Who invented what in the 20th century? When did China invent it?
1, steam engine: promoted the development of the whole industrial revolution (inventor Watt)
Traditional horsepower or water power cannot provide the power needed for industrial revolution, and the development of steam engine energy has brought more effective and powerful power to the world. Although the ancients began to explore this aspect in the 2nd century BC, it was not until Watt's steam engine was put on the market that the commercial value of the steam engine was really opened. Many historians believe that the development of the steam engine is one of the most important inventions of the industrial revolution, because the appearance of the steam engine promoted the development of metallurgy, coal mines and textiles. The appearance of steam engine and the mechanization of textile industry increased the iron consumption of industry. Because Britain is rich in iron ore and coal mines, the increase in demand has stimulated the improvement of iron smelting technology and coal mining industry and accelerated the pace of industrialization. 1804 steam engine train and 1807 steam engine boat greatly improved the transportation conditions and assisted the development of the industrial revolution.
2. Telephone: Opening a new chapter in the history of human communication (inventor Bell)
"Mr. Watson, please come at once. I need help!" This is the first sentence that alexander bell, the inventor of the telephone, successfully transmitted by telephone on March 1876. Since then, the telephone was born, and the history of human communication has opened a new chapter.
1973 realized the dream of wireless communication in new york, USA. At that time, the first practical mobile phone in the world was large and weighed 1.9 kg, which was a veritable "mobile phone". Today, 26 years later, the world's smallest mobile phone was born. It is only as big as a pager and much lighter than the first generation of mobile phones.
1964 is another important turning point in the history of human communication. This summer, thousands of viewers around the world watched the live broadcast of the Tokyo Olympic Games in Japan via satellite for the first time. This is the first time in human history to watch things happening thousands of miles away through TV screens at the same time. People not only lamented the spectacular opening ceremony and various competitions of the Olympic Games, but also marveled at the progress of science and technology. All this is due to the geosynchronous satellite invented by harold rosen.
1in the summer of 969, the embryonic form of the internet appeared in the United States. It consists of four computer websites, one in the University of California and the other three in Nevada. 1972, the experimenter sent the first email on the experimental network for the first time, which marked the beginning of the combination of internet and communication. In the 1990s, the Internet began to be used for commercial purposes. 1995 ushered in the first climax of network development, known as the International Internet Year. Driven by the wave of e-commerce, the Internet will have a far-reaching impact on human society in the 2 1 century.
3. Automobile: Carrying the progress of the times (inventor Lian Zhu of France)
Cars have changed the whole traffic situation of human beings, and they have become the symbol of every industrial power.
Cars have gone through such a history: 177 1 year, France Lianzhu designed a steam engine tricycle; 1860, French Renault made a car engine with gas as fuel; 1885, Ben Ci and Daimler completed the locomotive of high-speed gasoline engine and the tricycle of two-stroke gasoline engine respectively, and successfully commercialized them. 1908, Ford of the United States mass-produced Model T cars with assembly lines, with low price, high safety performance and high speed. Cars began to spread; 19 12 years, Cadillac launched an electronic ignition starter to make women fall in love with cars. 1926, Daimler Ben Ci, the world's first automobile manufacturing company, was established; 1934, the first front-wheel drive car came out; 1940, many automobile manufacturers stopped production because of the war, and European automobile manufacturers began to turn to the production of military vehicles; In 1950s, Volvo's caravans in Germany became the most popular cars as soon as they were launched. 1970-2000, Japanese cars were popular in Asia, and ultra-high-tech small cars from Toyota, Honda, Mitsubishi and Nissan invaded the European and American markets, rewriting the monopoly of European and American brands.
In fact, the invention of the automobile greatly improved the mobility of human beings, and broadened their horizons and pursued freedom in the 20th century. Of course, the development of the automobile industry has also brought about problems such as land resources occupied by the road network, air pollution, high ticket prices, etc. But in any case, the automobile is indeed leading human beings forward and running forward.
4. Television: the "devil" created by human beings themselves (inventor Paul Ni Pukov)
Modern people can eat and drink for a day, but they can't watch TV for a day.
The idea and theory of TV appeared as early as 1870. 1884, the German inventor Paul NiePukov designed a whole perforated "scanning disk". When the disk rotates, the small holes divide the scene into small points, which are then converted into electrical signals, and the receiver at the other end recombines the signals into the same but rough image as the original image. 1926, the scot John Beaumond made a camera with Pukov's "big disc".
It was Rakimir Zokin, who immigrated from Russia to the United States, and Philo farnsworth, who was born in Utah, who really made TV with stable pictures. 1939 Expo, the world's first truly clear television broadcast, television was really born.
5. Computers: the hope of the future of mankind (inventor eckert)
1On February 4th, 946, representatives of the US military, government departments and famous scientists crowded together in a room at the University of Pennsylvania. When an army general gently pressed the button, the machine that occupied the whole three walls immediately lit up, and people applauded warmly and cheered loudly: "Eniak is alive!" " "Congratulations to Chief Engineer Arcot." ENIAC "is the first computer in the world.
6. The greatest invention of this century-insulin (inventors Menin and Minkowski)
In the19th century before the discovery of insulin, diabetes was still a fatal disease, and patients often died of malnutrition after suffering from extreme hunger and thirst. The name "diabetes" comes from the high sugar content in patients' urine. But people didn't know the real reason at that time.
1889, Menin and Minkowski artificially removed the pancreas of this dog in Strasbourg, France, so this dog got diabetes. This proves that diabetes is caused by pancreatic dysfunction and insufficient pancreatic secretion. 190 1 year, American pathologist Eugene Opel studied the mysterious substances secreted by the pancreas. 1909, this substance was finally named "insulin". It is it that helps human cells absorb sugar. Provide the necessary energy for the body. It was not until the 1920s that Wan Jin, then a teacher at the University of Toronto School of Medicine, and his student Best, with the help of carbohydrate metabolism expert mcleod, extracted insulin from a dog's pancreas for the first time and injected it into another dog suffering from diabetes due to pancreatectomy. The dog's blood sugar soon returned to normal level. On June192265438+1October1day, Wanjin provided the first dose of insulin to Thompson, a patient aged 14, and his blood sugar decreased by 25%. After another injection ten days later, his blood sugar dropped by 75%. Thompson became the first person in the world to live on insulin because of the increase of insulin dosage. Only one year later, namely 1923, insulin began to be produced in large quantities. Laboratory extraction has been transformed into a commercial production process at an alarming rate, and it has rapidly expanded to the whole world, so that the deadly diseases in the past are no longer terrible. Therefore, Wan Jin and mcleod won the Nobel Prize in the same year.
Due to the susceptibility and heredity of diabetes, the number of diabetic patients continues to increase, and the demand for insulin is also increasing. How to synthesize insulin chemically instead of separating it from the pancreas of millions of animals has become the goal of scientists all over the world. In the mid-1950s, frederick sanger finally discovered the structure of insulin, which is a protein molecule consisting of 5 1 amino acid. Because of this discovery, he won the Nobel Prize of 1958.
Scientists in China have also made remarkable achievements in this field. At the beginning of the birth of New China, biologists began to tackle the problem of synthesizing insulin collectively, and successfully obtained synthetic insulin for the first time in the world in 1963. At present, China and many industrialized countries are using genetic engineering to produce insulin and apply it to clinic. It can be said that from the discovery and extraction to the artificial synthesis of insulin, scientists have experienced unremitting exploration for hundreds of years. Nowadays, insulin, whether natural or synthetic, is still an indispensable medicine for many diabetic patients.
It can be imagined that in the 2nd/kloc-0th century, with the rapid development of science and technology, people's further understanding of their own organizations and the cracking of genetic codes will one day directly act on people's immune system with a brand-new medical concept and means, and completely overcome diseases.