Where did the word "fascism" come from?
The word "fascism" first appeared in ancient Rome, and it was transliterated from the Latin word "fasces". A nobleman goes on a trip, and his servant holds a stick with an axe in the middle. This behavior is called "fascism". It symbolizes the right to punish those who go against his will by flogging or death. When Mussolini first organized and advocated the fascist movement, his name was "fascio", which means "union". "alliance" Later, in order to show his power and power, Mussolini insisted that "fascio" was "fasces". Moreover, the "National Fascist Party" was renamed after being named after the organization "fascio", so people usually translate "fascio" into "fascism".
But when Mussolini first advocated the fascist movement, he used Italian "Fascio" instead of Latin "Fasces". This word means "association" or "alliance" and "gang" in Italian. The Italian Encyclopedia Ute published by 1970 interprets "Fascio" as "some forces with roughly the same nature unite to achieve a common goal from the perspective of ideology and discipline" [i]. In fact, at the end of last century, the emerging Italian working class was influenced by the new socialist ideological trend and organized in succession. Some places are named after "fascism", while others are named after "workers fascism" [ii]. Among them, the most influential is the Sicilian "laborer" jointly established by sulfur miners, factory workers and farmers in Sicily from 65438 to 0890. After the organization was founded, it put forward a revolutionary program that reflected the demands of workers and peasants, such as abolishing exorbitant taxes, improving working conditions, and opposing capitalists' occupation of cultivated land. It is very attractive to workers, peasants and other petty bourgeoisie elements, so it has developed rapidly and has more than 300 thousand members. Although the "worker fascism" in Sicily was forced to disband in 1892 because of the cruel suppression of the government, it had a far-reaching influence throughout Italy. Since then, "fascism" has become synonymous with revolution. 19 14 After the outbreak of World War I in the autumn, various political forces in Italy launched a fierce struggle around the issue of participation in the war and neutrality. 10 year 10 5, 10 people, including the Milan trade union * * * Dezio Bach, the unionist * * * Michel bianchi and the reactionary national assembly member Cesar Rossi, established the first fascist organization calling itself "socialism" in Milan [3]. 1 91565438+1October1,Mussolini renamed it "revolutionary intervention in fascism". Mussolini has just left the Socialist Party. His thoughts and activities are still in the stage of socialism and republicanism, and he still calls himself the "Left" faction of the Socialist Party. So it is easy for him to imitate the fascist practices of Sicilian laborers. However, with Mussolini's enlistment in August of 19 15, the revolutionary intervention in fascism existed in name only. After the end of World War I, Mussolini gathered a group of veterans and other petty bourgeois elements and set up a new organization in Milan on March 23rd, 19 19, still named after "fascism" and called "Fighting against Italian fascism". It should be said that at this time, he still wanted to win over the workers and peasants in the name of the "fascist" revolution and regain the support of the Socialist Party party member. [iv] The original political statements and declarations of the Italian fascists who fought can prove this. However, in October,191965438+10, Mussolini "gave up the tone of socialism" and began to combine with the landlord bourgeoisie, and set up fascist armed action teams in urban and rural areas to engage in violent terrorist activities, which became a tool for the ruling class to suppress the revolutionary movement of workers and peasants. "Fascism! Later, with the support and connivance of the landlord bourgeoisie, fighting fascism developed very rapidly, and by the spring of 19 12, it had developed into a political force that could influence the situation in Italy. Mussolini officially declared fascism and communism as enemies in the Italian parliament. [V] Later, he began his dream of restoring the hegemony of the ancient Roman empire, and traced the origin of the word "fascism" back to the ancient Roman times. As mentioned earlier, in ancient Rome, "fascism" was a special symbol, and its shape was a bundle of round sticks with the same thickness and length, with an axe in the middle and a red rope tied tightly. Mussolini believes that the symbol of "the bundle of sticks" can not only instill the militant spirit of the ancient Roman empire into fascists, but also show that fascism is a vital whole. It emphasizes "consistency" and "discipline", and anyone who is inconsistent or violates discipline will be beheaded immediately. Mussolini's purpose is to strengthen his power and position in the fascist movement by taking advantage of the extensive nationalist trend of thought and strong nostalgia for ancient Rome that appeared in Italy after the First World War, and to seek historical and theoretical basis for his future aggressive policy and anti-democratic dictatorship in Italy. 1921165438+17 October, Mussolini held the third national congress of Italian fascism in Rome, which was officially renamed as the "National Fascist Party", and the "group of nations" was named party emblem [vi], and Mussolini himself was elected as the "leader". "Leader" became synonymous with Mussolini. This not only laid the foundation for Mussolini's dictatorship in Italy after the establishment of the fascist regime, but also made him one of the chief culprits in the Second World War. "Fascism" has become synonymous with the notorious dictatorship of "very reactionary, extreme chauvinism and the most aggressive".