? On the production of medicinal materials in northwest China
1. The western development, industrial adjustment and China's accession to the WTO have ushered in a good opportunity to develop the production of Chinese herbal medicines in northwest China.
1, the advantages of developing Chinese herbal medicine production in northwest China. The Yellow River Basin is the cradle of the Chinese nation, and the ancient civilization accumulated here also contains the essence of ethnic extraction accumulated in the Millennium Medicine Town. Although many areas in the northwest have beautiful scenery and flowers, due to the diversity of ecological environment, vast land, green grassland and boundless desert, many high-quality and high-quantity western medicinal materials can be produced, which are favored by Chinese at home and abroad, so they have strong production and sales advantages. In the total output of some medicinal materials in China, the varieties such as Radix Astragali, Radix Angelicae Sinensis, Fructus Lycii and Cumin produced in the northwest account for about 90%, while the varieties such as Radix Glycyrrhizae, Radix Codonopsis, Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae, Notopterygii Rhizoma, Radix Bupleuri, Fructus Zanthoxyli, Rhizoma Acori Graminei, Carthami Flos, Radix Arnebiae, Rhizoma Gastrodiae, Zushima and Herba Apocyni Veneti account for more than 70%, and the varieties such as Radix et Rhizoma Rhei, Radix Astragali, Radix Bupleuri and Radix Isatidis account for 7 Among them, there are three varieties with yields of 1 10,000 tons and more than 5,000 tons respectively, and there are 1 4 varieties with yields exceeding110,000 tons, and the total annual output exceeds 65,438+10,000 tons. For example, Cordyceps sinensis in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, safflower in Xinjiang, Gentiana macrophylla in Gannan grassland, Yanchi, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch in Dingbian, Astragalus membranaceus in Longxi, Codonopsis pilosula in Wenxian, Fennel in Minqin, Rhubarb in Lixian, Notopterygium incisum in Haidong, Lycium barbarum in Zhongning, Angelica sinensis in Minxian, Zanthoxylum bungeanum in Wudu, Acorus calamus in Baoji, Bupleurum in Qinling and Dayun in Hotan are all local special medicinal materials.
2. The adjustment of rural industrial structure provides opportunities for the production of Chinese herbal medicines. In the past two years, due to the change of agricultural situation, the adjustment of rural industrial structure has increased dramatically. Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai and other provinces have listed Chinese herbal medicines as pillar industries in rural areas in order to achieve the goal of increasing agricultural efficiency and farmers' income, and given preferential treatment in policies, funds, technology and information, encouraging vigorous development, forming the best soft environment in history. Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia has formulated an industrial plan for one million mu of high-quality Chinese herbal medicines, and Xinjiang and Qinghai have given support to the production of Chinese herbal medicines as the focus of agricultural development. As a result, the Chinese herbal medicine industry has flourished everywhere, and the western pharmaceutical industry represented by Tibetan medicine has risen rapidly.
Shouyang Town, Longxi County, Gansu Province is the largest town for the production and marketing of medicinal materials in northwest China. This year, 33,000 mu of Chinese herbal medicines were planted, accounting for 67% of the total cultivated area of 490 12 mu, with an average household of 5 mu. In 2000, the output of medicinal materials was 4,800 tons, the market turnover was more than 300 million yuan, the per capita net income of Chinese medicinal materials was more than 1.200 yuan, and the town's fiscal revenue was nearly 2 million yuan, making it a famous production and marketing base of Codonopsis pilosula and the hometown of Astragalus. The development of Chinese herbal medicine cultivation has formed a new pattern of industrial management. Angelica sinensis in Minxian, Lycium barbarum in Zhongning, Lycium barbarum in Jinghe, Codonopsis pilosula in Longxi, Astragalus, Cordyceps sinensis in Xining, Sophora alopecuroides in Yinchuan, Glycyrrhiza uralensis in Altay, Carthamus Jimsar, Jujube in northern Shaanxi, Gastrodia elata in southern Shaanxi and Zanthoxylum bungeanum in Wudu have all become the fist products of local agricultural production and marketing integration, and the industrial chain has become longer and the market has widened.
3. Strategic adjustment of Chinese herbal medicine production in northwest China. With the rapid expansion of domestic medicinal materials output, most varieties have entered the peak period of output and the low period of price. In the case of oversupply, the same variety is beneficial to the production in high-yield, high-quality and low-cost areas, which creates conditions for the strategic adjustment of the producing areas of radix astragali, radix isatidis, radix bupleuri, radix glycyrrhizae, radix codonopsis, rhubarb and safflower. After the production areas with poor quality, low output and high cost cannot stand the severe test of the market and are eliminated, all or most of the southern production areas of the above varieties will gradually turn to the northwest, which is true for farmers in the northwest. Coupled with artificial domestication and cultivation of endangered species and shortage of wild species prohibited from mining, the varieties planted in northwest China will greatly increase. As long as the new producing areas seize the opportunity and develop superior varieties on a large scale, they can quickly form a large production base. The yield per mu of Isatis indigotica planted in a certain place in Hexi can reach 400-500 Jin. Mechanized sowing, mining and excavation have low cost, high output and good quality. Farmers can make a profit at a price of more than 2.50 yuan per kilogram, which is difficult to compete in the old producing areas. Besides, the yield of Astragalus membranaceus in Longzhong is 300-400 kg per mu. If Miao farmers breed by themselves, they will not lose money at a price of 2.00 yuan per kg, and the quality is excellent.
Two, large-scale planting, the introduction of many varieties, production and marketing will be difficult.
1, blindly expanding production, the situation of serious oversupply of large varieties is coming. The northwest producing areas of Chinese herbal medicines should not only seize opportunities, but also see risks. With the blind expansion of the producing areas of best-selling medicinal materials, the base construction has blossomed everywhere, and varieties such as Astragalus membranaceus, Radix Isatidis, Radix Saposhnikoviae, Lycium barbarum, Gastrodia elata, Radix Codonopsis, Semen Vaccariae, Glycyrrhrizae Radix, Semen Cuscutae, Fructus Foeniculi, Bupleuri Radix, etc. will be in short supply to varying degrees, and some varieties may also suffer from bad market conditions, and their prices will also fall to the bottom. Some varieties may be lost, which will face a severe test. Due to the low degree of market development, blocked information and weak risk awareness, it is likely that new producing areas will be difficult to cope with this blow, and it will be more difficult to persist in production.
2, blind introduction and production, a few varieties do not adapt to more problems. Many new producing areas crossed the river by feeling for stones, and thousands of acres were planted on a large scale without introduction test, which not only failed to eat hot steamed bread, but also caused a lot of losses. For example, the land introduced in Longzhong is not suitable for soil and climate, with low yield and poor quality, poor sales and low income, and it is also planted in unfamiliar places; For example, the altitude in some places in Qinghai is too high, the temperature in late spring and early summer is low for a long time, cold current and freezing damage occur, and rhubarb introduced in large areas cannot grow normally.
3. Only pay attention to immediate interests, willing to plant varieties that were effective in that year, and have no enthusiasm for perennial varieties. It is said that this medicinal material has good benefits, and many people want to eat a fat man in one bite and make a fortune in two years. So they are only interested in the varieties born that year. On the other hand, everyone goes to raise seedlings and plant varieties that will be effective in one year. Then, the output of Radix Astragali, Radix Codonopsis, Radix Isatidis, Radix Bupleuri, Rhizoma Gastrodiae, Radix Saposhnikoviae, Radix Hedysari and Fenugreek will exceed the demand, and the price will fall to a low point. However, the varieties such as Bupleurum chinense, perennial astragalus, Artemisia capillaris, Gentiana macrophylla, Notopterygium incisum, Paeonia lactiflora, Polyporus umbellatus and Acorus calamus, which are in short supply in the domestic market, are unwilling to be planted and developed, so these varieties are naturally in short supply and lack of prices in the long run.
Third, the discussion of coping strategies
1, natural reaction. Chinese herbal medicines are not only agricultural products, but also special commodities. As the saying goes, "less medicine, more firewood." Therefore, the law of production and demand and the change of supply and demand have their natural periodicity. Price is the lever to adjust production, and the law of value plays a subtle role. Let nature take its course, this is the truth. Since the reform and opening up, the production of many Chinese medicinal materials has experienced many changes from more to less, from low price to high price, and then to reverse circulation, which is determined by the rigidity of demand and the elasticity of production and the narrow transformation surface in the relationship between supply and demand of Chinese medicinal materials. It is necessary to pay more attention to the study of the change law, understand the supply and demand information, predict the price trend, master the natural law, use the natural law, adjust the planting area and varieties according to the change of demand, and strive to achieve better economic benefits.
2. Take the initiative to respond. How to give full play to people's role, actively deal with surplus products, reduce prices and reduce benefits, is what we want to explore. In the past, the more products in stock, the lower the price, and the less people needed them. On the contrary, people will rush to buy. Now, people's ideas have changed. If the selling price of medicinal materials produced by farmers is at a loss, they will not sell or sell less, keep them properly, and then gradually sell them until the market inventory decreases and the price rises, thus reducing losses or even turning losses into profits. This is something that farmers can actively do. As businessmen and ordinary citizens, hoarding at low prices is neither risky nor profitable. As long as the goods are well kept and stored, after three or four years, the crop production is reduced, the supply is reduced after digestion, and the price rises or skyrockets, we can make money steadily. And the list goes on. Inventory is better than saving money. Why not? Positive response is the combination of interests of drug farmers and drug dealers. There are also many great business opportunities here. We can't talk about overproduction, which seems to ruin the market. We only see sandstorms, but we can't see blue sky and white clouds. That is to say, the serious oversupply and the price falling to the bottom is a disaster for producers, but the business opportunities bred are happiness. Production and marketing cooperation, hand in hand, will naturally have a bright future. Here, the author is not saying that blind planting is a good thing, but a common problem under the conditions of primary market economy. We should face the reality, cherish the achievements of working people, and try our best to make these achievements reflect their due value.
3. Forming a big industry of northwest medicinal materials. The success of any career will not happen overnight. Failure is the mother of success, and there are setbacks before success. The formation of northwest big medicinal materials industry will not be smooth sailing. Without several ups and downs, without paying a certain price to firmly occupy the market, there will be no high income after the arrival of high-priced opportunities. Northwest pharmaceutical industry should make full use of the advantages of vast land and cheap labor, strive to tap the potential of high quality and high yield, overcome difficulties, promote standardized production, integrate products into domestic and foreign markets, and make northwest Chinese herbal medicine industry invincible.