1. Application (achievement) of space technology in economic, political, military and social life? 2. How effective are these achievements?
(1) Promote scientific and technological progress and play a leading role in developing productive forces.
Science and technology are the primary productive forces. Aerospace science and technology is a highly comprehensive high-tech group, which has gathered many latest scientific and technological achievements in the world today. The development of space technology has promoted a series of scientific and technological progress, including the research and development of astronomy, earth science, life science, information science, energy technology, biotechnology, information technology, new materials and new technologies. At the same time, various satellite application technologies, space processing and manufacturing technologies, space biotechnology and space energy technology have greatly enhanced human's ability to understand and transform nature and promoted the development of productive forces.
(2) Promote sustainable development and improve human living standards.
The direct application of space technology has opened up a broader road for the sustainable development of mankind and will also play an important role in protecting mankind and the earth. Satellite meteorological observation can obtain global continuous meteorological data, provide meteorological and climate information for meteorologists and the public, change the backward state of traditional observation methods, and make modern meteorology enter a new stage with the global atmosphere as the research object and meteorological satellites as the main observation tool. The application of satellite remote sensing technology in earth resources survey provides an economical and effective new means for large-scale census. This technology has been widely used in mineral resources investigation, crop yield estimation and pest prediction, soil and forest resources investigation, flood disaster and forest fire monitoring, marine and water resources investigation, crustal activity monitoring, geological analysis and earthquake prediction, environmental monitoring, map mapping, urban planning and so on. Satellite navigation and positioning technology can provide all-weather, all-weather, continuous and real-time high-precision positioning and speed measurement information for ground personnel, land vehicles, surface ships, aerial vehicles, satellites and spacecraft in the sky. Manned space flight, space station, celestial exploration and the development of extraterrestrial resources have opened up bright prospects for the future of mankind.
The direct application of space technology has improved the quality of human life and the living environment of human beings. Satellite communication technology provides hundreds of services for modern society, such as telephone, telegraph, fax, data transmission, TV relay, satellite TV education, mobile communication, data collection, rescue, electronic post, telemedicine and so on, which has brought important changes to human life style.
(3) Developing high-tech industries and upgrading traditional industries.
As a high-tech frontier, the industrialization of aerospace technology depends on the development level of the whole national economy and social productive forces and the support of traditional industries. The relationship between aerospace industry and traditional industry is mutual penetration, mutual promotion and common development. The development of space technology will improve the technical level of traditional industries. Many new technologies, new processes, new materials and new products produced during the development of space technology can be directly or through secondary development, and can be popularized, applied and transplanted in traditional industries. The advantages of space technology, such as management methods, general software, talents and equipment, can also be used for reference by traditional industries, which greatly promotes the upgrading of traditional industries.
Second, the present situation and development trend of space technology and its application in China
From 65438 to 0956, China made remarkable achievements in space technology. China independently developed and successfully launched 15, nearly 50 artificial earth satellites and 3 experimental spacecraft. The "Long March" series of launch vehicles independently developed by China have the type of 12, and have the carrying capacity to launch various orbital payloads such as near-earth orbit, sun-synchronous orbit and geosynchronous transfer orbit. Up to now, the "Long March" series of launch vehicles have carried out 68 launches; Among them, it successfully launched 22 times and sent 27 foreign-made satellites into space. From 1996 to 10, the "Long March" series of launch vehicles have been successfully launched for 26 consecutive times.
From the "Dongfanghong" satellite to the "Shenzhou" spacecraft, space technology has been transformed into social productive forces through space applications, and civil space flight has played an important role in promoting economic growth, scientific and technological progress and the process of human social civilization. In recent years, China's satellite applications have flourished, and civil satellites have been widely used in many fields such as Earth observation, communication broadcasting, navigation and positioning, and achieved remarkable social and economic benefits. China has established satellite application systems such as satellite communication, satellite meteorology, satellite resource survey, satellite navigation and positioning, satellite microgravity test and space science research.
(1) satellite remote sensing
There are more than 600 units directly engaged in the research, experiment, development and application of satellite remote sensing in China, with nearly 10,000 scientific and technical personnel, initially forming a satellite remote sensing application team with extensive fields and professional foundation support. National Satellite Meteorological Center, China Remote Sensing Satellite Ground Station, National Remote Sensing Center and other units make use of domestic and foreign resource satellites and meteorological satellite data, making satellite remote sensing applications play an important role. The applications of weather forecast and meteorological research, land resources investigation and development, agricultural resources planning and yield estimation, forest and grassland monitoring and protection, environmental disaster monitoring and evaluation, and marine resources investigation and development have developed rapidly.
After processing and analyzing the tens of thousands of meters of ground object photos taken by China recoverable remote sensing satellite and the ground object information obtained by other satellites, a large amount of information that cannot or is difficult to obtain by other means is obtained, which provides an important basis for the country to make territorial planning and macroeconomic decision.
Using the photos of recoverable remote sensing satellites, the relevant departments of the state have organized resource and environment surveys in seven areas, including Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan, Tarim Basin and Yellow River Delta, and relevant units have carried out a number of special applications in other fields. The practice shows that the returning remote sensing satellite photos have the characteristics of wide field of vision, rich information, good intuition and high definition, and can provide macroscopic and practical first-hand census data, which has high practical value.
China has built a remote sensing satellite ground station, which can receive satellite data of various resources (photoelectric and radar). Using the data released by the station, ministries and commissions, provinces and cities have done a lot of fruitful work in resource investigation, environmental monitoring, land consolidation and planning, land use and general survey, crop yield estimation, geological exploration and major disaster assessment. 198 In the summer of 1998, when floods occurred in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Nenjiang and Songhua River basins, the remote sensing satellite ground station monitored the most severely affected areas all day and all weather according to the microwave remote sensing data obtained by the satellite, which provided an important basis for disaster prevention and relief. The "Resources" satellite jointly developed by China and Brazil was launched in 1999, becoming a new data source of satellite resources in China.
China has successively launched four Fengyun 1 and two Fengyun-2 meteorological satellites, and has now established a domestic and international compatible meteorological satellite data receiving and processing system consisting of Beijing Meteorological Satellite Data Processing Center and three meteorological satellite data stations in Beijing, Urumqi and Guangzhou. The system provides a large number of real-time cloud pictures for the weather forecast in China. In particular, the operational operation of meteorological satellite system has greatly improved the accuracy of disastrous weather forecast and reduced economic losses by billions of yuan every year.
(2) Satellite communication
In the past 20 years, the satellite communication industry in China has developed vigorously. At present, the domestic public satellite communication network has been built, and there are 7/kloc-0 satellite communication earth stations in China. In recent years, VSAT communication has developed rapidly, with more than 120 private networks and more than 20,000 terminals established in dozens of departments such as posts and telecommunications, finance, meteorology, news, transportation, petroleum, water conservancy and electric power. In terms of satellite radio and television, 47 TV programs and more than 70 audio broadcasts have been launched, making the coverage of satellite TV and radio in China more than 90%. Satellite radio and television education has enabled more than 30 million people in China to use this "air" school for education and training.
The progress of satellite communication in China has obviously improved the backwardness of radio and television transmission, and promoted the modernization of communication and the development of economy, culture and education.
(3) Satellite navigation and positioning
The application of satellite navigation and positioning in China is developing rapidly. Beijing, Shanghai, Chengdu and other cities have begun to install GPS command and monitoring systems for buses and taxis. Thousands of fishing boats in China are equipped with GPS receivers. There is no doubt that intelligent transportation is a large-scale potential market. Satellite navigation technology has been widely used in all aspects of surveying and mapping. The application of GPS will surely become one of the hot spots of global economic growth in 2 1 century.
In 2000, the Beidou navigation test satellite was successfully launched, and the double-star network was completed. China independently established the first generation of satellite navigation and positioning system-Beidou navigation system. The system is an all-weather regional navigation system, which provides satellite navigation information. It is the third practical satellite positioning and navigation system in the world after the United States and Russia, and will play a positive role in promoting China's economic construction.
China is the third country and organization in the world that has mastered the technology of satellite return, and it is also one of the few countries in the world that has the means to conduct space microgravity experiments. Today, China's space industry is welcoming the spring of leap-forward development. 265438+before the 20th century 10 years ago, two great events happened in China's space history: in space, China successfully launched the first manned spaceship, Shenzhou 5, which fulfilled China's dream of flying for thousands of years. In aviation, in February, 2007, the large aircraft project, which is no less significant to the national economy and people's livelihood than "two bombs and one satellite", as well as the "Chang 'e-1" and "Shenzhou-7", which have attracted much attention recently, were formally established ... These achievements will greatly enhance China's comprehensive national strength and enhance China's international influence.
The aerospace industry is of unparalleled importance to this country, and it has a mainstay position in military defense. In the sense of national defense, air combat has occupied a dominant position in modern warfare. Military aircraft, missiles and aircraft carriers, which are important indicators to measure a country's national defense strength, are directly related to the country's space science and technology level. In history, almost every breakthrough in space technology originated from military purposes. For example, "two bombs and one satellite" should combine bombs with satellites. If the satellite in the rocket is replaced by a nuclear warhead, it will become an intercontinental nuclear missile. Why did New China embark on the "two bombs and one satellite" project under such difficult conditions? This is precisely to have China's own nuclear weapons. Similarly, having the launching capability of space rockets is a prerequisite for a country to have nuclear deterrent capability and long-range nuclear strike capability. Modern war is a three-dimensional and complex information war integrating land, sea, air and sky. The key to victory in the war is to have air superiority and air superiority. Therefore, the development of aerospace industry directly affects national security and national defense forces.
The position and role of aerospace in national defense and economic construction. The development of aerospace technology is closely related to military applications and promotes each other. Aviation weapons and equipment is an important part of air force weapons and equipment. Modern aviation weapons and equipment include fighters, fighter bombers, attack planes, bombers, early warning aircraft, electronic warfare aircraft, military transport aircraft, military drones, armed helicopters, aerial refueling planes and airborne weapons. The role of aviation weapons and equipment is to conduct air combat against the enemy air force and seize and defend the air superiority; Attacking enemy military targets on the ground and at sea; Perform reconnaissance, communication and early warning command tasks, aerial electronic warfare tasks and various operational support and support tasks. Aviation weapons and equipment are the material basis of the air force's combat effectiveness. The two world wars and the local wars between them initially showed the great influence of air power on the war. The Korean War was the first large-scale combat use of jet fighters, and air and air strikes greatly affected the process and outcome of the war. In the late Vietnam War, the U.S. military bombed political, economic and military targets in northern Vietnam with various combat aircraft, including B-52, which caused great losses to North Vietnam and realized the so-called decent retreat of the United States. In the third Middle East War from June 65438 to June 0967, the Israeli Air Force destroyed the Egyptian Air Force in three hours, and at the same time hit the air force targets of Syria, Jordan and Iraq, and achieved the predetermined strategic goals in only six days. The war between Britain and Oman and the 1986 American "surgical" air strike against Libya further established the important position of air power in modern wars. 199 1 Gulf War is the symbol of modern high-tech local war, in which the embryonic form of air combat was first manifested. In the 42-day war, the air strikes by the United States-led Coalition forces against Iraq accounted for 38 days, and the goal of victory was basically achieved by air combat. Eight years later, after the Kosovo war, NATO led by the United States still chose the air strike plan. The 79-day war was completely carried out by air power, making the Kosovo war the first real air battle. This war has some new features. The large-scale use of drones has played a positive role in improving the effect of air strikes. Quasi-precision and precision-guided weapons account for the vast majority of the total number of bombs dropped. After the "9. 1 1" incident, the United States launched the war on terrorism against the Taliban government, still relying on air strikes. In this war, the drone fired weapons at the target for the first time, which indicates that the concept of unmanned air combat platform has entered the actual combat stage. In the 2003 Iraq war, the United States began the war by bombing military and political targets in the suburbs of Baghdad with stealth fighters and long-range cruise missiles. In the modern high-tech local war, with the development of the war goal in the direction of politicization, the influence of air power on the war process and result is increasing. The future war is bound to revolve around air strikes, and whoever has stronger air force will have the initiative in the future war. Satellite reconnaissance has the advantages of large area, high speed, regular or continuous surveillance of an area, and is not limited by national boundaries and geographical conditions. It has become an important part of today's operational command system and strategic weapon system. Military communication satellites, military navigation satellites, military geodesic satellites and military meteorological satellites can all be directly applied to the military. The system consisting of reconnaissance satellite, military communication satellite, military navigation satellite and airborne early warning command aircraft is the nerve center of modern national defense system. Installing satellite guidance devices on ordinary bombs and using global positioning system (GPS) can greatly improve the bombing accuracy of conventional bombs. Other spacecraft can be used as space weapon platforms to play a role in the future competition for sky control. 2007- 12-28 2 1:47 reply ☆ The pride of pigs ☆ The great achievements made in the aerospace field on the 37th floor have had a great impact on many departments of the national economy. The development of aviation has greatly changed the structure of transportation. Air transport provides people with a fast, convenient, safe and comfortable way to travel. International flights have replaced ocean-going passenger ships and become the main tool for people's intercontinental communication, closely contacting and interacting with countries all over the world. Air transport on domestic routes can compete with railway transport in developed countries and regions, which accelerates the development of remote areas in developing countries. Communication satellites and large passenger planes are considered as two important pillars of modern society. The application of aviation in industry and agriculture is also obvious to all. For example, aircraft are widely used in aerial photography, geodesy, geological exploration and resource investigation, as well as sowing and fertilizing, weeding and pest control, forest fire prevention and environmental monitoring and protection. The combination of space technology and other science and technology has created many new commercial ways and produced great economic and social benefits. The most typical example is satellite communication, which has the characteristics of long distance, large capacity, good quality, high reliability and strong flexibility, and has become an important means of modern communication. In the early 1980s, communication satellites undertook more than half of international telecommunication services and almost all intercontinental television transmission services. In China, communication satellites have made radio and television available to every village, and people living in remote areas have heard the radio and seen the television. In addition to military use, satellite navigation technology is widely used in civil fields such as ship navigation, marine survey, offshore petroleum drilling, geodesy, search and rescue, etc. by virtue of its all-weather, global and high-precision advantages. The high-precision weather forecast provided by meteorological satellites plays a very positive role in preventing natural disasters such as typhoons and rainstorms, and contributes to the healthy development of the national economy. Other geodesic satellites and marine satellites have become the fastest, most effective and most economical means to investigate the earth and marine resources, and can also help monitor natural disasters and environmental pollution. Space technology has been transferred to other sectors of the national economy through new technologies, new products, new materials, new processes and new management methods, which has promoted the development of related industries and produced considerable indirect economic benefits. Aerospace has made important contributions to the development of scientific research. Aviation technology provides human beings with the conditions to observe nature from the air. Space flight has opened a new era of observing and studying the earth and the whole universe from space. Abundant information about earth space, interplanetary space, solar system and cosmic objects obtained through space activities has updated human understanding of the earth, planets and universe, promoted the development of astronomy, space physics, high-energy physics and biology, and formed some new branches of disciplines. Using the special environment of the space laboratory, we can carry out many comprehensive research work such as physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, new materials and new technology that cannot be completed on earth. Aerospace products are high-tech products with high added value. As far as aviation products are concerned, the price of American F- 16 fighter with a mass of 1 kg is 20 times that of silver, equivalent to 25% of gold, and much higher than the unit price of ships, cars and computers. If calculated according to the price of American B-2A strategic bomber, the empty weight of the plane is 50OOKG, and the unit price is 2 billion US dollars, which is three times that of gold. The aerospace industry has become an important part of the economy of some developed countries. In the manufacturing industry, the aerospace industry contributes the most to the trade balance of the United States, reaching a trade surplus of 2 1 billion dollars every year. American aviation industry is the core of American defense industry and the most powerful aviation industry department in the world. Some developing countries have also begun to attach importance to the development of the aerospace industry, and identified the aerospace industry as a high-tech industry with priority development.