What discoveries and inventions were made from 1840 to 2011?
In 1840, the French invented metal hoses, which provided suitable packaging for some daily necessities, which led to the reform of some commodity forms. Photography was invented in 1839, and exposure shortening was invented in 1840, marking a breakthrough in photography. The saxophone was invented in 1840 by Belgian Antoine-Joseph Sax (1814-1894). In 1841, the French invented a chain stitch sewing machine with a hooked needle. In 1841, optician Vogeland invented the first camera with an all-metal body. In 1841, German physicist Weber invented a two-wire ammeter with absolute electromagnetic units that could measure both geomagnetic intensity and current intensity. In 1842, Adricn Pnilippe made the first watch with a winding handle, which was promoted by 1860. In 1842, American Goode invented the hard rubber tire, which was solid and caused severe bumps during driving. Fax technology has been around since the 1840s, thirty years before the invention of the telephone. It was invented in 1843 by a British inventor named Alexander Bain. Sir Ray Kelly, who invented the glider, was also the inventor of the helicopter. He built a helicopter model in 1843. In 1843, German scientists invented the silver-coated glass mirror. In 1843, Goodyear and Hancock invented the revolutionary rubber vulcanization method. They heated raw rubber with sulfur. This process could turn rubber into a strong and elastic material. In 1843, French tobacco dealers began to produce Spanish-style cigarettes, which were officially named "cigarettes" in French, from which the English word cigarette came. In 1844, William Feiburn invented the Lancashire boiler. In 1844, William Hall of England invented a spin stabilizer and used it to improve the Congreve rocket.
In 1845, the German von Martens invented the world's first rotating machine that could pan 150°.
In 1849, David Brewster invented the stereo camera and the two-lens stereoscope.
In 1861, physicist Maxwell invented the world's first color photograph.
In 1866, the German Siemens made a generator.
In the 1870s, practical generators became available.
In 1876, Bell, a Scotsman who settled in Boston, USA, successfully tried to make a telephone call. Edison and others made important improvements based on Bell's invention, making telephone communication very popular in many countries around the world.
In 1877, the first telephone exchange was built in the United States.
In 1877, the first telephone exchange was built in the United States.
In 1882, the Frenchman Depreux discovered a method of transmitting electricity over long distances, and the American scientist Edison built the first thermal power station in the United States and connected the transmission lines into a network. Electricity is an excellent and cheap new energy source. Its wide application has promoted the rapid development of a series of emerging industries such as the power industry and electrical appliance manufacturing industry. Human history has entered the "electrical age" from the "steam age". In 1886, the British mechanical engineer Staley designed a new bicycle style from the perspective of mechanics and kinematics. He installed a front fork and a brake. The front and rear wheels were the same size to maintain balance, and he made a diamond-shaped bicycle with steel pipes. The frame also used rubber wheels for the first time. Staley not only improved the structure of bicycles, but also modified many machine tools for the production of bicycle parts, opening up a broad path for the mass production and popularization of bicycles. Therefore, he is called the "Father of Bicycles" by future generations. The bicycle models he designed are basically the same as today's bicycles.
In 1888, Dunlop, an Irish veterinarian, was inspired by treating gastric bloating in cattle. He glued the rubber tube used for watering his garden into a round shape and inflated it enough to mount it on his bicycle. This was The beginning of pneumatic tires. Pneumatic tires are an epoch-making initiative in the history of bicycle development. They not only fundamentally change the riding performance of bicycles, but also improve the use functions of bicycles. From 1791 to 1888, the invention and improvement of the bicycle, the ancestor of the motorcycle, went through the unremitting efforts of these inventors for nearly 100 years. We cannot help but be moved by human inventions and creations.
In 1888, German scientist Hertz discovered electromagnetic waves. Using this electromagnetic wave, Italian Marconi made radio communication equipment.
In 1899, Marconi successfully sent a message between Britain and France;
In 1901, he successfully sent a message across the Atlantic. The development of modern telecommunications has provided convenience for the rapid transmission of information. Since then, economic, political and cultural ties around the world have been further strengthened.
In the mid-1880s, German inventors Daimler and Karl Benz proposed the design of a light internal combustion engine that ran on gasoline as fuel. In the 1990s, German engineer Diesel designed a more efficient internal combustion engine, also known as a diesel engine, because it could use diesel as fuel. The invention of the internal combustion engine, on the one hand, solved the engine problem of transportation and caused revolutionary changes in the field of transportation. In the late 19th century, a new form of transportation - the automobile - appeared.
In the 1980s, German Karl Benz successfully built the first car powered by a gasoline internal combustion engine.
In 1896, American Henry Ford built his first four-wheeled car. At the same time, many countries began to establish automobile industries.
In 1901, the transatlantic message was successfully sent. The development of modern telecommunications has provided convenience for the rapid transmission of information. Since then, economic, political and cultural ties around the world have been further strengthened.
In 1903, the aircraft manufactured by the Americans, the Wright Brothers, successfully made a test flight, realizing mankind's dream of flying into the sky and heralding the arrival of a new era of transportation.
Plastics in 1907. After learning about the invention of plastics, the happiest person in the world was the elephant. For hundreds of years, ivory has been the standard ingredient in everything from knife handles to billiard balls. In the 1880s, the dwindling supply of ivory and the rise of billiards triggered a crisis. Phelan & Cowland, the largest billiard ball manufacturer in the United States, eagerly offered a gold reward worth $10,000—a considerable reward—to any “inventive genius” who could provide a synthetic substitute for ivory. .
It wasn’t until 1907 that Leo Baekeland, a Belgian inventor who had made huge profits for inventing photographic paper for taking fast-moving photos, accidentally invented phenol and formaldehyde. compound. This first pure synthetic plastic - phenolic plastic, has the functions of heat protection, electricity protection and corrosion protection. It doesn't just benefit the game of pool. One of the great things about plastic is its versatility. It's used in everything from telephones to toilets, ashtrays to airplane parts. By 1968, young graduates looking for a job in a promising and successful industry had to listen to one word - plastic.
Penicillin was introduced in 1928. People say that penicillin is the most influential drug of this century. Its inventor was the British bacteriologist Alexander Fleming. In 1928, during a bacterial culture experiment, the inventor accidentally discovered that a mold later known as penicillin was devouring the bacteria he was growing in a petri dish. Based on the results of Fleming's research, after ten years of hard work, researchers at the University of Oxford in the UK finally found a way to extract this mold and put it into medical treatment trials. In 1943, in order to treat soldiers injured in World War II, the Allied forces began to put penicillin into industrial production. For more than half a century, penicillin saved countless lives and prompted people to pay attention to the research and development of the antibiotic family.
Television in 1923. The inventor of television was British electronic engineer John Baird. In 1923, he applied for a patent for his invention of a device that could produce 8-line images. The first television set was sold at the end of 1930. In 1932, the British Broadcasting Corporation broadcast the world's first regulated television program. Since then, mankind has entered the television era. Today, people use satellites and other means to spread television signals to every corner of the earth.
1942 Nuclear weapons, the atomic age began in 1942. In order to defeat the Axis fascists, the highest authorities in the United States decided to launch the "Manhattan Project" aimed at developing atomic weapons. By the end of the year, as part of the Manhattan Project, the first nuclear reactor was built and started operating beneath an athletic facility at the University of Chicago. On July 16, 1945, a mushroom cloud soared from the Los Alamos Atomic Energy Research Center in New Mexico, USA, and the world's first atomic bomb exploded successfully. On August 6 and 9 of that year, the United States dropped two atomic bombs named "Fat Man" and "Little Boy" on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. The Emperor of Japan subsequently announced an unconditional surrender. The atomic bomb seemed to have contributed greatly to the victory of World War II, but mankind has been living in the shadow of terrible atomic weapons ever since.
Computer in 1943. Computer is the foundation for human society to enter the information age, but it was born because of war. In 1943, in order to decipher the German code, the British mathematician Alan Turing designed the first electromechanical computer called "Giant". Although this was only a hypothetical computer for decoding, it pioneered computer technology. The first of its kind, computer technology has developed rapidly since then. In 1947, the transistor computer was born; in 1959, the integrated circuit computer was born; in 1970, the large-scale integrated circuit computer was produced; starting in the 1980s, a new generation of microcomputers emerged. On this basis, mankind has ushered in a new era of the Internet.
1953DNA, on February 28, 1953, the famous British geneticist Francis Crick announced that he had "discovered the secret of life." Crick and his American colleague James Watson have been devoted to the research of life sciences for many years. They finally discovered the double helix molecular structure of DNA that determines the inheritance of life from the cell nucleus and deciphered the genetic code of humans, plants and animals. . This discovery initially revealed the secrets of life, promoted research and treatment of various diseases, and also promoted human research on improving food structure. In the first 20 years of the next century, it will be possible to use gene therapy to eliminate genetic defects and conquer cancer, heart disease, hemophilia, diabetes and other fatal disorders.
The results of human research on the molecular structure of DNA are undoubtedly of great significance to human research on life and treatment of diseases, but they also make people face the moral crisis caused by it. For example, the development of cloning technology has created a problem for human beings. problem.
1954, Contraceptive Pills: In 1954, American physician Gregory Pincus invented the birth control pill, which is a mixture of two hormones that inhibit female ovulation. The reason why the contraceptive pill is listed as one of the greatest scientific achievements of the twentieth century is that it liberates women from passive reproduction. From then on, women can independently control their fertility and decide whether to have children according to their own wishes. According to Your own situation determines when to get pregnant. More importantly, it breaks the shackles that restrict women's sexual freedom, empowers them to go out of the family and participate in social work, and ultimately expands women's influence in social politics, economy, culture and other aspects.
1957 Artificial Satellite. On October 4, 1957, in order to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the victory of the October Revolution, the Soviet Union launched the first artificial earth satellite in human history, marking the beginning of the space era. On April 2, 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Gagarin entered space in a spacecraft and became the first person to enter space. On July 20, 1969, two American astronauts landed on the moon in a spacecraft. Satellites can transmit television and radio program signals, and can also provide services for aviation, maritime navigation, weather forecasting, scientific and technological information, etc., thereby greatly "shrinking" the earth. In order to further explore the mysteries of the universe, humans have placed many probes on the main planets of the solar system, and a grand plan to establish an international space station is also brewing.
1967 Organ Transplantation, in 1967, South African surgeon Christian. Barnard performed the first successful heart transplant. Since then, as medicines and medical equipment have become more and more advanced, medical scientists have gradually solved problems such as infection of transplanted organs, and successfully performed transplants of limbs, livers, skin, retinas and even testicles. The medical community believes that the next frontier of organ transplantation is brain cell transplantation to cure medically intractable diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. In the next century, medical scientists will work hard to overcome the problem of xenogeneic organ transplantation and transplant organs from other animals into humans.
1978 Test-tube baby: British girl Louise. Brown, the world's first test-tube baby, is now 21 years old. That year, her mother's egg and her father's sperm successfully mated in a test tube and gave birth to her. Since then, in vitro pregnancy technology has continued to develop and improve. In 1984, the embryo freezing technology was successfully tested; in 1990, the embryo transfer technology was successfully tested. The success of in vitro fertilization has given great hope to infertile couples, but it has also caused people to worry about a moral issue. For example, a woman in her 50s or even 60s should give birth to a child through in vitro pregnancy technology. , it is possible that the old man will die when the child is still underage, then who will raise the orphan.
Twenty-first century inventions include:
Prosthetic Glove: A "prosthetic glove" is a device implanted with special actuators and sensors that mimic the biomechanics of the human hand. The Robotic Hand Research Laboratory designed the "Prosthetic Glove" to create a "coat" with artificial muscles. This "coat" helps the body move again. Scientists, programmers, and inventors around the world are developing innovative technologies that replicate, replace, or assist the human body.
Bionic heart: orthotopic transplant artificial heart CATO is a device that can fully imitate the human heart. It consists of a blood chamber, a valve, and a special actuator that can suck blood into the pulmonary artery and aorta. The biggest challenge facing scientists is transplanting an artificial heart device, including a power source, into the limited space where the heart normally sits. The scientist once conducted experiments on cows and achieved great success, which also created favorable conditions for him to successfully apply for a patent for orthotopic transplantation of artificial hearts.
Neurotransformation: An Australian programmer develops a system. According to this system, people suffering from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis will no longer be limited by their own disabilities and can communicate with others through neural signal prompts. Another scientist has developed a new type of human-computer interface: a person can use skin surface electrodes to receive nerve signals, and then after artificial intelligence analysis, they can achieve the purpose of communication. After the two scientists collaborated, the system was dubbed neurotransformation technology.
Ears see the world: Dr. Leslie Kay designed a sonar device that emits ultrasonic waves and detects reflections from other objects and obstacles. The data is then converted into a sequence of audible sounds that correspond in frequency to sounds emitted by distant objects. With a little training, the human brain seems to be able to subconsciously translate these sounds into spatial imagery.
This technology won the 1998 World Communications Innovation Award. Now blind people around the world will use this technology to confidently walk in unfamiliar areas.
Artificial muscles: Work on artificial muscles began in the 1940s, but has only made significant progress in the last decade, as research centers around the world have developed special polymers bodies and smart materials. In the future, humanity is likely to see the world's strongest man take on the most powerful bionic arm.