? What are the personality characteristics of Confucius?
As recorded in the Analects of Confucius, Confucius said that he believed in learning and kept a good road until his death. "studious" is something we have experienced. Confucius liked reading very much since he was a child, and he studied very hard. Later, after his own study, he had his own thoughts and stuck to this ideal all his life. "Faith" is to strengthen your faith. Protect this belief with your whole life. So we say that Confucius is a man of firm faith. Once this belief is established, even if a person's life is threatened, he will not hesitate. "The Analects of Confucius Taibo" says that a scholar has to constantly strive for self-improvement and has a long way to go. The benevolent is not heavy, and death is not far away.
We can see "benevolence is responsible" here. Confucius once talked about "standing at thirty" when describing his life, and it was Confucius who defined his thoughts. The main connotation of this thought is that Confucius formed his own independent thought, that is, the ideological system with "benevolence" as the core, on the basis of following the previous generation of ritual and music culture.
"Benevolence" has many connotations, the most important of which is kindness. This kind of kindness, Confucius wants to further upgrade to the level of governing the country. Therefore, benevolence is an important belief in my life. This is a very important responsibility, even if it is to complete such an important task, I will not hesitate to give my life. Confucius further said that death is not far away. There is an idiom here called "a long way to go", so this "heavy responsibility" means "taking benevolence as one's own responsibility" and "a long way to go" means "death".
It is recorded in The Analects of Confucius and Wei Linggong that Confucius said that there are people with lofty ideals who really kill people. People with lofty ideals should not give up their beliefs and ideals when their lives are threatened. Therefore, there is a so-called "killing for life", in order to maintain their beliefs, they would rather give their lives. Even if you died this morning. This is the first aspect of Confucius' character, that is, firm belief.
The second aspect is the life of Confucius, full of optimism. We can call this optimistic feeling the optimistic spirit of forgetting food, being happy and forgetting worries.
According to the Analects of Confucius, Ye Gong asked Confucius about it. In other words, Lord Ye once asked Confucius, a disciple of Confucius, what kind of teacher is your teacher? Lutz ignored him at that time. Later, Lutz told his teacher Confucius about it. Confucius told him that you can answer him like this. He also forgot to eat when he was angry, and forgot to worry when he was happy. I didn't know that old age was coming. Confucius has a very clear understanding of self-image. In the Analects of Confucius, we can further expand the connotations of being angry and forgetting to eat and being happy and forgetting to worry. What does this mean?
As the Analects of Confucius said, it's fun to forget to eat, eat less, drink water, bend your arms and lean on it. Unjust wealth is like a cloud to me. These words show that Confucius' ordinary life is very hard. Hungry, you can only eat some coarse grains; You can only drink a few mouthfuls of cold water when you are thirsty; When you are sleepy, you can only bend your arms as a pillow. This kind of life seems hard, but the master said that as long as you can realize your ideals, it is also a kind of happiness. He said, I enjoyed it. If wealth is obtained by improper means, then that wealth is just a cloud and useless to me. Yan Hui, a disciple of Confucius, is probably the representative who can best embody this spirit.
Confucius spoke highly of his disciple Yan Hui in The Analects of Confucius. Why did Yan Hui get such a high evaluation from Confucius among many disciples? It seems that Yan Hui can do the same as his teacher, Master, in trying to forget food and taking pleasure in forgetting worries.
"The Analects of Confucius. "Yong Ye Pian" said that a ladle of food and drink, in a mean alley, people can't bear their worries, and they won't change their fun when they go back. Xian zai, Ye Hui. Yan Hui's happiness in this sentence is also a kind of happiness living in poverty. Food, clothing, housing and transportation are relatively poor, but Yan Hui, like his teachers, can pursue and realize his ideals under such relatively poor conditions. This is what future generations will experience repeatedly, the so-called happiness of Confucius and Yan. The happiness of Confucius and Yan Hui is not the happiness after the improvement of life, nor is it a kind of happiness in a carefree life. In fact, it is a pleasure in suffering, and it is an optimism. This optimism later formed a feeling in the character of ordinary China people. When we see that Confucius himself is facing hardships in life, he is not as we thought at first. As a saint, Master can certainly endure the painful life that most of us can't. In reality, whenever encountering setbacks, masters also have their own complaints. He sometimes says that it is too difficult for him to travel around the Central Plains. No monarch can accept him. So he said I want to live in a distant place. He wants to live in September 1, and even says he wants to go out to sea by boat. However, we can see that the master did not go to Jiuyi or go to sea in the end. So the master is like that, a person who is willing to forget his troubles and knows what he can't do. He is an optimistic person. This is the second aspect we are talking about.
Third, this is closely related to the most important contribution of Confucius. Confucius is a teacher. He never tires of learning, repents of the teacher's style, and vigorously establishes private school education.
According to the Analects of Confucius, Confucius was afraid to accept that he was called a saint. He said he was just a man who enjoyed it and enjoyed it. Speaking of this sentence, Gong Xihua, a disciple of Confucius, reflected on himself, because we students should have studied, but we could not study hard.
As a teacher, its prerequisite must be knowledge. We can make a detailed analysis of Confucius' knowledge. Through the Analects of Confucius, we can see that at the level of learning. Confucius can reach four levels, which can be summarized as diligence, studiousness, erudition and liveliness. These four levels.
First of all, from the Analects of Confucius, we see diligence. The word Xue appears frequently in The Analects of Confucius, up to 64 times. It can be seen that learning is an important connotation of recording Confucius' life.
The Analects of Confucius began with learning and writing. In other words, learning from time to time is not pleasant. As "Narrative and Articles" said, I was not born to know, so I searched for it in ancient times. In Taber, it is said that learning is not as good as learning, and they are afraid of losing. From this we can see that Confucius is a very diligent and curious person. This is a prerequisite for later becoming the most sacred teacher. From the point of view of learning itself, we must study hard first. In the Analects of Confucius, the master once said that the knower is not as good as the doer, and the doer is not as good as the musician. In The Analects of Confucius and Ye Gong, I also talked about myself. I am sensitive and eager to learn, and I am not ashamed to ask questions. This is what we just said. From the perspective of learning, the first realm or level is studious.
Secondly, on the basis of being diligent and inquisitive, we should further upgrade to be good at learning, that is, good at learning. Pay attention to the method when studying. Diligence is a prerequisite. If you don't pay attention to the effect of method learning, sometimes it's not very good. From the Analects of Confucius, we can see that Confucius is not only diligent in learning, but also good at learning.
In other words, the master is a person who is very particular about learning methods. What are the learning methods worth learning here? The Analects of Confucius says that knowing what you know is wisdom, and not knowing what you don't know is wisdom. "For Politics" also recorded the words of Confucius, saying that learning without thinking is useless, and thinking without learning is dangerous. It is summed up by our descendants, and learning and thinking are combined. The combination of learning and thinking is a very valuable method in ancient Chinese education and teaching, and it is also an important learning method. Is to combine learning with thinking. Only thinking can improve your learning effect. It is also said in Wei Linggong that I try to eat during the day and stay up late at night. It's no use thinking, it's better to learn. Thinking is important here, but it is useless if you just think about it and don't study hard. What is said here is also the combination of learning and thinking. As Shure said, a threesome must learn from my teacher, choose the good and follow it, and if it is not good, correct it. Here tells us that learning should be combined with making friends widely. Making friends here means making friends who are more knowledgeable and capable than yourself. So it's called choosing good and following.
The Book of Rites says that learning alone without friends is an ignorant person. In the Confucian educational tradition, learning is always combined with making friends. British scholar Bacon also has this idea. Bacon said in On Learning that reading should be combined with making friends. Mencius, the representative of Confucianism, also mentioned such a thing. Mencius once said the concept of "business ownership", a good man in his hometown, a good man in his hometown; A good man of a country, a good man of a country; The best man in the world, the best man in the world. The "good" in the "good things in the world" here is to combine our scholars with making friends. In the interaction with friends, find your own shortcomings in learning. This is the combination of "learning" and "being".
Then, it is erudition. Only by studying diligently and paying attention to learning methods, that is, being good at learning, can we reach the realm of erudition. Erudition is an important knowledge realm of Confucius. As a scholar, we all hope that we can reach this level. In the Analects of Confucius, we see that Confucius has reached such a state in the eyes of others.
"The Analects of Confucius. Zi Han Pian said, "What is the relationship between a saint and a master? How much will do. This is a man of great learning, and Confucius is really great in the words of a fellow villager in a big country. He seems to know everything. We can hardly call ourselves experts in a certain field. Therefore, he is learned but not famous. In Sima Qian's Historical Records. In Confucius' Home, there are several scenes that record the story of Confucius' erudition. This is the third realm of Confucius' learning and the realm of erudition.
Finally, Confucius reached the realm of never too old to learn. In Mencius, Confucius is revered and compared with several great sages before him. Confucius and Boyi, the most holy and pure; Yi Yin, a saint; Liu Xiahui, the Holy One also. Comparatively speaking, Confucius is a very accomplished man. This man with outstanding achievements was also a sage at that time. The concept of time here is very important. Today we are talking about keeping pace with the times, and Zhuangzi is talking about keeping pace with the times. Tell us that learning is the acceptance of predecessors' knowledge, but just accepting this knowledge is not enough. The purpose of our study is to apply what we have learned. And learn and use it. With the development of the times, we should learn to use our knowledge.
Therefore, from the level or angle of knowledge, Confucius is also worthy of our consideration. It can be said that Confucius is a great scholar, and his learning has four realms, namely, diligence, eagerness to learn, erudition and liveliness.