspire thinking.

(8) rhetorical question: clear attitude, strong tone and strong lyricism.

Answer format: arouse readers' attention and thinking about+object+characteristics

(9) Repetition-compactness, momentum and expressiveness.

Expression: narration, explanation, discussion, lyricism and description.

Writing skills:

(1) personification technique (2) symbolism technique (3) contrast technique (4) contrast technique (5) want to promote first and restrain (6) care before and after.

Common ideas and formats of answering questions in modern Chinese reading

The function of sentences in structure;

A. Opening: Open the topic, render the atmosphere, pave the way, set suspense, pave the way, guide the following and reveal the theme.

B, the middle paragraph: connecting the preceding with the following (summarizing something above leads to a description of what is below), always guiding the following, summarizing the above and paving the way.

C. the last paragraph: point out the center, deepen the theme, and take care of the beginning.

Can one word in a sentence be replaced by another? Why?

(1) Verb: No. Because this word accurately, vividly and concretely describes. ...

(2) adjective: no. Because this word vividly describes ...

(3) Adverbs (such as all, most, very only, etc. ): No. Because this word accurately describes ... (table degree, table limit, table time, table range, etc. ), it becomes ... it doesn't match the facts after the change.

Can the added words be deleted? Why?

Answer skills: You can't delete words, first explain the words, explain that the original sentence means ……, limit (emphasize and explain) on (degree, state, nature and scope), and change the meaning to (delete), which is not realistic, original, accurate, imprecise and unscientific.

Can the order of two or three words in a sentence be reversed? Why?

I can't. Because (1) does not conform to the law of people's understanding of things (from shallow to deep, from surface to inside, from phenomenon to essence). (2) There is a one-to-one correspondence between this word and the above. (3) These words are progressive, interlocking and cannot be interchanged.

Summarize the author's thoughts. This paper mainly examines the students' overall grasp of the article, and the answers should be accurately summarized and skillfully connected. The language expression is as follows: first, the argument or sub-argument is drawn through …, then it is discussed with examples or famous sayings of …, and finally the conclusion of ….

Inspection description object:

Answer skills: look at the topic or the first and second paragraphs. Physical description can only indicate the content of explanation. The explanatory text points out the explanatory content and forms a phrase: introducing … (object plus feature).

Summary of paragraph meaning:

Narrative: Give a clear answer (when and where) to who did what.

Format: (time+place)+people+things

Explanatory text: the answer clearly States what the object is and what its characteristics are.

Format: description (introduction)+description object+description content (characteristics)

Argumentative essay: clearly answer what the question is and what the author's point of view is.

Format: What demonstration method is used to prove (demonstrate)+demonstrate?

What is the explanation method (demonstration method) of a sentence (paragraph) and what is its function?

It is not difficult to find a way. The key is the latter question. We can follow the following pattern: explain (demonstrate) this sentence (this passage) accurately (vividly, vividly and scientifically), and explain the center (central argument, sub-argument) ...);

Evaluate and appreciate a sentence: first evaluate the characteristics of writing and language, such as what rhetorical devices are used and what role this sentence plays in the text.

Expression ... reevaluate the ideological connotation, that is, express the author's feelings.

Sentence comprehension: first, the figurative sentences using rhetorical devices are transformed into plain language; second, the abstract and implicit concepts or sentences are transformed into concrete explanations.

Image analysis 1. Character image analysis: First, we can start with the author's portrait description, action description, language description and psychological description. Understand the characters' language, appearance, movements and psychology. Every gesture, action or language description should correspond to the excellent quality shown, and it is impossible to be arrogant. Secondly, try to figure out the characters and analyze the connotation revealed in the description of the characters, that is, the character characteristics of the characters and the meaning of the image. Third, understand the author's creative intention and analyze the characters from the theme and emotional tendency of the works revealed by the author.

The meaning and function of specific words: contact the original meaning of words, explain the meaning of the text, and find out the specific content it refers to. A: The word "××" originally means …, and here it means …, playing the role of ….

Some points to pay attention to when doing the problem:

1. When reading an article for the first time, you must think about who the article is about, what it is about, and what the author's feelings or opinions are. By looking at the title, the beginning and the end, find the key sentences (author's feelings, author's views, incisive comments, philosophical sentences) to grasp the overall central theme of the article.

2. Go back to the original text when doing the problem, read the relevant paragraphs carefully, contact the context and complete the problem. When you do each small question, you should contact the central theme of the article.

It must be remembered that the answer to the question must be in the original text. Some can be answered by sentences in the original text; Some need to extract keywords from the original text and combine them into complete and smooth sentences; Some people need to feel their own generalization, and their own generalization must be based on the original text. The specific method is: restore the keywords and phrases in the question to the original text.

4. When organizing the answers, the answers must be well organized. If necessary, answer ① … ② … ③ … The language must be complete, fluent and fluent.

5. If the test questions are simple, but the questions are not necessarily easy to do, it is necessary to carefully examine the questions; If the test paper is difficult to understand, the questions are not necessarily difficult. Do one question at a time.

6, look at the score answer method. You can infer the main points of the answer from the score of the question. If you give a question a score of 3, the answer may have three points, and one point is one point, so you can infer the main points of the answer and the required number of words from the score given in the question.

Of course, modern reading is all-encompassing, with endless problems and ever-changing forms, but we only need to pay attention to:

(1) Carefully examine the question, understand the meaning of the question, and then answer. You can't just read the meaning of the text and answer it easily.

(2) Memorize reading knowledge of various styles to avoid knowledge errors;

(3) Master some common problem-solving skills.