* * * Only "millet plus rifle"? In the three major battles, the key to a quick victory is the sound of heavy artillery.
However, people who have experienced the war years know that "millet plus rifle" is just a metaphor for * * * defeating the enemy of high-quality equipment with inferior equipment. In a real war, strategy and tactics are more important, and weapons are more important. The reason why the people * * * won the brilliant victories in the three battles of Liaoshen, Huaihai and Ping Jin and liberated all of China was closely related to the large-scale military industry system established in the Northeast Liberated Area.
From laying Linfen in 72 days to conquering Jinan in 3 days.
1March, 948, Xu commanded the North China Corps to attack Linfen, and the * * * army stuck to the wall. * * * Without heavy artillery, we had to dig tunnels and blow up the city walls. It took 72 days to win Linfen. But by the end of the year, the situation had changed dramatically. At the Battle of Jinan in September, * * * heavy artillery fired, and General Wang was driven out of the tunnel. Jinan, a solid city, was conquered in only three days. During the Liaoshen Campaign in June+/Kloc-October/October, 5438, the Northeast Field Army concentrated more than 500 heavy guns on the military town of Jinzhou, and the garrison commander Fan hid. It took only 30 hours to fight the tough battle in the city.
Where did * * * cannon come from?
* * * people asserted that the heavy weapons of * * * were secretly given to the * * * army when the Soviet army retreated from the northeast. A senior receiver wrote in his memoirs: "Almost all the Japanese puppet troops in Northeast China were captured, and the Russian army obtained numerous weapons. According to Moscow at that time, there were 800,000 rifles, 20,000 light machine guns and 5,000 heavy machine guns on the Songhua River, including 5,000 mortars,/kloc-0.5 million chariots, 600 tanks and 800 planes and ships. What the refugees who escaped from the northeast saw was that Russian troops were constantly being transported to Jiamusi, where they were concentrated, in addition to supplying troops at any time. "
The official's statement is undoubtedly an excuse for the failure of the army. General Liu Yalou, then Chief of Staff of the Four Fields, clarified this issue in a speech at 1962+02+03. He said: "It is generally believed that the Soviet army left many weapons in four fields, which is a misunderstanding. Since this war history (referring to the history of the four fields in preparation) is for archiving, then this question can be written clearly. At that time, we were not only deprived of weapons, but also ate many of our troops. You can also write about Stalin's relationship with * * *.
There is another important problem: at that time, we suggested to the Central Committee to ask the Soviet Union for some weapons in the name of the Central Committee. Chairman Mao immediately telegraphed that the China Revolution mainly relied on China's own strength, and it was forbidden to ask them for anything in the name of the Central Committee. I have read this telegram, so I need to check it. Later, in the name of the four fields, grain was exchanged for some weapons. "
So, how did * * * change from "millet plus rifle" to powerful artillery and large-scale field and attack capabilities?
In addition to the weapons captured by the * * * army on the battlefield, this important transformation was mainly accomplished by establishing its own military industry. Speaking of military industry, many people have read "Give Everything to the Party" written by Wu Yunduo at the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China. In this little book, it truly records how the New Fourth Army built its own arsenal from scratch during the Anti-Japanese War. Yashan, a base area in Shandong Province, has the largest military factory of the Eighth Route Army, with more than 100 rooms, and it produces 8,000 grenades a month, which was not a small output at that time.
In the early days of the liberation war, the military industry developed greatly compared with the anti-Japanese war. After the liberation of Handan, Linyi, Yantai, Dezhou and other cities, the puppet factories were confiscated and a number of military factories were built, which can produce bullets, grenades and mortar shells. The military factory of East China Military Region in Lunan and Jiaodong can produce10.6 million rounds of bullets,10.3 million rounds of mortars and mountain artillery shells, and 3,000 Jin of smokeless gunpowder every month.
This scale is a great progress than before, but it is not enough for the East China Field Army to fight a medium-sized battle. Because there is no heavy artillery, when attacking, * * * mainly relies on soldiers to assault the front and destroy the fortress and fortifications of the * * * army with explosive charges. This kind of battle has heavy casualties, slow progress and poor ammunition quality. 1948 In May, when Shandong Corps of East China Field Army attacked wei county, it attacked the city with homemade mortars. After the shell came out of the chamber, the tail fell off in flight, leaving the naked body out of balance and half of it falling to the ground. How can this quality ensure the victory of the battle?
* * * Instruct the Northeast to establish a large-scale military industry.
* * * focused on the northeast. It was the most developed industrial zone in China at that time. * * * 1947 10 in July, Lin Biao and Luo Ronghuan gave the liberated areas a special instruction: "Northeast military industry should fully assist the customs. Within the first year, you must make great efforts to build a large-scale military industry. " Within four months, he telegraphed DongBeiJu three times, demanding to strengthen military construction. The urgency is beyond words.
After the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army entered the Northeast at the end of 1945, they originally intended to acquire Japanese weapons and equipment with the help of Soviet troops. However, the Soviet army had an agreement with * * * *, and the Northeast was handed over to * * * *, which restricted the action of the Eighth Route Army. The Soviet army transported the main factory equipment, weapons and a large amount of property seized in the northeast back to the Soviet Union as "trophies". Our army's wishes have basically failed. 65,438+10,000 troops are in the northeast, without guns, money, winter clothes and base areas, and the situation is quite difficult.
At that time, all the troops were trying their best to collect the materials left by the Soviet Union, and it was too late to take them away. Weapons and munitions abandoned by the Japanese army can be seen everywhere in small and medium-sized cities and rural areas in Northeast China. Jolie, who was in charge of the preparation of the artillery school, made a decisive decision: disperse the cadres of the artillery school and collect materials. From the gun school to the headmaster, down to the chef and groom, they are all sent out, whether in cities, villages, ravines or wilderness, as long as they have guns. We should also go to places where we have never heard of guns and see if we can get something unexpected.
Once I received a report from my hometown that the Japanese had pushed several cannons into Jingbo Lake when they retreated. After learning about this, Zhu Rui personally led a company to the lake to search. Everyone dug in the ice with a pickaxe and found the gun body. Zhu Rui shouted happily, "Go find the rope and pull it up!" " "Everyone cried taut rope, JiXin pulled three cannons together.
The Japanese secret warehouse was also found in this area, and150,000 shells were found at once. By February 1947, Zhu Rui led the artillery school to collect more than 700 guns. There are 49 howitzers, 97 field guns, mountain guns 108, infantry guns 14 1, about 300 mortars and anti-aircraft guns 137 (including anti-aircraft guns and aerial guns). There are 65 tanks and tractors. After repair, these guns became the basis of the artillery units of the Northeast Field Army.
Self-collected weapons and ammunition became the main source of the Northeast Democratic Allied Forces' operations in the first two years.
Stalin helped Dongye get some weapons.
After the summer offensive of 1947, with the growing of * *, the scale of the campaign is getting bigger and bigger, and it is not enough to rely solely on the ammunition collected. In June of that year, * * * captured Siping, and the * * * army stubbornly resisted under the command of Chen Mingren. * * * concentrated seven main divisions and hundreds of artillery pieces, but they didn't win after attacking for half a month. Later, Lin Biao learned that the artillery had only 8,000 shells, so its firepower was not superior.
To this end, on June 25th, Lin Biao wrote a letter to Stalin in his own name, stressing: "The only condition lacking at present is the shortage of weapons, especially ammunition (especially artillery shells). To this end, I ask you to help us with weapons and ammunition, give us the Japanese weapons and ammunition captured by the Red Army in the Far East, and hope that the German weapons and ammunition can be allocated to us as much as possible. "
Soon, Stalin instructed the Soviet army to distribute some of the captured Japanese weapons to * * *. He Changgong recalled: 1947 10, he just became the Minister of Military Industry, and Li Fuchun gave him an important task. At that time, a large number of weapons were stored in Manchuria on the Sino-Soviet border, which was captured by the Soviet Union and ready to be transported back to the Soviet Union for steelmaking. These weapons are scrap iron for the Soviet Union, but they are urgently needed. He Changgong to negotiate with him, began to talk impassability.
He Changgong said, "These weapons of the Kwantung Army were bought with the blood and lives of the people of China. Why don't you give them to us? You can't take it away. We exchange scrap steel, one ton for one ton. " Card Valov still don't promise. He Changgong was in a hurry and shouted at him, "You are a conservative and have no internationalism. If you don't promise, I will rob you. I push you to the front, and Soviet soldiers with weapons will shoot you first. If you insist on taking it, I'll fight with you. I will call Stalin and tell you that you have no internationalism. " Seeing that China people are not easy to bully, Ka Valov relented and finally agreed to hand over these weapons.
Data-filtered="filtered "He Changgong.
According to Lin Biao's letter 1947 and 1947 to Stalin on February 28th, "We equipped 30 infantry regiments and 2 mountain artillery battalions with the weapons you gave us." At that time, in order to have a strategic decisive battle with the * * * army, Dongye formed a second-line corps of 300,000 people. Lin Biao asked Stalin for more weapons support. "Try to solve 200,000 rifles, 15000 light machine guns, 7,000 heavy machine guns, 700 mortars, 1000 mortars, 100 anti-aircraft guns, 200 Shan Ye guns, and a lot of ammunition and communication equipment (mainly radio) of 20 divisions. These weapons are expected to be drawn from the Japanese weapons captured by the heroic Red Army. If there are not many Japanese weapons, it is estimated that they will be drawn from German trophies. "
However, Stalin did not reply. Lessons again and again show that Soviet aid is unreliable. To win the final victory of the war of liberation, we still have to rely on our own strength. Therefore, the Northeast Bureau decided to vigorously strengthen the construction of the military production system. Li Fuchun said: "In the past, we relied on the shells left by the Japanese. Now we need to build them ourselves."
Start from scratch and make every effort to build your own military enterprise.
1at the end of 945, when we marched into the northeast, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China transferred a group of military cadres from Yan 'an and the liberated areas to work in the northeast. They collected some mechanical equipment in Shenyang, Anshan, Tonghua and other cities, and planned to establish a military base in Tonghua. /kloc-in the summer of 0/946, the * * * army attacked Nanman on a large scale and occupied Tonghua and Dandong. Han, then Minister of Military Industry of Northeast China, led everyone to transport machinery and materials to North Korea, and also recruited a group of workers and technicians along the way.
At the end of July, they arrived in Hunchun, a small town at the junction of China, North Korea and the Soviet Union. Hunchun is an intermountain basin, where Tumen River and Hunchun River meet, facing North Korea across the river, with convenient transportation. It's only 30 miles away from the Soviet border and North Korea 10, with roads and railways. Everyone thinks that the hidden conditions here are good, and the resources, electricity and transportation conditions are also good. Decided to build a northeast military base here.
According to the existing conditions, Han decided to concentrate on producing bullets, grenades and mortars urgently needed by the army. The technology of gun production is too complicated to be realized in a short time. They first built a machine factory, a bullet factory, a Grenade factory, an ironmaking factory, a pharmaceutical factory and a timber factory in Hunchun. These six factories are the earliest military bases in the Northeast Liberated Area.
The bullet factory was established on the basis of the factory left by the Japanese, on the outskirts of Yanji. There used to be more than 300 machines with a daily output of 400,000 rounds. After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the factory was destroyed and the machine was stolen, leaving little. The Korean organization moved the remaining factory to Hunchun, equipped with 14 bullet machine, 3 million semi-finished warheads, 20 million empty shells and more than 20 Japanese skilled workers. After a month of intense installation and trial production, the first batch of bullets were produced in September. According to the statistics of the first month, * * * produced nearly 1.3 million rounds of third-class bullets. This is really a remarkable achievement.
After solving the problems of cadres, equipment and raw materials, the most important thing is the problem of workers and technicians. The workers and technicians in Hunchun Base come from China, North Korea and Japan, and there are many complicated political and policy issues. Military cadres have spent a lot of effort on ideological and political work, even more than production.
But there were only 240 workers at that time, and even fewer people really understood technology. Leaders attach great importance to anyone who has a skill and let them be the heads of production departments at all levels. Some of these skilled workers were brought from Anshan, Benxi and Tonghua, and some were recruited locally. Yu Zhenmi, the director of the bullet factory, is a hired mechanic and enjoys salary. He saw that the cadres of * * * were in the supply system and still working in the front line. He was very moved and offered to cancel his salary. Like cadres, he ate the supply system and worked very well as a section chief.
Due to the lack of middle and senior technicians, the military factory can only choose from the retained Japanese. In the military factory in Hunchun, the Japanese are all key technical jobs. For example, there are more than 60 Japanese in the Grenade factory, almost all of whom are in important technical positions. The head of the manufacturing department is a small capitalist who originally opened a factory in Japan. The American army bombed his factory before coming to China to make a living. He is an expert in Grenade manufacturing technology. The main process of Grenade assembly is to attract firepower. The head of the Fine Drugs Unit is also a Japanese old man. He is stubborn in thought, but he works hard and is good at drawing fire. The assembly workers of refined medicine group are all Japanese.
Due to the difficulties and depression of life, these Japanese people often brew together to return to China and walk slowly. 1in August, 947, Japanese nationals were repatriated to China from the northeast. After the Japanese got the news, they held a secret meeting and wrote a slogan in the factory building: "We will go back to China, and you will go home!" Because of the language barrier, a lot of truth has been said, but the effect is very small. Cadres combine hard and soft, do not listen to advice and give orders, establish strict statistics in the workshop, praise those with high output every day, and criticize those with low output or poor quality. Severely criticize the activities of bad people at the conference and prohibit the rise of fascist ideas. The Japanese have a strong sense of obedience, so they won't make trouble.
In the three major battles, artillery fire broke out.
1946 was spent in hard struggle. By 1947, the military production in the northeast had begun to take shape, and the troops supplemented their ammunition. Hunchun base led by Han is the largest in Beiman area, and several military factories have been built in other places. Luo Ronghuan's political commissar personally grasped the work of military production. 1In August, 947, Dongbeiju appointed Huang Kecheng as the deputy commander and logistics commander of the Northeast Democratic Allied Forces, in charge of logistics supply, military industry and military supplies. 1September, 947, Dongbeiju held the Northeast Military Industry Conference in Harbin, with He Changgong as the Minister of Military Industry and Wu Xiuquan as the political commissar. Han and Wang Fengyuan are vice ministers. Northeast military production bid farewell to the state of decentralized small-scale operation and entered a period of great development.
1947 output: 50,000 grenades were produced every month, and 65,438+10,000 mortars were fired throughout the year. Reloading bullets with old shell casings and completing 5 million rounds. The production of Grenade launchers is 654.38+ 10,000 rounds, laying the foundation for steelmaking and chemical plant production next year.
In order to complete the military production task of 1948, the Northeast Bureau allocated180,000 yuan, equivalent to 90,000 tons of grain. We will deploy a group of cadres to strengthen our military strength. This important military meeting unified the military production in Northeast China and formed a joint production department with leadership and planning. Set up offices in places with military factories, directly under the leadership of the Ministry of Military Industry. At that time, nine offices were established in Hunchun, Xingshan, Jixi, Dong 'an, Qiqihar, Mudanjiang, Jilin, Harbin and Dalian.
The northeast military industry produced enough ammunition, which provided material guarantee for the northeast field army to carry out large-scale combat. Therefore, the Northeast took the lead in a strategic decisive battle, annihilated the heavily armed groups and liberated the whole Northeast. However, due to the long distance, the ammunition produced by Beiman cannot meet the operational needs in the customs. The Central Military Commission made a decision to build a military production base in Dalian.
The establishment of military industrial systems in Beiman and Dalian laid an important material foundation for the victory of the War of Liberation. * * * Artillery ammunition is sufficient, which has changed the long-standing basic situation that the enemy is strong and we are weak. In the three major battles at the end of 1948, the artillery fire of * * * exerted great power. After the Liaoshen Campaign, * * * took over several large arsenals and ammunition depots in Shenyang, and obtained a lot of ammunition, which greatly enhanced the production capacity.
With the liberation of the Northeast and the completion of the railway line, trains loaded with materials and ammunition are transported to the customs around the clock to support the Central Plains and cross the river. In the Huaihai Campaign, the Central Plains Field Army surrounded the Huang Wei Corps. Stevie hoang, which has many American guns, has shrunk into a circle, making it impossible for * * * to be approached with intensive firepower. He claims to be a difficult man. The East China Field Army mobilized heavy artillery and finally smashed this "hard walnut". General Su Yu said with emotion: "The victory of Huaihai Campaign was due to the small carts of Shandong villagers and the big shells of Dalian." (China. com)