Answers to Chinese reading and poetry appreciation in college entrance examination. . There must be an example ~
Simple opinion
The first type: analytical images (images are people, scenery and things described in poems)
Pay attention to images with fixed meanings in poetry;
1. Parting categories: double carp, foot element (letter from afar), moon (homesickness or reunion), swan goose (homesickness of wanderers or sadness during the journey), cicada (sadness), willow (metaphorically leaving as a souvenir or representing hometown), fragrant grass (leaving sorrow without hatred), partridge bird (.
4. Love category: lotus (with "pity" for love), red bean (love or friendship between men and women) and red leaf (sentimental object).
3. Personality category: chrysanthemum (lofty), plum blossom (not afraid of destruction, dare to be the first or keep pure and clean), pine tree (proud of frost and snow, stick to moral integrity),
4. Sorrow: phoenix tree (symbolizing sadness), crow (declining and desolate), cuckoo or Zigui (symbolizing sadness or homesickness), game-writing protocol (dying or being loyal because of grievances), and ape (sadness).
5. Other categories: Kunshan jade (talent), Zhegui (imperial examination and), Cai Wei (seclusion), Nanguan (prisoner) and Liu Ying (military camp). Dongli (elegant, completely clean)
The second type: artistic conception analysis (artistic conception = image+emotion)
A. The terminology characteristics of artistic conception (atmosphere) are:
Lonely and cold, quiet and beautiful, majestic and magnificent, bleak and desolate, quiet and quiet, magnificent and beautiful, full of vitality, magnificent and magnificent, illusory and ethereal, bleak, depressed and prosperous.
B. terms of thoughts and feelings:
Infatuation, sadness, melancholy, loneliness, sadness, loneliness, boredom, calmness, leisure, joy, admiration, anger, adherence to moral integrity, and concern for the country and the people.
The third type: analysis of thematic type (including emotion and implication)
Theme (content) of poetry
(1) praising history and cherishing ancient poems: relying on ancient monuments to satirize modern people; Or feel that the past flourished and declined, and today is not as good as before; Or eager to make achievements like the ancients. (Write about historic sites and use allusions)
⑵ Expressing poetry with things: instead of directly expressing thoughts and feelings, we use metaphors, symbols, personification and other methods to integrate our ideals and personality into one thing. There are often images of pine, bamboo and plum.
(3) frontier poems; Or rendered meritorious service to the country; Or the homesickness of the husband; Or satirize and exhort the militaristic rulers who expanded the frontier.
(4) Homesickness poems: writing the sadness of wandering wanderers; Or homesickness caused by what you see, hear and feel. There are often descriptions of the moon, willows, geese, letters and dreams.
5. Farewell poems: or express homesickness when leaving; Or express your thoughts after parting; Or express your ideals and beliefs; Or to encourage each other.
(6) Pastoral landscape poems: express dissatisfaction with secularism and reality, yearn for quiet and peaceful seclusion thoughts, or express one's feelings of being independent from the world and keeping moral integrity by writing about the leisure beauty of mountains and villages.
(7) poetry: or worrying about the country and the people; Or reflect disorder; Or eager to make contributions; Or career setbacks; Or eulogize the rivers and mountains.
Being always in my heart-sad poems: expressing my thoughts about my husband who is guarding the border, or writing about the sadness that spring (youth) is fleeting and time is no longer there, or expressing my disgust at war. We don't think we will take the exam, but it is in the textbook. We still need to know something. )
Official change and official behavior discourse;
1. Represents the person appointed to an official position: recruit, open, inspect, promote, summon, recommend, advance, weigh, supplement, make, express, act and act.
2. Table official changes:
(1) indicates appointment: grant, worship, removal and sealing;
(2) Upgrade: pull, pull, lift and move.
(3) Express transfer: transfer, migration, transfer, change, release, exit and exit;
(4) Demoted persons: move left, move far, move far, move far, move far, belittle and be arrogant.
(5) Expropriation, relocation, strike, exemption, relocation, abolition and relocation;
(6) Table recovery: recovery and return.
(7) table and contemporary: concurrency (table and concurrency); Collar (contemporary); Power, action, departure, agency (agency);
(8) Resignation: Resignation, career, long vacation, retirement and return to China.
(9) Salary-related: salary, salary, rank and reimbursement.
(10) Know (Canon, Master) to get off the bus (at the beginning) according to the situation and wash the bones for official positions.
Other words with high frequency.
(1) Personal pronoun: the first person (Yu Wuyu); The second person said (if you are a woman); The third person (and vice versa)
(2) interrogative pronouns: who is who is who is who is who is who is who?
(3) Modest words: Please be ashamed to ask questions and dare to get lucky.
(4) Rhetorical words: the collapse of Geng Yishan and the collapse of the country.
(5) Part-time words: various ambiguous words.
(Focus on the meaning of bold words commonly used in ancient times but not common today)
The first category (ancestors, dead elders) category (urging) rank (official salary, ten years is one rank) escape (runaway horse, indulgence) and prohibit (the place where the emperor lives) from (answering or talking about) such as (going, going) (collectively referred to as ancient officials) workers (craftsmen, exquisite, good at). Tolerance) prison (lawsuit, case, prison) white (accusation) and (praise) more (praise) abrupt (haste, haste, fear), especially (sin, negligence, blame) to (eat) according to (check, check, check) support (abundance, supply, support) code (.
Fold (refute, accuse the other party of submission) (blush) Sit (finish, finish) (the crime is because ...
(1) and (1) conjunctions: table juxtaposition, table progression, table inheritance, table transition, table modification, table hypothesis, table causality, table purpose ("use").
(2) Pronouns: general "er" and personal pronouns ("you, yours"). (3) Form disyllabic function words (just, once, then)
(2) He ① interrogative pronouns: "what" and "where"; "Why" and "How" 2 adverbs: "How".
(3) Almost ① auxiliary words: interrogative tone, "mom" and "you"; Tabular measure, "column"; Expressing a sigh, "ah" and "ah"; Suffix.
2 Prepositions: Yu, Zai and Cong.
(4) It is an adverb, indicating commitment, talent and age; Table turning point, "but" and "unexpected"; Table to judge, "yes". Pronouns: "you" and "yours".
(5) Its ① adverb means quantity, "probably"; Expressing doubts and not translating; Table backchat, "don't"; Table million quotient, "or"; Expect, "can" and "want". (2) Conjunction, list selection, "Yes ... or"; Table hypothesis, "if" ③ pronoun: not only used in the second person; In which the demonstrative pronoun "that"
(6) and (1) adverbs, "will", "will" and "temporarily"; Table degree, "already" and "very"; 2 conjunctions, table juxtaposition, "again"; The table is progressive, "and" and "and"; Form selection, "or"; Table hypothesis, "if"; Table concessions, "even" and "still"; The table turned, "but" and "but".
(3) auxiliary words used at the beginning of a sentence.
Once if pronoun, the second person; Demonstrative pronouns, these two conjunctions, express hypothesis; Table selection, "or", "or" ③ Disyllabic function words.
(8) Auxiliary words: ① the word formation of "suo" and "person (thing) ………"; (2) Respond to "Yes", indicating passivity; (3) Used with "Lai" to indicate the reason, "The reason is"; (4) Used with "to" to indicate means, means, methods ... (means).
⑼ is a preposition: ① indicates the object, "Xiang, dui"; Table substitution, "substitution"; Table purpose, "for, for"; Table reason, "because, because"; The table is passive, "yes". (2) interrogative mood auxiliary words.
(10) Yan ① pronouns: three-person interrogative pronouns, interrogative pronouns, where, where, how(2) modal auxiliary words: state exclamatory interrogative mood (3) and the word "Yu Zhi"; (4) As an adjective suffix (5)
(1 1) is also used at the end of a sentence to express a positive tone; ② Indicates interrogative tone; (3) Used in sentences to indicate the relief or pause of mood; (4) used at the end of the sentence, indicating the judgment tone.
(12) Take the preposition: it means to rely on, rely on, use, rely on and follow; Table reasons, "because" and "because"; Table objects, AND and AND;
Table time and place, "Yu". (2) Conjunction: similar usage of "er" (table juxtaposition, table progression, table acceptance, table purpose, table cause and effect, table modification.
(13) Because ① the preposition "by virtue"; "according to"; "Take advantage" and "just stay"; Because; "from" and "by"; Conjunction, "so" and "then, just".
(14) Preposition (1) indicates time, place, scope, object, etc. "Being", "Arriving", "Slave", "Arriving" and "Cause";
(2) Table comparison, "ratio"; (3) passive, "being".
(15) and ① prepositions, "and" and "; Prepositions, "give" and "replace"; Preposition, "compared with"; 2 conjunctions, "He" and "He";
(3) Pass "one", modal particles, expressing doubt or exclamation, (4) verbs (giving, making friends and participating).
(16) then ① adverb: indicating judgment, "yes"; (2) Conjunction: indicating inheritance, "JIU", "Bian" and "Ben"; Table hypothesis, "if" and "hypothesis";
Table juxtaposition, "just"; The table turned, "but" "but" and "yes".
(17) zhe ① auxiliary words: attached to verbs to form the word "zhe" structure, "people (things, things); (2) used in the sentence, table teton ".
③ Time-dependent words have no practical significance. (4) After counting words, it is translated as "item".
(18) ① auxiliary words: auxiliary syllables; Cancel sentence independence; Structural auxiliary word ("de"); The sign of attributive postposition, the sign of prepositional object.
Pronouns: substitute things for others; Demonstrative pronoun (this, this).
Word use problem
Answer Skills (1) Morpheme analysis: "Keep similarities and analyze differences", and analyze different morphemes into words before making differences. For example, "education" and "academic ability" are words with partial structures, in which "learning" is the part with the same meaning, so we should compare "calendar" and "ability" instead of comparing. "calendar" refers to experience, that is, at what level of school you studied, graduated or left school; "Force" refers to the degree, ability and level. (2) Context analysis: When using words, we must find the corresponding information in the context, focusing on the collocation in the use situation. (3) For words with different morphemes, we should focus on usage.
Answer knowledge to master the meaning (including original meaning, figurative meaning and extended meaning) and usage of notional words. Discrimination of synonyms should pay attention to the following aspects:
(1). Understand the meaning of words
(1) distinguishes from different meanings. For example, three synonyms of "hope", "expectation" and "desire" are more important than one; "Hobby" and "hobby" are synonyms. Hobby is a special hobby (mostly bad), which is more serious than hobby;
(2) Distinguish from the perspective of different meaning ranges. Such as "emotion" and "scene", which refers to the state of things in a period, "scene" refers to specific scenes, and "emotion" is broader than "scene"; "Event" and "accident", the scope of "event" is large, and the scope of "accident" is small;
(3) Differentiate the meaning from different emotional colors. For example, "protection" and "asylum", "protection" is positive and "asylum" is negative; ; Such as "praise" and "boast", "praise" is generally a compliment to others, with a positive color, "boast" is generally to show off oneself, often with derogatory meaning.
(4) Distinguish words from different angles. For example, "nurturing", "nurturing" and "nurturing" all refer to protection, education and support. Generally speaking, it refers to the protection and education of elders to their children and younger generations. "nurturing" refers to help, support and support, which is generally used among peers. "nurturing" refers to providing daily needs, especially the help that children give their parents in material and life.
(5) Distinguish from different angles of meaning. For example, "discrimination" and "discrimination" focus on distinguishing things, and "discrimination" focuses on verifying whether it is true or not; For example, "try to figure out, try to figure out, try to figure out" all means "concentrate and think carefully" But meditation focuses on the concentration of thinking, deep thinking focuses on the depth of thinking, and thinking focuses on repeated thinking.
(2). Distinguish and use
(1) collocation objects are different. Such as "communication" and "exchange", the former is often collocated with nouns expressing more "virtual" things, such as exchange experiences, ideas and feelings, while the latter is often collocated with nouns expressing "real" things, such as exchange places and objects.
(2) Part of speech and grammatical functions are also different, such as "birthday" and "birth", "originality" and "creation", "taste" and "taste". The former is a noun, which mainly acts as subject and object, while the latter is a verb, which mainly acts as predicate.
(3) Understanding the context
The use of words is closely related to the context. A word has its basic meaning, but in a certain context, it often has contextual meaning, that is, close-range meaning and temporary meaning.
Idiom analysis problem
Answer the experience (1) to find out the context of the idioms used and try to find out the relevant implied information in the sentences. (2) The more you understand idioms literally, the more you should pay attention to traps; (3) Idioms that are particularly unfamiliar are often correct.
Knowing the meaning of idioms (original meaning and metaphorical meaning) is the premise, and investigating the context is the basic starting point. Key point: (1) Pay attention to idioms that are easy to read. (2) Pay attention to idioms with two meanings. (3) Pay attention to whether idioms with the same morpheme are mixed. (4) Pay attention to the potential positive and negative colors of idioms. (5) Pay attention to the fixed statement object of idioms. (6) Pay attention to whether polite expressions are misused. (7) Pay attention to idioms that are only used in negative sentences. (8) Consider the grammatical features of idioms (part of speech, collocation and whether they are repetitive or contradictory to the context).
For the specific classification of idioms, please refer to the information in Test Center 5, with special emphasis on:
A. polite expressions:
Modest words (resplendent, ungrateful, unprincipled, insensitive, throwing a brick to attract jade, lining the door wall, omnipotent, the dog's tail continues to marten, humble efforts, beautiful contributions, small tricks, peaches and plums on the door wall, and everything succeeds)
Respect the part of speech (help with all your strength, don't be ashamed to ask questions, keep your word and go far).
It should also be noted that some idioms also have the meaning of humility in a specific context.
B idioms used only in negative sentences: looking back, saying the same thing on the same day, paying equal attention to it, letting nature take its course, and always taking it for granted (in addition, it is fun and can only be used as a supplement).
C. Pay attention to the grammatical usage of idioms: if the part of speech is unknown, it is wrong (all day; It took a while). The meaning and context of idioms are contradictory or repetitive (can't help laughing; Unexplained difficulties; A weak student; Dwarf; The back looks like a mountain; Be beaten black and blue; At present, it is imperative; Come in one after another; Speak with relish; Famous at home and abroad; Duty-bound responsibility; Let our people suffer; People live and work in peace; It can only make people laugh and be generous; At the beginning of accepting bribes, I was worried; Once upon a time, it will do a lot; In the long run, performance has declined; Turn a deaf ear to the protests of the people of China)
Common writing skills (skills)
The first category: expression: narration, description, lyricism, explanation and discussion.
The second category: expression techniques: contrast, contrast (contrast), person transformation, associative imagination, symbol, analogy, and combination of reality and reality.
The third category: structural mode: front and back care, bedding, transition (connecting the preceding with the following), setting suspense, expressing ambition, trying to push ahead first, making waves, specific clues, narrative order (chronological order, flashback, insertion), material arrangement (primary and secondary, details, etc.). ),
The fourth category: rhetorical devices: metaphor, repetition, contrast, personification, exaggeration, parallelism, antithesis, quotation, rhetorical question, metonymy;
The fifth category: description skills:
Description angle: front description and side description.
Methods of describing characters: language description, action description, expression description, psychological description, appearance description and detail description.
The perspective of describing scenery: vision, hearing, taste and touch.
Methods of describing scenery: static and dynamic combination (writing static and dynamic), generalization and concrete combination, from far to near (or from near to far)
Basic problems (not asking and evaluating) and their solutions
Question 1: Understand the meaning and expressive force of important sentences in the text.
A. sentence meaning: restore the original meaning of rhetorical questions; Reveal the philosophy of epigrams; Transform the meaning of profound and implicit sentences; Reveal the pun meaning of the sentence;
B. the role of sentences: answer the role of sentences in the structure and content theme of the article.
1 First sentence: (1) Care title (opening point); ⑵ Render the atmosphere (set the emotional tone); (3) lay a good foundation
(4) setting suspense; 5] as the following (center) auxiliary pad; [6] Always bring the following things;
Two sentences in the article: (1) front and back care, (2) connecting the preceding with the following (transition); (3) Summarize the above; Open the following; (4) As an auxiliary cushion below.
At the end of the article: (1) always takes care of the beginning or title, and the structure is tight; (2) Zhang Xianzhi, Revealing Center; ⑶ Summarize the full text and deepen the theme;
Question 2: Sort out the ideas of the article and summarize the content of the article.
The focus of this topic is to find out how and what the article is written: what is the content of each paragraph of the article and from what angle; What is the relationship between paragraphs (merger, inheritance, attribution), how to take care of them, and how to form an organic whole (the relationship between paragraphs and centers). As long as we see the author's writing ideas clearly and distinguish the beginning, transition, center, purpose and conclusion of the article, the context and main content of the article will be in sight.
▲ Narrative style clues: look at the changes in time, space and emotion.
Look at the changes in the story and the changes in the development stage of things.
▲ The structure of explanatory text: juxtaposition, contrast, progression and total score.
▲ The order of describing style: spatial order, chronological order; Logical order.
Analysis technology and its functions (see the first four categories, 13 subclass). Here are some examples to illustrate the role of rhetorical skills:
1. Metaphor: turn plain into vivid, abstruse into simple, abstract into concrete.
2. personification: personification is human, bringing people closer, being kind and natural; Easy to talk and exchange emotions.
Metonymy: replace complexity with simplicity, emptiness with truth, and everything with strangeness.
4. Exaggeration: contrast the atmosphere, enhance the appeal and enhance the association; Create an atmosphere, reveal the essence and inspire people.
5. Duality: easy to recite, easy to remember, so that words have a sense of music; Concise ideographic and lyrical.
6. parallelism: the content is concentrated and the momentum is enhanced; The narrative is thorough and detailed; Strong tone and strong lyricism.
7. Repetition: highlight thoughts and emphasize emotions; Connecting the preceding with the following, with distinct levels; Emphasize many times to enhance the appeal.
Chinese answer formula
(A) the role of sentences in the text:
1, prefix: opening point; Render the atmosphere (prose), pave the way (narrative), and set suspense (novel, but not tested in Shanghai) as the auxiliary paving way for the following; Below the general collar;
2. In the text: connecting the preceding with the following; Below the general collar; Summarize the above;
3. At the end of the article: point out the center (prose); Deepen the theme (narrative); The beginning of a quotation (argumentative, narrative, novel)
(B) the role of rhetoric:
(1) own function; (2) Combined with sentence context.
1, figuratively personified: vivid;
Answer format: written vividly+object+characteristics.
2, parallelism: momentum, strengthen the tone, in one go and so on. ;
Answer format: emphasis+object+characteristics.
3; Questioning: arouse readers' attention and thinking;
Answer format: arouse readers' attention and thinking about+object+characteristics
Rhetorical question: emphasis, emphasis, etc.
4. Contrast: emphasize … stand out …
5. repeatedly emphasize ... strengthen the tone.
(3) Answer to the meaning of the sentence:
In such a topic, a word or phrase in a sentence is often expressed by metaphor, contrast, metonymy and symbol. When answering a question, reveal the object it refers to, and then clear the sentence.
(4) Can one word in a sentence be replaced by another? Why?
Verb: No. Because the word accurately, vividly and specifically wrote ...
Adjective: No. Because this word vividly describes ...
Adverbs (such as all, most, very only, etc. ): no. Because this word accurately describes the situation of … (table degree, table limit, table time, table range, etc.). ), after the change, it becomes ... not in line with the facts.
(5) Can the order of two or three words in a sentence be reversed? Why?
I can't. Because:
(1) does not conform to the law of people's understanding of things (from shallow to deep, from surface to inside, from phenomenon to essence).
(2) There is a one-to-one correspondence between this word and the above.
(3) These words are progressive, interlocking and cannot be interchanged.
(6) Summary of paragraph meaning
1. Narrative: Answer clearly (when and where) who did what.
Format: (time+place)+people+things.
2. explanation: the answer clearly explains what the object is and what its characteristics are.
Format: description (introduction)+description object+description content (characteristics)
3. Argumentative essay: clearly answer what the question is and what the author thinks.
Format: What demonstration method is used to prove (demonstrate)+demonstrate?
(7) Expression skills play an important role in the appreciation of ancient poetry, such as allusions, comparison, rendering, communication, comparison, lyricism with objects, scene blending, lyricism with scenery, combination of static and dynamic, combination of virtual and real, euphemism and implication, comparison, allegory, symbol, pun and so on. The rhetorical methods commonly used in poetry include exaggeration, parallelism, duality, metaphor, metonymy, analogy, rhetorical question, rhetorical question and repetition. The commonly used terms in analyzing poetry language are: accurate, vivid, vivid, concise, incisive, concise, bright, fresh, novel, beautiful, gorgeous, implicit, simple and natural. When reviewing, we should systematically summarize all kinds of expression skills and reserve relevant knowledge. First of all, we should understand the characteristics and functions of these expressive skills, and then carefully appreciate and analyze them in combination with specific poems.
Terminology difference
The difference between "method and technology"
Artistic skills, also known as expressive skills, include:
Expression: narration, description, lyricism, discussion and explanation.
(2) Expression techniques: arousing, associating, setting off, suppressing, caring, being positive, symbolizing, contrasting, changing from reality to emptiness, combining reality with reality, using allusions, expressing one's mind directly, expressing feelings by borrowing scenery, blending scenes, expressing ideas by borrowing the past, satirizing the present, turning motion into stillness, combining motion with motion, seeing the big from the small, and getting to the point.
Rhetoric: metaphor, metonymy, exaggeration, duality, contrast, analogy, parallelism, rhetorical question, quotation, irony and repetition.
(B) the relationship between "love" and "scenery"
Borrowing scenery to express feelings, borrowing scenery to express feelings and blending scenes are all ways for poets to express feelings by borrowing scenery. "Expressing emotion by borrowing scenery" is relatively direct, and the feeling after reading the poem is to see "emotion" but not "scenery"; "Emotion in the scene" and "scene blending". When expressing feelings, there are no words on the front. After reading the poem, I feel that I see the "scenery" but can't see the "emotion". But after careful analysis, it is found that the poet's feelings are all in the natural scenery in front of him, and all the scenery and words are sentimental.
(3) the angle of description
Common angles are: shape, sound, color, state and taste. "Shape" and "color" are perspectives; "Sound" is the angle of hearing; "State" is divided into dynamic and static; "Taste" is the angle of touch.