How to plant ginseng in Changbai Mountain
Planting method of ginseng in Changbai Mountain
I. Overview
Alias Baba, Ginseng and Garden Ginseng.
It is the root of Araliaceae ginseng (p.schin-sengnees), and its leaves are also used as medicine, which is called ginseng leaves. Perennial herbs. Function of nature and taste: sweet and slightly bitter. Slightly warming, invigorating qi, promoting fluid production, calming the heart and invigorating qi. Produced in Changbai Mountain in Jilin, Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Hebei, Shanxi, Hubei and other places.
Second, the plant characteristics
Ginseng plants are 33 ~ 66 cm high, with single, upright, cylindrical, smooth and hairless stems. The leaves are palmately compound, with long petioles, the smallest basal leaves, oval leaflets, serrated edges, green surfaces and sparse hairs along the leaves. Umbellies are solitary, with 4 ~ 40 small flowers, yellow-green. The lower end of the stem is often divided, and the top end has roots, commonly known as reed head.
Third, the growth characteristics
Ginseng likes to grow in cold, semi-cloudy and semi-sunny places, which is cold-resistant and avoids direct sunlight. Shade shed should be built during cultivation. Sunshine is suitable before 8: 00 am and after 6: 00 pm, and direct sunlight at noon will scorch ginseng leaves. Suitable for growth below 25℃. Forest humus soil is most suitable for cutting ginseng, and farmland soil can also be planted with fully decomposed pig manure, compost and other cool fertilizers. It is required that broad-leaved forest land such as oak, linden and stick should have neutral or weakly acidic soil. When planting ginseng in farmland, it is best to plant Gramineae and Leguminosae in previous crops, such as corn, sorghum, millet, soybean and wheat. Rhizome crops are worse than previous crops. The land where ginseng has been planted should not be planted again in the short term. Fear of stagnant water, avoid drought.
After picking and sowing ginseng seeds, it takes 20 ~ 2 1 month to germinate and 8 ~ 9 months to accelerate germination. Because ginseng seeds have two processes: embryo post-ripening and physiological post-ripening, it needs certain temperature and humidity conditions to complete this process. Under field conditions, seeds were sown in 5 cm thick soil, the soil humidity was about 35%, and the soil temperature from sowing to seed cracking was about 17 ~ 18℃. At this time, the change of soil temperature from high to low can be roughly divided into three stages: the first stage is sowing to the visible point of seed embryo, and the average temperature is about 265438 0℃; In the second stage, from the visible point of embryo to 1/2 milk, the average ground temperature is about 17.4℃. In the third stage, the embryo accounts for 1/2 of the endosperm to crack. At this time, the endosperm continues to grow for one stage. After more than three months of low temperature (about 5℃), when the temperature rises to11.8 ~15.2℃ in spring, the germination rate can reach over 90% in about 20 days.
Fourth, cultivation techniques.
1. Choose a place where the environment for planting ginseng requires no flood, drought, wind disaster or freezing damage. To plant ginseng in farmland in plain areas, we should choose land with high terrain, loose and fertile soil, strong water retention and good drainage. Ginseng likes the soil in forest-rotting areas. If the content of soil organic matter is low, organic fertilizer should be added during soil preparation to make the soil fertile and close to forest humus. If ordinary farmland is used as cultivated land, the previous crops of corn, millet, beans and wheat are better; You can also sow corn and beans in spring and turn them into green manure in summer. Apply all 1/3 decomposed pig manure, decomposed leaves, green manure (soybean straw) and cake fertilizer, 1/3 peat. If the soil is tight, add an appropriate amount of fine sand and mix with 1/3 for three times. When mixing soil, 0.0 1 ~ 0.025 kg of calcium superphosphate should be applied per square meter to increase fertility, or 2.5 kg of pig manure, 1 kg of old house soil, 0.5 kg of bean cake and 0.5 kg of calcium superphosphate should be applied per square meter and mixed well with the border soil. To cultivate ginseng on the hillside, we should choose a gentle slope with a slope of 5 ~ 25 degrees and a high dryness, generally 20 ~ 30 degrees in the platform and mountainous area. The slope is too large, which is inconvenient to operate and easy to cause soil erosion. Soil with thick humus (about 1.3 cm) should be selected, and a certain amount of base fertilizer should be applied if conditions permit.
After selecting the mountain, the site will be treated. Clear the trees and stones out of the construction site, then cut down the shrubs and grass on the ground, spread them evenly on the ground to dry, make a fire around, choose a windless day, clean up the clearing, light a fire, and turn them all into red charcoal to put out the fire. It can be buried in the soil or watered with water to increase phosphorus and potassium fertilizer and kill underground pests. The ground temperature rises, accelerating decomposition.
There is a principle for planting ginseng in mountainous areas: wear a hat, a belt and boots? The purpose is to prevent soil erosion. According to the steep slope, a dam is set aside to block the drainage. So determine the location of the drainage dam after burning the construction site. Generally, a pedal is set every 2000 ~ 4000 cm with a width of 100 cm, and the included angle between the slope of the pedal and the contour line of the mountain is 2 ~ 3 degrees, which is reserved as a tree column of the pedal and plays a fixed role. When turning the ground, the position of the fixed pedal does not turn over. Put the stone. It is difficult to find out sundries, etc. Make it into the shape of a dam to block and drain water.
Determine the direction of the competition: mainly use Fuyang and evening sunshine to avoid direct sunlight at noon. The trend of planting ginseng beds in mountainous areas is mostly due south. Due north, if things are affected by high mountains, it is better to be slightly west. On the north and south slopes, ridges can be built along the mountain. The east-west slope is not steep, so the rain can flow downstream. For extremely steep mountains, ridges can be built along the mountain. After the direction is determined, you can also nail a stake and sprinkle white ash as a mark. The reference general standard line is determined by compass or theodolite. Set up the instrument at one end of the ground, adjust the degree on the instrument to reach the required degree of the bed, find the position of the standard rod from the lens barrel to make it coincide with the compass crosshair, insert wooden stakes in the standard point and the compass weight, connect the two wooden stakes with a measuring rope, and sprinkle white ash along the measuring rope to form a baseline. The vertical lines starting from the two endpoints of the reference line are end lines. From both ends of the reference line, measure the width of the border line (the width of the border and the width of the working track) along the direction of the end line with a measuring rope or rod, and insert the reference. Connect two corresponding piles on the end line with a measuring line to form a midline parallel to the datum line. The area between the two series lines is the reference bed, and the length of the bed depends on the plot and terrain.
Soil preparation; Plough the land in the first year and use it in summer and autumn in the second year. Plow the land in July of the second year after sowing. In September, the transplanting site was ploughed 1.5 ~ 20cm deep. In places with inconvenient transportation, people planed the land, buckled it in the middle of the border with picks, shovels and shovels, piled it into ridges and weathered it. Dig out all the roots and fill the pit to prevent water accumulation. Crush the soil. Pile it in the middle of the frame, and pour the soil again before sowing or planting ginseng, so as to completely remove impurities such as gravel blocks and roots, and make the frame. In China, ginseng is planted with American ginseng, with multiple beds in one shed, width of 130 ~ 150 cm, distance between two beds of 50 cm and working channel width of 200 cm. One shed with two beds, bed width 130 ~ 150 cm, distance between adjacent beds 50 cm, working track width 200cm；; One shed and one frame, frame width 120 ~ 150 cm, working track width 150-200 cm, frame height 20 ~ 25 cm.
When choosing land, we should also determine the direction of the boundary. Ginseng should not be exposed to strong sunlight. After the shade shed is set up in the ginseng bed, ginseng seedlings should not be exposed to strong sunlight at noon in principle. The height of ginseng frame is 20-33cm; The width of the border shall be subject to the convenience of operation, generally100 ~130cm; The frame length is not limited, and the working track width is 130 ~ 300 cm, which should be based on keeping the operation convenient and ventilated. Ginseng is planted in high mountains. The traditional cultivation method of ginseng in China is in Changbai Mountain and Xing 'an Mountains. During the period of 1998, serious floods occurred in Northeast China and Jiangnan, which was directly related to deforestation. Pay attention to soil and water conservation when planting ginseng in mountainous areas in the future.
2. Propagation method Seed propagation, first seedling cultivation and then transplanting, mostly using artificial cultivation.
Seedling raising: there are spring sowing, summer sowing and autumn sowing. Spring sowing is in the middle of March, and autumn sowing is in the end of June at 5438+ 10. The seeds used can be planted after germination according to the specific situation, or they can be planted without treatment. When sowing in spring, seeds are sown after germination; Dry seeds can be sown every other year at the beginning of June (before the awning); Summer sowing can be carried out from late July to late August, and this method is often used at present. Seeds sown in autumn also need to germinate.
There are many ways to accelerate germination, so that seeds can complete the post-ripening stage of embryos and accelerate germination under suitable temperature and humidity conditions. Now introduce two methods as follows:
Soak the seeds in clear water for 48 hours to make them fully absorb water, take them out, mix them with twice the amount of wet sand (fine sand and humus, with a humidity of about 35%), put them in a pot, keep them moist at 18 ~ 20℃, and sow them after 2 ~ 3 months, when most of the seeds crack. If the seeds are not sown immediately, they should be frozen in a kiln or buried in outdoor soil in winter to inhibit the elongation of buds.
Accelerating germination outdoors: choose a site with high dryness and good drainage, dig a deep pit of 23 ~ 33 cm and put it into a bottomless wooden frame (or masonry frame). The size of the frame depends on the number of seeds. Mix the seeds with twice the amount of mixture (1/3 fine sand, 2/3 humus soil), pour them together with water, spread them on the ground, and then mix them with the seeds, and cover them with about 6 cm, which is practical. Cover it with a straw curtain in the evening and rainy days, open it in the sun in the daytime and sunny days, take out the mixture every 1 ~ 2 weeks, adjust the moisture, and then put it in the into the pit. After 2 ~ 3 months, the seeds will crack.
In areas with high temperature, direct seeding of dry seeds can be tried in early June, and after sowing, the embryo post-ripening stage can be completed, and seedlings will emerge in the following spring. In practice, seeds with imperfect germination treatment can emerge in the next year, although they do not emerge in that year. This is the truth.
Water sowing, that is, seeds collected in July and August, can be sown by washing pulp. You can also collect seeds, store them in wet sand one by one, and concentrate on sowing. In this way, the post-ripening stage of the seed embryo can be completed under natural conditions, and seedlings can emerge in the next spring.
Sowing methods include on-demand, drilling and broadcasting. Sowing is to press holes at a spacing of 3 cm and put 1 seed. This method makes ginseng seedlings grow evenly and saves seeds, but it takes a lot of labor. Sowing costs money and saves labor; Drilling is in between. At present, broadcasting is widely used. When sowing, scrape the border surface into a groove with a depth of 5-6 cm with a wooden board, sow, cover the original surface flat and keep the soil moist. If the seedlings emerge in the second year, they must be covered with a layer of grass and pressed for 3 ~ 6 cm. 0.03-0.05 kg of seeds per square meter,
Transplanting: Transplanting after the seedlings grow for 2-4 years, usually 3 years. If the soil fertility is not high, it can be transplanted again. It can be transplanted in spring and autumn. At present, ginseng seedlings have been cultivated in China for two years. First, the seedlings make full use of water, fertilizer and light in the soil, which is beneficial to the growth of ginseng seedlings. The survival rate of two-year-old ginseng seedlings is high, because the seedlings are small and easy to delay, and the reproductive growth period is increased by one year, which is beneficial to the weight gain of ginseng roots. Autumn sowing is generally adopted, and autumn sowing is carried out at 10. Take out the seedlings on the first day of planting ginseng, as many kinds as possible, report them far away, and pack them with moss. Choose ginseng seedlings with big buds, full flesh, complete reed heads and complete health. Disinfect ginseng seedlings, soak them in 150 unit of antimycin and 120 times of Bordeaux solution for 5 ~ 10 minutes, take them out and transplant them without soaking buds. In order to facilitate field management, seedlings are divided into three to seven grades according to their size, and generally divided into three grades. Ginseng seedlings should be covered tightly with white cloth to prevent wind and sun. Use a scraper (length 26 cm, width 16 cm, thin blade below, comb-shaped back) to level the furrow where ginseng is planted, and the bottom of the furrow should be flat or inclined. Put the reed heads of ginseng seedlings evenly on the edge of the border, cover the soil with a scraper, press the ginseng together with the ginseng, and then cover the soil. The last row of seeds should be planted upside down, that is, the reed head is facing the end of the frame, and the ginseng must be facing it. After planting, rake the border surface to make the middle of the border surface slightly higher, so as to drain water and cover the residual leaves of plant straw, and cover the soil for 3-6 cm. The row spacing, number of seedlings and coverage depth of transplanted plants should be different according to the size of seedlings.
3. After the field management soil is thawed, the cold-proof grass is pulled out before bud germination, and raked into the deep soil once, and the depth does not hurt the roots. After that, loosen the soil shallowly, 3 ~ 4 times a year. After removing the cold-proof materials, it is necessary to disinfect the border surface with chemicals in time, which is an effective measure to protect seedlings, prevent diseases and increase production. Especially in transplanting areas and plots with serious diseases, before putting cold-proof materials and after putting down cold-proof workers, apply 50% carbendazim 1000 times solution, 1% copper sulfate 1000 ml/L, 500 times solution from polyoxin or zineb and mancozeb1000 times solution to the bed surface. The dosage is bed surface 1 ~ 2 cm, then the soil is loosened and the liquid medicine penetrates into the soil. The top medicinal materials of ginseng are unearthed, which have the functions of sterilization, seedling protection and disease prevention. After loosening the soil for the first time, a shade shed was set up when the seedlings emerged or did not emerge. The eaves height in front of the shed is 100 ~ 130 cm, and the eaves height behind the shed is 66 ~ 100 cm. The difference is called mouth opening, which is generally 26 ~ 33 cm. Cover with straw curtains, reed curtains and wooden boards, and reeds can also be used. Trees and other materials are woven into a simple curtain, which can transmit light and leak rain. The curtain width is 200 ~ 250 cm, and the light transmittance is about 30%. You can use a double-transparent large flat shed, which means it can transmit light and prevent rain. After people participate in the exhibition, cover 3 ~ 5 cm leaves on the edge of the simple market to keep soil moisture, prevent soil hardening and rain erosion, and reduce diseases.
Water the soil properly when it is dry, especially when planting ginseng in farmland in areas with little rainfall. Loosen the soil after watering to prevent water accumulation in rainy season.
In addition to the reserved land, other plots should be pinched off at the germination stage to increase the reported output. Pinch method: hold the stem of ginseng with your left hand and pinch it with your right hand. Never pull or pull hard to avoid damaging the plant. Concentrate and dry the pinched buds to make ginseng tea, ginseng flower essence or extract saponins. Usually only five-year-old seeds are left.
In hot summer, broadleaf branches should be planted on the front and back eaves of the boundary to block the direct sunlight and prevent the ginseng leaves from dying prematurely. It is better to plant a row of corn after simple curtain planting, and it can also play a role in shading. Ginseng is super luminescent. It is a four-or five-year-old seedling that grows outside the border. The plant is large and has strong phototropism, so it should be cultivated at the root to prevent strong wind, rain and lodging. You can also pull the wire to prevent it from falling out.
Autumn ginseng management: from late July to early August, the fruit gradually matures. Collect it in two times. When the fruit is red, sow or cut off the pedicel, remove the diseased seeds and pedicels, rub off the pulp, wash the seeds with clear water, remove the pulp and shriveled seeds, take out the full seeds that have sunk to the bottom of the water, and put them on the table to dry or dry in the shade. When the water content of seeds drops to about 65,438+05%, collect them. Mix it with sand, put it in a certain container and bury it in a cool place to prevent it from raining and getting wet. Take it out in the second year to accelerate germination, or sow it directly without sand storage. After ginseng withers in autumn, the border is covered with grass for the winter, and the curtain can be removed or not.
Winter field management:
(1) After it snows and removes snow in winter, it is generally necessary to dismantle or open the board shed and curtain shed, so that the snowfall in winter falls on the border, which plays the role of cold protection and heat preservation. In winter, when there is little snow in the border area, it is necessary to sweep the snow manually, especially for the reference border surface without dismantling the shed. It is necessary to cover the boundary with snow pinch on the working track, and the thickness is above 15cm.
Frozen or thawed from late autumn to spring, the snow falling on the border can easily penetrate into the border after melting into snow water, resulting in ginseng getting sick, rotten buds, rotten roots and broken stomachs, so this snow must be removed in time. When the thickness of snow reaches more than 10 cm, the canopy without curtain is easy to be crushed and should be removed in time.
(2) Prevent peach blossom water from starting to melt in March and April every year. Because the drainage ditch is not well dug or blocked, the snow water can't flow out, and the stagnant water is immersed in the border where the water is cut off, and the ginseng border is easily washed away or overflowed from the border where the water flows, so the ginseng in the affected area is prone to disease, bud rot and root rot, so preventive work should be done. When the ice and snow melt, send someone to check, dredge the water storage place and draw peach blossom water.
(3) Prevent the temperature from changing greatly in early winter and early spring, especially in sunny slopes and tuyeres. If it is not thawed, it will freeze at night. Once it freezes, it is easy to cause the root of ginseng to suffer from thawing freezing injury, commonly known as thawing freezing injury, which should not be taken lightly. Therefore, when applying cold-proof soil or cold-proof materials, it must meet the standards, and when cleaning the drainage ditch, add more soil or water to the boundary.
Key points of ginseng planting in Changbai Mountain
First, land selection.
1, woodland
Broad-leaved forest or natural secondary forest mixed with oak, Tilia amurensis and colored wood. The age of the tree is over 20 years, and the height of the tree is over 10m. It is required that the trees in the woodland are sparse and tall, and there are more than 2m shrubs under the crown to form a tree-shrub-grass three-dimensional plant structure with a canopy density of 0.5-0.8.
2. Slope direction and slope
Southeast slope, north slope and northwest slope are preferred, while south slope and southwest slope are unfavorable for growth. Slope 10~25? Suitable for planting in the middle of slope.
3. Land
For dark brown soil, what is the humus content? 3.5%, the soil pH value is PH5.5~6.5, the lower soil is yellow clay, the middle layer is living loess, and the surface soil is humus, with litter above 7cm and above 4cm. The soil as a whole is compact, loose but not scattered, tight but not firm.
Second, soil preparation
Generally, soil preparation can be carried out from late September to early October of 10. According to the canopy density of about 0.8, cut down dense trees and shrubs, cut down undergrowth weeds and shrubs below 1m, plan the land after clearing the forest, and determine the planting area according to the natural terrain. Generally, according to the slope of the mountain, it is appropriate to take Hengshan, Shunshan or make a certain angle boundary. Every 30~50m, hold a drainage ditch, leave a 30~50cm isolation belt between planting belts, and keep vegetation.
(When planting ginseng in farmland, it is best to plant gramineous crops in the previous crop and rest for one year after harvest. After land selection, plow l-2 times with a depth of 20 cm before freezing. In the spring of the following year, thawing was combined with ploughing, and 4,000 kilograms of farm manure was applied per mu, which was evenly mixed with the soil. After that, plow the land 1 time in L-February every year. Before planting 1 month or so, the clods shall be broken, sundries shall be removed, and the soil shall be prepared for the border. Most of the ginseng planted on the flat land is due south, the border is l-l.5 meters wide, slightly arched, 25-30 cm high and 50-650 cm wide. The direction varies according to the terrain, wave direction, shed type, etc. , should be based on the principle of reasonable lighting, high land utilization rate, good drought prevention and drainage, and convenient field operation. )
Third, live broadcast
1, variety selection
Select the long-neck line or Ermaya variety with full grains, normal color and no diseased grains produced last year.
2. Seed treatment
After the fruit was harvested at the end of July and the beginning of August, Ginseng.com, China suggested grinding the pulp of Changbai Mountain ginseng seeds, washing them with clear water, bleaching the shriveled seeds, taking them out and drying them in a cool and ventilated place or under weak light, so that the water content of Changbai Mountain ginseng seeds should not be lower than 14%. Then dig a germination accelerating groove under the rain shelter, spread fine river sand with a thickness of 5cm at the bottom of the groove, and then mix and fill it with river sand and seeds according to the ratio of 2: 1. The upper layer is covered with river sand, with a thickness of 10cm. The temperature in the tank is kept at 16~ 18℃ and the humidity is kept at 10~ 15%. Under normal circumstances, it can crack in 90~ 120 days and can be planted in autumn, winter and spring. Sow here every 15~20 days.
3. Sowing date
Spring sowing is carried out at the end of April and the beginning of May. Generally, sowing accelerates germination. Sow water seeds from early August to early September in autumn, and sow seeds to accelerate germination before freezing from mid-June to mid-June.
Step 4: Sowing.
Sowing: randomly dig holes in the forest land according to the ground conditions, with a depth of 7~8cm and a square of 4cm. Sow 1~2 Changbai Mountain ginseng seeds in each pit, cover the soil with light pressure, and cover the broken leaves.
Hole sowing, pricking holes with wooden sticks, with row spacing of 20? 20 centimeters.
Drilling: delimit a planting area in Hengshan, with a length of 10~20m, a width of 4~6m, a working lane with an interval of 50~ 100cm, a trench depth of 7~8cm and an interval of 50cm.