154 The Book of Songs, Qifeng, July

(The following content comes from Baidu Encyclopedia)

Special defender Chaoyang Shanren

July is a poem in The Book of Songs, the first collection of poems in ancient China. This poem reflects the agricultural production and farmers' daily life in the early Zhou Dynasty. It not only has important historical value, but also is an excellent narrative poem and lyric poem. Poetry * * * eight chapters. The first chapter begins with a cold year and spring ploughing. The second chapter is about women's sericulture; The third chapter describes the production of cloth and silk materials; The fourth chapter writes about hunting wild animals; The fifth chapter writes that a year is coming, and I want to clean up my house for the winter; The sixth chapter writes that collecting and storing fruits and vegetables and making wine are all for the public, and collecting and storing food for oneself is melon, fruit, pitted bitter vegetables and the like; The seventh chapter writes that after the harvest is completed, it will do house repair or indoor work for the public, and then repair its own hut; At the end of the chapter, I wrote about the labor of cutting ice and the annual year-end swallow drinking. The whole poem uses the technique of "fu" and takes the word "bitterness" as the center. According to the sequence of seasons, from the beginning of the year to the end of the year, from farming and sericulture to hunting and cutting ice, it embodies the multi-level working face and high-intensity labor all year round. The language is unpretentious and written entirely in a narrative way. The tone is sad, as if crying, singing a heavy history.

Name of the work: Qi Feng Julie

Alias: July

Creation year: Western Zhou Dynasty

Source: The Book of Songs

Literary genre: ancient miscellaneous poems

July filariasis 2, September clothing 3. The first day is 4, and the next day is 5. No clothes and no brown. 6. Why did you die at the age of 7? On the third day, the eighth day and the fourth day, I stood on tiptoe. With my wife and son, 10, Nan Mu, Pi Jie, 1 1, Xi Zhi, Tian Jie, 12.

Fire is full in July, and clothes are delivered in September. Yang in spring is 13, and Ming Cang Geng is 14. The woman holds the basket 15, walks with him 16, and wants soft mulberry 17. Spring is 18, and Qi Qi is 19. A woman's heart is sad, which is similar to her son's return to 20.

Fire is full in July and reeds are full in August. Silkworm and moon peel mulberry 22, take axe fork 23 to chop mandarin duck 24, and take mother mulberry 25. Singing 26 in July and recording results in August. Xuan zai Huang is twenty-seven, I am twenty-eight, and I am a son.

April 29th, May 30th. Harvest in August,1October 3 1. On the first day, at the age of 32, I took a fox as my son's fur. The next day, like 33, he recited 34 martial arts, 35 private words and 36 public sacrifices.

In May, I moved 37 stocks, in June, I was in the wild, in August, in the house, in September, 10, and crickets came under my bed. The dome suffocated 39 mice and stuffed them into 40 families. Well, my wife said that she changed her age to 4 1 and entered this room.

June is depressed and bitter, July 42, July 43, August 44, and October rice. For this reason, spring wine 45, eyebrow 46. I ate melons in July, broke the pot in August, 1947, uncle in September, 1948, picked tea in 1949, and ate my farmers.

50 fields will be built in September,1October 5 1 crop. Xiaomi and Xiaomi are 52 and Hema is 53. Well, I am a farmer, and my crops are the same, so I went to the palace for 54 years. The day is in the grass and the night is in the rope. I am eager to win the house 56, and it began to broadcast Baijia Valley.

On the second day, the ice rushed to 57, and on the third day, it was accepted at Lingyin 58. On the fourth day, 59 fleas and 60 lambs were sacrificed to leeks. September frost 6 1, October washing field 62. Friends drink 63, saying kill the lamb. The imperial court is sixty-four, which is called sixty-five and sixty-six. [ 1]

Prayer (bρn) style: One of the fifteen national styles in The Book of Songs, with seven articles. Tapir, an ancient city name, is located in Xunyi and Bin County of Shaanxi Province.

July filariasis: fire, or fire, the name of the star, that is, the heart. Flow, flow. Every summer in May, at dusk, this star is due south, which is the highest position in the middle. After June, it will fall to the west, which is called "flow"

Clothing: Leave the work of cutting winter clothes to female workers. Things like silk and hemp will end in September, and winter clothes will be made at this time.

The first day: the day of the first month after October. For calendars. Calendars. √ (b √): the sound of strong wind hitting an object.

Li Lie: Or "cold" to describe cold air.

Brown: coarse cloth.

Age of death: final age.

Yu Ji: Repairing Lei Ji (tools for plowing and digging soil). In, or "for".

Tiptoe: Raise your feet and plow. Toes, feet

Wife: wife and children.

Yè: Feed. Mu: refers to the field. The land was plowed into several ridges, with acres above and furrows below. The east-west direction of the ridge is called "East Mu" and the north-south direction is called "South Mu".

Tian Tuan (jùn): agricultural official name, also known as agricultural administration or Tian Dafu.

Spring: refers to February. Load: Start. Yang: Warm.

Cang Geng: the bird name is oriole.

Yi (y): deep.

Crawl: path, path.

Yuán: The word is still "Yue". Sang Rou: Newly born mulberry leaves.

Delay: the eternal meaning.

Fán: Compositae, namely Artemisia scoparia. The ancients used this as a sacrifice, and women had a "sacrifice" before marriage. As soon as silkworm eggs are called "Wo Wo", silkworms are easy to come out, and silkworm farmers need it. The law is not detailed. Qiqi: numerous (refers to the gathering of gnats).

Just like my son: I am afraid of being forced to take it home by my son. I was afraid of being brought to him by a microscope when I said it. Childe, refers to the son of the monarch.

Hoon Reed: Reed. Weeds grow in August and can be harvested to make foil.

Silkworm month: refers to March in the summer calendar. Mulberry: Prune mulberry.

Qiāng: an axe with a square hole.

Profound: refers to the branches growing too long and too high.

Yi (yǐ): Say "Yi" when you are literary and elegant. "Mulberry" means pulling mulberry branches by hand to pick leaves. The Yuefu poem "The Degree of Mulberry Picking" in the Southern Dynasties said: "How to pick leaves when picking spring mulberries?" It seems that you tied the mulberry with a rope first and then pulled it with a rope. Female mulberry: Xiao mulberry.

Tuna (jú): The name of the bird, namely Shrike.

Xuan: Black and red. Xuan Huang refers to silk fabrics and linen fabrics.

Zhu: Red. Yang: Bright.

Xiunan (yāo): Strong long-term ambition. Na 'an, the name of this plant, is now polygala tenuifolia.

Dior: Cicada.

Tuò: fallen leaves.

Yu Shi: Ghost Festival is strictly held. Jian Zheng: "If you are a dog, you go to Ji Bo to take care of yourself." Hey, pass "only". The ceremony of hunters practicing martial arts is called sacrificial ceremony or sacrificial ceremony.

Tong: Get together. It is said that people get together before hunting.

Zu ǐ n: Go on. Wushu: refers to hunting in the wild.

Zòng: It is said that the little beast belongs to the hunter. Raccoons, one-year-old pigs, are used here to represent smaller animals.

Jiān: Three-year-old pig, representing big beast. The big beast is dedicated to the public.

Zhōng: Insect name, grasshopper, namely grasshopper. Moving stocks: words make sounds. It is said that the owl's voice has two tangents.

Sand chicken: the name of the insect, now the name of the weaver girl. Feather vibration: words sound like drums.

Dome smothering: It is said that it is to empty the corner full of indoor congestion, and it is convenient to smoke mice when it is empty. Dome, exhaust, clean; Speaking of the gap. Choke, jam.

Direction: North-facing window. N: daub mud. The doors of poor people's homes are made of firewood and bamboo, and the mud is not ventilated.

Yue: Hanshu is quoted as Yu. Change the year: the old year is coming to an end and the new year is coming.

Yu: Plant name, Tang Di, etc. The tree is five or six feet high, and the fruit is as red as plums. Yan (Yu): The name of the plant, the fruit is as big as longan. Speaking of wild grapes.

Shū: The general term for beans.

Peel (pū): hit.

Spring wine: Winter wine is brewed in spring and is called "spring wine". Red dates and rice are both raw materials for wine making.

Jay: Pray. Longevity of eyebrows: longevity. People have long hair between their eyebrows, which is called xiumei, so longevity is called meishou.

Pot: gourd.

Uncle: Pick it up. The seeds of autumn hemp are edible.

Salary (chū): Choosing wood is salary. Zun, Muming, Ailanthus altissima.

Field: This is the threshing floor. Nursery: It's a vegetable garden. In spring and summer, the place where the garden is made is made into a venue for autumn and winter, so the fields are connected into one word.

Na: Put it in the barn. Jia: Ancient books such as "Li" crops: the general term for grains.

Weight: that is, "planting", is the valley that is planted first and then ripened. LΦ: ω (LΦ). (1) is the first mature valley of later species.

He: This refers to a kind of grain, which is today's millet.

Gonggong: refers to the construction of palaces or indoor affairs. Merit, matter.

Tao: Beat the rope. Rope, verb, refers to making rope. Rope.

Urgent: urgent. Ride a house: build a house. Both wool and rope are needed to build a house.

Rush: The sound of cutting ice.

Ling: refers to the gathered water. Yin: refers to the place where ice cubes are stored.

Flea: Here. Speaking of "morning", it is an ancient ancestor worship ceremony.

Sacrifice leeks with lambs: Sacrifice ancestors with lambs and leeks. "The Book of Rites and the Moon Order" says that the fourth day of mid-spring is mid-spring.

Su Shuang: It's still "Su Shuang". It looks cool in late autumn.

Wash the floor: clean the floor. When it comes to "cleaning", everything is in danger.

Friend's wine: two bottles of wine.

Jie (jι): Deng. Court: or a public place, not necessarily the court of the monarch.

Weigh: lift. Middle (middle): Angle perception. Ancient wine vessels made of animal horns.

Wan: Big. Infinite: infinite. [2][3][4][5]

In July, the fire went down to the west, and in September, women sewed cold clothes. 1 1 the north wind blows hard in the month,1the cold wind blows hard in February. How can we spend the end of the year without good clothes and coarse clothes? In the first month, we began to hoe and plow, and in the second month, we went to farm. Tianguan was very happy, took his wife and children and sent the rice to the sunny land.

In July, the fire went down to the west, and in September, women sewed cold clothes. In spring, the sun is warm and the orioles sing tactfully. The girl is walking along the path with a deep bamboo basket. Reaching for tender mulberry leaves, the days of spring are getting longer and longer. People come and go to collect Artemisia annua, and the girl is too sad to marry a nobleman.

Fire will set in the west in July, and reeds will be cut in August. Trim mulberry branches in March to get an axe. Cut off the tall and long branches and climb the thin branches to pick the tender mulberry. Shrike started screaming in July and weaving hemp in August. The dyed silk is black and yellow, and my red is brighter, which is specially made for nobles.

Polygalae bears seeds in April and cicadas sing in May. The harvest in the fields is very busy in August, and the leaves on the trees fall in October. I went hunting in the mountains in November. I hunted fox skins and gave them to nobles to make fur coats. Hunters get together in1February and continue to practice their hunting skills. Beat the pig for yourself and hunt the big pig for the maharaja.

In May, grasshoppers bounce and scream, and in June, weavers flap their wings. Crickets are in the fields in July and come under the eaves in August. Crickets enter the door in September and get under my bed in October. Block the rat hole and smoke the rat, and seal the north window. Alas, poor wife and children. The end of the year, the new year is coming, I want to move into this house and settle down.

Eat plum grapes in June and cook sunflower beans in July. In August, we started to beat red dates, and in October, we went to the fields to harvest rice. Spring wine smells good, for the sake of longevity. You can eat melons in July and pick gourds in August. In September, we picked the seeds of pockmarked autumn, picked bitter vegetables and cut wood to feed the farmers.

The field will be played in September, and the crops will be put into storage in 10. Millet, millet, early rice and late rice, millet, beans and wheat are all put into storage. Sighing that the farmers are really hard, the crops have just been packed and the palace has been officially built. Cut the thatch during the day and rub the rope at night. Go to the house and fix it. We must plant hundreds of kinds of grain in spring.

/kloc-in October/February, I cut ice and moved into the freezer in the first month. In early February, leeks and lambs were offered before ancestor worship. Frost began to fall when the cold current came in September, and the threshing floor was cleaned in October. Two tanks of wine are for guests, and the lamb is slaughtered for everyone to taste. Climb the master's temple, raise a glass to the master, and shout in unison that life is endless. [5]

The theme of July in Qi Feng is considered by Preface to Shi Mao as "Chen Hou Ji is corrupt, which makes Wang Ye difficult"; Shi Mao's Biography of Chen Huan's Poems is regarded as "the Duke of Zhou was influenced by the change of his managerial talents". Cui Shu's "A Textual Research on Gao Feng" thinks: "This poem should be an old poem written by the former king, which was described by the Duke of Zhou as the ring of becoming a king, and later generations mistakenly wrote it by the Duke of Zhou." Fang Yurun's Primitive Book of Songs also said: "The only article in The Book of Songs in July is about farming, mulberry and crops. Those who are not personally involved, those who are good at it, cannot be kind and tasteful. Duke Zhou grew up on earth and ranked among the dead. Why bother? And male Liu Shiyuan, also difficult to speak. There must be a poem in ancient times. Since the beginning of the public, knowing that crops are difficult, Wang Ye began, and later people thought it was public. " "History of Han Geography" said: "In the past, Hou Ji was a shepherd, Gong Liu was a shepherd, the King of Thailand moved to Qi, the King of Wen was a shepherd, and the King of Wu ruled the axe. His people inherited the legacy of the former king. They are good at farming and working. Therefore, the poem says that agriculture, mulberry and grain are well prepared. " Accordingly, this paper is considered to be the early Western Zhou Dynasty, that is, the period when Gong Liu was exiled. At that time, the ancestor of the Zhou Dynasty was still an agricultural tribe, and its author was regarded as a member of the tribe. [3][4][5]

July in Qi Feng is the longest poem in The Book of Songs, which has a national style. This poem reflects the working life of the Zhou tribe all year round, involving all aspects of food, clothing, housing and transportation. Because its author is a member of the tribe, his style is calm and accurate, and he shows the genre painting of the society at that time from various aspects such as spring ploughing, autumn harvest, winter storage, mulberry picking, dyeing, sewing, hunting, building houses, wine making, labor and feasting.

The poem was written in July, and each painting is unfolded month by month in the order of farming activities. The weekly calendar is used in the poem. The first month of the week calendar is November of the summer calendar (now called lunar calendar), and July, August, September, October, April, May and June are the same as the summer calendar. The first, second, third and fourth days of the summer calendar are 1 1 month, 1 February,1month and February. Pi's "General Theory of Confucian Classics" says: "In this poem, all the people in the moon are in summer, and the first, second, third and fourth days are in the week. Change its name without changing it. " Dai Zhen's textual research on Mao Zheng's poems also pointed out that although Zhou was changed to Zhou Zheng (taking November of the lunar calendar as the first day of the first month), folk farming still used the summer calendar.

The first chapter summarizes the life of workers all year round in a bird's eye way, and brings readers into that miserable and difficult time at once. At the same time, it also laid the foundation for the following chapters, prompting the general outline. Zhu's Biography of Poetry says: "The first half of this chapter begins with words and clothing, and the second half begins with words and food. Chapter two to chapter five, the meaning of the previous paragraph. Chapter six to eight, the meaning of the last paragraph. " This structural arrangement is indeed quite rigorous. The so-called "the beginning of clothes" and "the beginning of food" actually refer to the two major problems of farming and weaving in agricultural society. These two items are the main thread running through the whole article. The first chapter says that in September, women "can't dress until Sang Ma is finished". 1 1 After entering the cold winter, the farmers didn't even have a coarse cloth dress. How do they spend the New Year? Therefore, they lamented "why did they die?" But as soon as spring came, they packed up their farm tools and went to the fields to farm. His wife and children went to Tiantou to deliver meals. The official's face lit up when he saw that they were working very hard. Folk poets outlined a framework with thick lines, presenting the overall style of social life at that time to readers. In the next chapter, it will be described in detail from all sides and parts.

In the second and third chapters of the poem, the mood is getting higher and the tone is getting clearer. Bright spring is shining on the fields, and warblers chirp. The women carrying baskets went to pick mulberry along the field path together. Their labor seems to be very pleasant, but there are hidden worries in their hearts: "Women are sad, just like their sons." The first chapter, "Tissot Blissful", only touches on the class relations of the society at that time with a faint stroke, and slowly unfolds here. "Childe", most commentators call it the son of the prince. Xiang Gong owns a lot of land and serfs, and his sons also enjoy the privilege of "returning to their hometown with the beautiful women in the manor". Here, readers seem to see the shadow of Mid-Autumn Festival and mulberry in Han Yuefu. Although it was a thousand years later, there are often some similarities in the laws of life. The beauty of the girls makes them worry about personal freedom; The cleverness and wisdom of the girls also make them worry that the fruits of their labor will be occupied by others: "August carries achievements, and I am Zhu Kongyang and my son." They wove colorful silks, which became their sons' clothes, just as Zhang Yu's poem "Silkworm Girl" in the Song Dynasty said: "Those who wear Luo Qi are not sericulturists."

Although the fourth and fifth chapters developed from the line of "the beginning of clothes", they also developed and changed. "Xiunan" and "Mingmi" have fun meanings, and the following focuses on hunting. The fox they killed should be "for the son"; The big pigs they laid will be donated to the government, and they can only raise small pigs for themselves. Here again describes the class relations at that time. The five chapters mainly reflect the changes of the four seasons, from crickets to people to writing that the cold is coming, with meticulous brushwork and poetic voice. "Biography of Poetry" says: "Squid, pheasant, cricket, one thing changes at any time, with different names. Move the stock, start jumping, and sing with the stock. Vibrate feathers and fly and sing with wings. " The work of reciting things is so delicate and magical. The following four sentences are written about farmers cleaning their rooms and preparing for the winter. Structurally, it also means keeping out the cold in the first chapter.

Chapters 6, 7 and 8, taking the "beginning of eating" as the main line, like a series of continuous focus planes, show the simple and peaceful life of farmers: "eating depressed plums and thorns" and "cooking" sunflower (sunflower) and glutinous rice (beans) in June and July. In July and August, they play dates and cut gourds. Harvest rice in October, brew spring wine and celebrate the birthday of the elderly. But as soon as the grain is put into storage, it is necessary to build public houses for the gentlemen, which is in stark contrast to the shabby living room written above. "Building a nursery" and "harvesting crops" are written about the final completion of one year's cultivation. As Lu said in Biography of Poems: "This chapter (Chapter 7) began in agriculture, which is called extreme sorrow."

In the last chapter, that is, the eighth chapter, the poet described the grand banquet in this village in a more pleasant style. It is generally believed that farmers who have worked so hard, are supervised by field officials and exploited by their sons, will not be eligible to "go to court" by the end of the year. In fact, society is complicated. Even in the middle of feudal society, farmers would invite each other to drink at the end of the year. For example, Qin Guan's Four Poems of Tian Ju in the Song Dynasty wrote: "The Tian family attaches great importance to the agricultural gap, and Weng Yi invites them. Sit in the wine mash and thank you three or four times. " Lu You's poem "Traveling to Shanxi Village" also said: "Don't laugh at Tianjia wine, and leave enough chickens and dolphins in good years." It is also reasonable to celebrate the village life of the Western Zhou Dynasty in the ancient society written in July.

China's ancient poetry has always been dominated by lyric poetry, with few narrative poems. This poem, however, is mainly narrative, with vivid images and rich poetry. Through the beautiful narration of the characters in the poem, it truly shows the labor scene, life picture and the faces of various characters at that time, as well as the relationship between farmers and the people, which constitutes a genre painting interwoven by men and women in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty. There are three ways to express The Book of Songs: Fu, Bi and Xing. This poem uses fu style, "using things" and "shaping things", which reflects the truth of life. Readers will feel this way if they recite any chapter carefully. This poem also embodies the appeal to both refined and popular tastes. The whole poem takes wind, elegance or praise as its narrative needs. The combination of the three forms the simple and fresh style, elegant and gorgeous features and solemn prayer features of this poem. [5][6]

Zheng Xuan of Han Dynasty: "From being in the wild in July to coming under my bed in October, they are all called crickets. If you say three sentences like this, it will gradually get cold and you will not be alone. " (Biography of Mao Shi)

Zhang Wenqian in Song Dynasty: "There are 300 poems ... which can't be written, unless they are more profound than the articles, such as" The Field in July "to" Walking under My Bed ",which will only be revealed after July until the cricket in October dialect. Can they be evil if they are more profound than the articles?" (Quoted from Shi Pin Tong Meng)

Zhu in the Song Dynasty: "Look up at the changes of frost and dew in the stars, look down at the changes of cordyceps sinensis, so as to know the weather and grant civil rights." Women's clothes are about the inside, while men's clothes are about the outside, with sincere love and loyalty. Father and son, father and son, husband and wife, help the old and bring the young, and help the weak to eat. Its sacrifice is also timely, and its face enjoys the festival. So is the meaning of this July. "("Biography of Poetry ")

Sun Xi in the Ming Dynasty: "Food and clothing are classics, the moon is latitude, and plants, birds and insects are colors, all of which are up and down, and all of them are unsatisfactory. It is a real anxiety narrative, but it is a matter of feeling, and interest is more self-sufficient. It is a great product! " (Comment on The Book of Songs)

Yao Jiheng in Qing Dynasty: "Birds are singing and insects are singing, and the grass is lush and solid, like a moon"; When a woman enters the room, Mao Mao rises to the room, which is like a customized book; Fire and cold wind, like "five elements"; Caring for and caring for young people, Tang Ji said, is like a ceremony; Celestial officials dye their posts, hunt and store ice and sacrifice to the palace, just like credentials. Among them, there are "Picking Mulberry Map", "Jiale Map", "Menu Map", "Ancient Spectrum Map" and "Wine Classic Map": all in one poem, the best in the world! "("The Book of Songs ")

Fang Yurun in Qing Dynasty: "This poem is so beautiful that everyone can say it. Wang said,' Look up at the changes of frost and dew in the sun and the moon, and look down at the changes of cordyceps sinensis to know the weather and teach the people. Women's clothes are important, men's clothes are important. Go up with sincerity and love, and go up with loyalty and interests. Father and son, father and son, husband and wife, help the old and bring the young, and help the weak to eat. Its sacrifice is also timely, and its Yan Yan is simple. "I have tried my best in a few words, and there is nothing to accumulate!" "Today, the characters that play with it are simple, scattered, elegant, classic, scattered, exquisite, sad, Shan Ye, sincere, luxurious, melodious and solemn. Beauty is achieved without preparation. After the Jin and Tang Dynasties, the poems of Tao, Xie, Wang, Meng, Wei and Liu Tianjia did not reach this level. " (Original Book of Songs)

Niu Yunzhen in Qing Dynasty: "The words' my wife and my son' are both sad and wonderful. At that time, the customs were peaceful, and I was also considering it. " (Poetry Record)

Qing Dynasty: "Playing this poem is simple and elegant, which is not the same as the poems of Cheng and Kang Shi." (New Records of Examination in Gao Feng) [1][2][3]

[1] Zhu. Biography of the Book of Songs. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House. 1987: 60-6 1

[2] Shan Li interpretation. Book of Songs. Beijing: National Library Press 20 17: 199-204

[3] Wang Xiumei translation. The Book of Songs (I): National Style. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company. 20 15: 299-307。

[4] Zhou. Book of Songs. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.2013: 209-214.

[5] Jiang Liangfu et al. Dictionary of pre-Qin poetry appreciation. Shanghai: Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House. 1998: 296-30 1.

[6] Huang Yuezhou. China's Appreciation Dictionary of Ancient Literary Masterpieces (1). Beijing: Chinese Teaching Press.2013:17-19.