On July 2, 2065438, Beijing suffered the heaviest rainfall since June, 2065438, and the meteorological department issued an orange rainstorm warning. The average precipitation of this heavy rainfall reached 170.
On July 2, 2065438, Beijing suffered the heaviest rainfall since June, 2065438, and the meteorological department issued an orange rainstorm warning. The average precipitation of this heavy rainfall is170mm, and the average rainfall in urban area is 215mm, which is the largest rainfall process since the founding of New China. Rainstorms and floods have affected Fangshan, Tongzhou, Shijingshan and other districts (counties) 1 1 etc.124,000 people, and 43,000 people have been resettled. The affected population in the city is 6.5438+0.9 million, including 800,000 in Fangshan District.
The "July 21"catastrophic natural disaster in Beijing has caused 79 deaths, 163 immovable cultural relics have been damaged to varying degrees, and the economic loss is about 1 164 billion yuan.
Since 2 1 century, the earth has entered a troubled period. Active crustal movement, worsening greenhouse effect and increasingly complex international environment make the world face more severe disasters and disasters. In 20 1 1 year, the trauma of major disasters has not healed, and 20 12 years of frequent disasters have entered human life. In 20 12 years, disasters of different degrees occurred every month in the world, mainly natural disasters, concentrated in North America, Europe and Asia.
Countermeasures of developed countries to deal with extreme climate
A complete system of laws and regulations
Western developed countries have complete legislation to deal with sudden major natural disasters. For example, 1950, the United States enacted the Disaster Relief Law to regulate major disaster relief in emergencies, and made major amendments in 1970; 1967, the United States will pass "Act 9 1 1", stipulating that only one emergency secret service number will be used nationwide; 1977 passed the earthquake prevention and disaster reduction law, which standardized the emergency rescue countermeasures and methods in the case of major earthquake emergencies. Japan enacted the Disaster Relief Law in 1947, which stipulates that governments at all levels should make rescue plans for sudden disasters, establish rescue organizations, and make good preparations for manpower, material resources, equipment and funds to deal with crises. 196 1 formulated the basic law on disaster countermeasures, which standardized disaster prevention organizations, disaster prevention plans, management methods, technologies, plans and basic countermeasures to deal with disaster crises, and subsequently promulgated the detailed rules for the implementation of the basic law on disaster countermeasures. 1978, Japan promulgated the Law on Special Measures for Earthquake Countermeasures, the Detailed Rules for Implementation and the Outline for Promoting Earthquake Disaster Countermeasures in Big Cities, which stipulated the emergency system in the legislation of special natural disaster relief.
? A complete early warning and self-help system
In some developed countries, primary schools have set up special courses to educate children how to deal with various disasters such as heavy snow and heavy rain. Make people know how to save themselves and help each other when dealing with bad weather, rather than being in a passive state of simply waiting for rescue. Take the snowstorm in the northeastern United States in 2005 as an example. Although10.5 million households were cut off by the snowstorm, people have made preparations and stored cold-proof materials at home, so it has not had a great impact on people's lives. At the same time, due to the early release of snow disaster forecast, public transportation and sanitation departments in several cities took urgent action in advance. For example, the New Jersey Department of Transportation has prepared 600 snow sweepers, ready to rent another 1 100, and also prepared150,000-ton snow sweepers.
Sound emergency handling system
Disaster emergency management is a special kind of management, involving management, public safety, operational research, management information system, computer statistics, project management and other basic disciplines and application fields. For example, the United States set up the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) in 1979 to deal with huge disasters such as earthquakes, floods and hurricanes. This institution was established according to the Federal Earthquake Disaster Reduction Act passed in 1977. Japan has established a "Disaster Prevention Province", and the central government has a minister in charge of disaster prevention, and has established a disaster prevention information system and emergency system from the central to the local level. The Prime Minister is the supreme commander of crisis management. The Chief Cabinet Secretary is responsible for the coordination and liaison between various departments, and formulates crisis countermeasures through decision-making bodies such as security meetings, cabinet meetings and central disaster prevention meetings, which are implemented by the police department, the defense department, the coast guard department and the fire department. Article 15 of the Cabinet Law stipulates that there must be a "crisis management supervisor" in the Cabinet Office, who is responsible for handling relevant emergency affairs when people's lives, bodies and property are seriously injured or endangered. In addition, the Cabinet will also publish its own disaster prevention information on the Internet for national inquiry.
Close vertical and horizontal cooperation mechanism
The emergency and disaster prevention mechanism in Britain is jointly established by the central and local governments. British government departments have formulated different early warning and disaster prevention systems according to their respective responsibilities. In the event of a disaster, the British government will mobilize all emergency mechanisms to provide first aid and support from land, rivers and air. The British Met Office regards the National Severe Weather Warning Service as a key service for citizens and government agencies. In the event of severe weather such as strong winds, heavy rains, blizzards, dense fog and widespread frost, the British Meteorological Office will start an early warning mechanism. After the early warning is issued, the system will provide extreme weather information to the UK 13 area through the Internet, radio and TV stations in a short time. In areas with frequent wind disasters, railway, expressway and subway management departments should try their best to reduce the planting of trees on both sides of roads, so as to prevent trees from being blown down and blocking traffic when bad weather comes. In the winter of 2007, floods occurred in Wales, and a complete disaster prevention system helped the government control the disaster in a short time without causing casualties.
Linkage prevention mechanism of sudden disasters
The disaster prevention mechanism in Germany consists of several institutions with different tasks. In the event of epidemic and natural disasters such as floods, fires and avalanches, they should perform their duties and cooperate with each other to minimize the losses caused by disasters and their impact on society.
Germany also attaches importance to environmental management and ecological protection. Although there is no separate Flood Control Law, specific laws and regulations have been established in the planning, construction and management of flood control projects, flood warning, flood fighting and disaster relief, and the relevant executive departments have been designated. Emergency rescue and disaster relief work is the responsibility of the German Ministry of the Interior. The whole disaster relief work is under the unified command of the state minister of the interior. If the flood involves multiple states, the interior ministers of these states will coordinate with each other. The funds needed for disaster relief are mainly borne by insurance companies, the Red Cross, churches and charities, and the share of the federal government is quite limited. ?
Attach great importance to scientific and technological innovation and application, resist disasters and reduce losses.
Switzerland is a world-famous ski resort and a place where avalanches frequently occur. Predicting and preventing avalanches is one of the most important tasks every winter. In order to prevent avalanches, many resorts and ski resorts in Switzerland have set up protective nets to monitor snow trails and turn on alarm systems. In order to reduce the hazards caused by avalanches, several remote automatic observation stations have been established in the Alps, which are equipped with instruments for measuring wind speed, snow thickness and temperature. After the digital transmission collected by the Observatory arrived in Voss, the research institution immediately analyzed it and issued an avalanche warning report to the public twice a day.
A Swiss sports company has introduced an airbag ski suit called "life bag" to skiers, which is said to help them save their lives in an avalanche. The use of "life-saving kit" is similar to life jacket. In an emergency, the user pulls down the drawstring of the automatic inflation device, and the airbag begins to inflate, thus providing head protection for the user and ensuring that the user will not fall when falling with the collapsed snow, and his head will always be upward. This can prevent the user from being knocked unconscious by a violent head impact. According to statistics, about 20% avalanche victims died of coma. This kind of airbag ski suit weighs 3 kilograms, and its inflated state looks like an air pillow for passengers on an airplane, but it is larger. Once buried under the snow, about 150 liters of air stored in the airbag can be used as oxygen supply, prolonging the life of users.
Enlightenment of China's Response to Extreme Climate
Gradually improve the system of laws and regulations
In view of the extremely disastrous climate, China should formulate and improve a set of laws and regulations, so that there are laws to follow, law enforcement must be strict, production and life safety should be strengthened, and it is strictly forbidden to raise prices for profiteering and prevent chaos. At the same time, improve scientific and technological means to fight against extremely disastrous climate.
Establish and improve the early warning system
In the context of global warming, extreme weather and climate events are prone to occur frequently. Catastrophic weather such as snowstorm, drought and flood may befall us in the future. If there is no perfect emergency plan, emergency mechanism and material preparation, it will be impossible to effectively adjust the production and life of units and individuals and provide corresponding assistance and services in disastrous weather, which will inevitably bring various new social problems. For a city or a region, all emergencies should not be accidents. In the face of various events, we should be able to respond confidently. This calmness not only stems from the perfection of various emergency plans, but also lies in the fact that emergency plans are embodied in actions. Only by establishing a complete emergency management mechanism can the city remain calm. The maturity of emergency plan is the most basic symbol of the maturity of government emergency mechanism. In the face of sudden disasters, it is necessary to improve the government's ability to quickly respond to emergencies and resist risks, provide quick emergency rescue services for the public, and form an effective social assistance mechanism.
Strengthen technological innovation
In view of the frequent occurrence of extreme weather events, it is necessary to strengthen technological innovation to deal with extreme disastrous climate, increase publicity of scientific and technological disaster relief through various media and networks, popularize scientific and technological disaster relief technologies, and strive to reduce disaster losses and ensure production; Organize experts to further refine the key scientific and technological projects, and increase the research efforts in such aspects as monitoring and forecasting of disastrous weather, prevention and control of geological disasters, major lifeline anti-disaster projects such as ensuring production and living infrastructure, emergency response to major natural disasters, and disaster risk assessment. In the middle and low latitudes, and integrate advanced and mature technology. National science and technology plans should give priority to support, and local science and technology authorities at all levels should also give priority to support disaster prevention and mitigation when arranging local science and technology projects, so as to provide effective technical support for improving their ability to cope with major natural disasters.
Attach great importance to the prevention of secondary disasters
After a major disaster, people tend to relax their vigilance and be careless. On the contrary, we should attach great importance to eliminating the secondary disasters caused by disasters, such as landslides, geological disasters, house collapse, and the treatment of frozen animals and plants, and take necessary countermeasures to restore the losses caused by disasters as soon as possible through scientific post-disaster reconstruction.
Accurate prediction ability
As the saying goes, the weather is unpredictable. The weather is changeable, and the word "forecast" in the weather forecast determines that it is impossible to be 100% accurate, which is an objective fact. As far as the snowstorm is concerned, it is reported that from the meteorological point of view, last summer and autumn predicted that the winter of 2007 would be cold because of La Nina phenomenon. In recent years, La Nina phenomenon has occurred more and more frequently, which is caused by global warming, which has been unanimously recognized. However, it may be difficult to make an accurate forecast of what form the low temperature caused by La Niñ a phenomenon appears and how it causes weather changes. Therefore, in order to improve the accuracy of weather forecast and enhance the monitoring ability, especially for the observation of icing conditions, meteorological departments need to refer to the numerical forecast results of Europe, Japan and the United States in addition to the existing numerical forecast model results in China to improve the resolution of numerical forecast products. With accurate weather forecast, the party and the government have the decision-making basis for winning comprehensive victory in disaster prevention and relief.
Improve people's comprehensive quality
Government departments should strengthen public education, especially in disaster prevention and self-help and national disaster relief. In the face of extremely disastrous climate, we should unite as one and actively respond to the call of the government to ensure the smooth progress of disaster prevention and relief work. In view of this snowstorm, it is necessary to further strengthen the education of cadres at all levels, so that they can have a new understanding of the extreme climate change in the future, so as to resolutely implement various national policies and decrees on environmental issues and energy conservation and emission reduction.
Promote the construction of disaster insurance guarantee mechanism and system
In 20 12, there were 1. 1 10,000 people died in the world due to natural disasters, and the economic losses caused by various natural and man-made disasters have reached14 billion US dollars. Among them, the loss of $65 billion will be made up by insurance companies and reinsurance companies, and the role of insurance guarantee mechanism in preventing and dispersing disaster risks and providing compensation for post-disaster losses will be gradually enlarged.
How to make the risk dispersion and economic compensation function of insurance give full play to its unique advantages and important role in the global disaster prevention and mitigation system is the responsibility and historical mission of global insurers. It is of positive significance to track the occurrence of global disaster events and the development of disaster risk management every year and summarize the experiences and lessons of disaster prevention and reduction in various countries to promote the innovative development of disaster insurance guarantee mechanism and system construction.
We should learn lessons from disasters and get enlightenment, further strengthen the comprehensive monitoring capacity building of meteorological disasters, strengthen the research on early warning and impact assessment technology of extreme meteorological disasters under the background of global climate change, strengthen the research, application and popularization of science and technology to deal with extreme meteorological disasters, improve the public's self-help and mutual rescue ability, continuously improve and perfect the national infrastructure, ethics and legal system, and improve the coping ability.