Review and teach knowledge points in the second stage of geography compulsory in senior one. Mid-term is fine. thank you ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
Compulsory 2 human geography
Chapter I Population
I. Population growth
1. The main factors affecting population growth: productivity level, medical and health conditions and education level affect the mortality and birth rate of the population, and then affect the population growth model. In addition, policies, social welfare and natural disasters will also affect population growth.
2. Population growth mode (population reproduction mode): high, low (low level in developing countries), three lows (developed countries) and transition from "high and low" to "three lows" (high level in developing countries).
3. World population growth: Africa has the highest natural population growth rate and Europe has the lowest; Asia has the largest net population growth.
4. Population problem-rapid population growth: great population pressure-population control (China implements family planning).
Population growth is too slow: population aging-encouraging fertility and accepting immigrants (China relies on developing productivity)
Second, population migration.
1. The main reasons for population migration: economy (migration from backward areas to developed areas), politics (political persecution, war, organized population migration), social culture (religious persecution, ethnic discrimination), ecological environment, and other factors (family background and marriage, visiting relatives and friends, escaping discrimination).
2, the significance of population migration (effect)
(1) Benefits: ① Strengthen national unity and promote national integration; ② Strengthen cultural exchange; (3) reducing the population pressure in the emigration area; (4) to provide cheap labor for emigration.
(2) Disadvantages: ① Causing brain drain in the emigration area; ② Increased the difficulty of social management in the emigration area.
Three. Population distribution and population capacity
1. Population and environmental carrying capacity: the maximum population that can be maintained in a certain period of time.
Reasonable population capacity: the number of people who can continue to support. The reasonable population capacity is less than the population carrying capacity.
2. Factors affecting the environmental population capacity (environmental carrying capacity): resource status, productivity level, openness and consumption level.
Four. Regional culture and population
Chapter II Urban Spatial Structure and Urbanization
First, the spatial structure of the city.
1, urban functional zoning-the same urban land use type is clustered.
(1) business circle: located in the city center, on both sides of the main traffic road-convenient transportation, developed communication and large flow of people; Strong ability to pay rent.
★ Central Business District (CBD): Dense buildings, high-rise buildings and convenient transportation-the area is limited, but the demand is large.
(2) Industrial zone: generally distributed on the edge of the city, with convenient transportation, and most rivers, railways and highways pass by.
(3) Residential area: it is the most extensive land use mode in the city.
(4) Cultural district: generally speaking, it is required to have a beautiful environment and stay away from the industrial and commercial district. Attention should be paid to the protection of cultural relics and historic sites in urban construction.
2. Reasons for the formation of urban regional functional zoning: historical factors, economic factors, social factors and administrative factors.
3. City size, regional structure and service scope
★ Small cities: the differentiation of regional structure is not obvious, and the types of services provided are few, the level is low and the scope of services is small.
★ Big cities: the regional structure is clearly differentiated, and the services provided are various, high-level and wide-ranging.
Second, the impact of urban location factors
(1) Natural aspects
1. Terrain-The urban density in the plain area is high.
2. Climate-cities with warm and humid climate have high density.
3. Rivers-The water supply and transportation functions of rivers determine the location of cities.
(2) Social and economic aspects
1, Agricultural Foundation
2. Traffic conditions: the city axis can be formed along the coast, along the river, along the railway and along the expressway. Most cities in the north are located at the intersection of main streets.
★ Changes in traffic routes will have an impact on urban development. (For example, Yangzhou: the canal prospered when it was navigable, but declined after it was silted up).
3. Politics (such as administrative center), military defense, religion, science and technology and tourism can also promote the formation and growth of cities.
Third, urbanization.
1. Signs of urbanization: ① the increase of urban population; ② the increase of the proportion of urban population to the total population; ③ The expansion of urban land use scale. One of the most important indicators is the percentage of urban population to the total population.
2. Characteristics of urbanization after World War II: ① The development speed of big cities is faster than that of small cities; ② The number of big cities is increasing; ③ Megacities with a population of 1 10,000 have developed rapidly. -the trend of great urbanization
3. Urbanization in developed countries
① Features: Early start, high level, slow speed and anti-urbanization.
② Reasons for anti-urbanization: the demand for environmental quality has increased, and the infrastructure in rural areas and small towns has been gradually improved. "
4. Urbanization in developing countries
① Features: late start, low level, high speed and obvious urbanization trend.
② Urbanization in China lags behind industrialization.
(3) Unreasonable urban development: big cities expand rapidly, small and medium-sized cities develop slowly, and the population is concentrated in a few big cities.
5. The general law of urbanization: urbanization-suburban urbanization-reverse urbanization-re-urbanization.
Fourth, the impact of urbanization on the natural environment.
1, the impact of urbanization on the natural environment
(1) Impact on climate: heat island effect, rain island effect, thermal circulation in suburbs, and serious air pollution.
(2) Impact on hydrology: For groundwater, the infiltration volume decreases, and the range and depth of groundwater funnel area increase.
For river water, the speed of slope water is accelerated, and the time of river catchment is shortened, which makes it easier to form flood peaks.
Water quality-urban industrial wastewater and domestic sewage pollute urban water sources.
(3) Impact on biology: the variety of lawn and plantation is single; The destruction of biological habitats reduces biodiversity.
2. Protect and improve the urban environment-"eco-city"
① Establish satellite cities, develop new areas and disperse urban functions.
② Improve urban traffic and living environment. Broaden main roads, build ring roads, and build elevated roads, subways, and light rail transit.
③ Protecting and managing the urban environment. Vigorously strengthen greening construction.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) regional culture and urban development
Chapter III Human Production Activities and Regional Relations
First, agricultural location factors
1. Natural factors (climate, water source, topography, soil): transformation-greenhouse agriculture, terraced fields, fertilization and watering.
2. Socio-economic factors (market, transportation, land rent, policy, labor force)
★ The market determines the type and scale of agriculture.
★ With the development of traffic conditions (especially fresh-keeping and refrigeration technology), the influence of the market on agricultural location has expanded geographically.
3. Technical factors (breeding, machinery, fertilizers and pesticides)
★ Cultivate improved varieties (high yield, drought tolerance, cold tolerance, storage tolerance and other varieties. ): it is conducive to expanding the planting area.
★ Mechanization: It can improve labor productivity.
★ Application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. : It can increase the output per unit area.
Second, the main types of agricultural areas
1, commodity grain agriculture
(1) Distribution: Mainly distributed in the United States, Canada, Australia, Argentina, Russia and other countries.
(2) Main varieties: wheat and corn (dryland crops, which are convenient for mechanized production).
(3) Formation conditions: ★ Natural conditions: flat terrain, vast arable land, vast land and sparsely populated.
★ Socio-economic conditions: developed transportation and high technical level.
★ Technical conditions: high degree of mechanization.
(4) Features: large production scale; High degree of mechanization; Give priority to family farms.
2. Rice planting:
Distributed in the monsoon regions of East Asia, Southeast Asia and South Asia.
Typical area
Asian location conditions: monsoon climate, rain and heat at the same time, suitable for rice growth.
Terrain The lower reaches of the river are plains or estuarine deltas, with flat terrain and deep soil layers, which are beneficial to farming.
The labor force (labor-intensive agriculture) is densely populated and rich, which is conducive to intensive cultivation.
Historical planting has a long history and rich traditional experience.
Main features and causes
Small-scale peasant management takes the family as the unit, and the per capita cultivated land is less.
High yield per unit area, low commodity rate and intensive cultivation, but there are many people in rural areas, mainly self-sufficient
The level of mechanization is low, and the economic level is low, mainly manual labor.
Water conservancy projects have large monsoon climate and frequent floods and droughts.
Low level of science and technology, long history and rich traditional experience.
3. Mixed agriculture
(1) is mainly mixed agriculture of livestock and grain. Pond production in the Pearl River Delta of China is mainly a mixed agriculture of fishery and forestry.
(2) Distribution: Europe, North America, Australia ("countries riding on sheep's backs" and "countries sitting on harvesters").
(3) Characteristics (Take the "Wheat-Shepherd Belt" in Murray-Darling Basin as an example)
(1) benign agricultural ecosystem:
★ Mutual benefit: the planting industry provides feed for the animal husbandry, and the animal husbandry provides fertilizer for the planting industry.
★ Leisure rotation, (conducive to restoring soil structure and improving soil fertility), planting pasture.
(2) Effective and reasonable farming arrangement: during the busy season of wheat farming, the wheat will be grazed in leisure time (sowing in May-June,11-65438+February).
(3) Flexible production choice: according to the market, decide whether to breed more wheat or sheep.
4. Other types of agricultural areas
The reasons for the formation of geographical types and the main characteristics of distribution areas
The productivity of some primitive tribal areas in migratory agriculture is low, and "slash and burn" affects biodiversity; climatic deterioration
Dairy, animal husbandry and other developed countries and developed countries around big cities in China have high urbanization level, developed economy, concentrated population, large demand for milk and its products and high commodity rate; High degree of mechanization;
Affected by urban distribution;
The degree of intensification is high.
Third, the impact of agricultural production activities on the geographical environment.
1, biological impact: ① cultivated land, deforestation, etc. ; ② Artificial breeding of improved varieties; ③ Overgrazing leads to grassland destruction and desertification; (4) The use of pesticides will pollute agricultural products, leading to a decline in the quality of agricultural products.
2. Impact on soil: ① Flood causes soil salinization; ② Long-term application of chemical fertilizers will harden the soil, turn it sour and harden.
3. Impact on climate: Deforestation and afforestation, reservoir construction and water diversion irrigation have all changed the nature of the underlying surface and changed the heat source and water source conditions of the atmosphere.
4. Impact on hydrological characteristics: ① Construction of reservoir and diversion irrigation: changed the flow process of river runoff;
(2) Reclaiming terraces, cutting down forests and planting trees: affecting the sediment concentration of rivers.
Fourth, the industrial location factor.
1, factors affecting industrial location
(1) Natural factors: minerals, land, water, climate, etc.
(2) Economic factors-being close to raw materials, fuels (such as nonferrous metal smelting and heavy chemical industry bases) and markets-saving freight.
(3) Labor and technology: In industries that need a lot of labor, wages account for a higher proportion of product costs (labor-intensive industries), and factories should be located in places with a lot of cheap labor. Technology-intensive industries should be close to places with advanced education and technology.
(4) Industrial and agricultural basis and cooperation conditions: including production cooperation and social cooperation.
(5) Environment: The industrial layout should pay attention to economic, social and environmental benefits. ① Wind direction ② Water source ③ Distance from the city
2, the factors of industrial location change:
(1) The influence of raw materials on the factory is gradually weakening, while the influence of the market on the factory location is gradually strengthening. Reasons: the range of industrial raw materials is wider and wider, and the transportation conditions are improved;
(2) Transportation: Coastal ports along the Yangtze River, railway hubs and highways are very attractive to industries (in recent years, transportation in some developed countries has been quite perfect, and transportation is no longer the main factor they consider);
(3) The accessibility of information and communication networks is becoming more and more important as an industrial location factor;
(4) The influence of labor quality is gradually increasing.
3. Types of industrial location orientation
Industrial types, industrial characteristics, location selection principles, major industrial sectors (for example)
It is inconvenient or costly to transport raw materials for a long distance, and it is close to mining, sugar industry, aquatic product processing industry and fruit processing industry.
Power-oriented nonferrous metal smelters need a lot of energy and are close to energy bases.
Market-oriented products are not convenient for long-distance transportation or have high cost, and are close to the product consumption market, such as bottled beverage industry, furniture manufacturing industry, printing and petroleum processing industry.
Labor-oriented needs to invest a lot of labor to get close to ordinary clothing, electronic assembly, belt wrapping, umbrella making, shoe making and other industries in areas with a lot of cheap labor.
Technology-oriented technology requires high requirements, and it is close to integrated circuits and precision instruments in higher education and technologically developed areas.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) the formation of industrial zone
1, industrial agglomeration and the formation of industrial regions
(1) Leading factors leading to agglomeration: infrastructure such as roads, water supply and power supply; Cheap labor; Distribution of resources and energy, etc.
(2) Agglomeration benefits-scale benefits-(reducing costs and improving profits)
① Strengthen information exchange and technical cooperation among enterprises;
② Reduce the transportation cost and energy consumption of intermediate products;
(3) * * * Utilize infrastructure such as roads, water supply, power supply and communication in the industrial zone to save investment in production and construction;
(4) It is conducive to centralized treatment of environmental pollution problems in the production process.
2. Industrial decentralization and industrial regional contact
(1) Reasons for industrial dispersion: In order to give full play to the location advantages of different places (such as multinational companies looking for the best location in the world).
(2) Conditions for industrial decentralization: ① Modern transportation mode-convenient, fast and cheap;
② Modern communication technology and means-the "simultaneity" of the world.
Intransitive verb traditional industrial zone
1. Dominant factors of location selection: Most traditional industrial zones are formed and developed on the basis of rich coal and iron resources.
★ Conditions for the development of Angang in China: abundant coal and iron resources and convenient transportation.
★ Development conditions of Baosteel in China: convenient transportation and broad market (iron ore is mainly imported from Australia, India and other countries).
2. Existing problems: ① heavy industry is dominant and the production structure is single;
(2) the consumption of raw materials and energy is large, the transportation volume is large, and the economic benefits are declining;
③ Serious environmental pollution, etc.
3. Solutions (taking Ruhr District of Germany as an example)
(1) Adjust the economic structure: develop emerging industries and tertiary industries, transform the coal and steel industries, and promote the diversification of the economic structure.
(2) Developing science and technology: developing science and technology, promoting tourism, prospering economy and promoting sustainable development.
(3) Optimize the environment: eliminate pollution, plant trees and beautify the environment.
4. Transformation of resource-exhausted cities (industrial zones): For resource-exhausted cities, the urban development process and urban resources (whether minerals, land, human resources) are different, and they cannot follow a fixed model, so they should carry out economic transformation according to their own characteristics. For example, the transformation direction of Datong in Shanxi is mainly tourism, coal deep processing and emerging industries, while Pingdingshan in Henan develops salt chemical industry in addition to coal chemical industry.
5. Four industrial bases in China
Unique advantages and disadvantages
The heavy industry base in central and southern Liaoning is rich in coal and iron resources, with convenient transportation and lack of water resources.
The largest comprehensive industrial base in the north of Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan area is rich in iron, oil and sea salt resources, with convenient transportation, close to Shanxi energy base, but lacks unified power grid water resources.
The largest comprehensive industrial base in Shanghai, Nanjing and Hangzhou has a long history and a solid industrial base. Convenient transportation; Strong technical force; Rich in resources and lacking in conventional energy.
The Pearl River Delta, a comprehensive industrial base with light industry as the mainstay, is close to Hong Kong, Macao and the hometown of overseas Chinese, which is easy to attract foreign investment. Special economic zones are developed early and have technical and management advantages; Abundant labor force and lack of conventional energy
Seven, emerging industrial zones
1. Major emerging industrial zones: "Silicon Valley" in the United States and "Silicon Island" in Japan.
2. The leading factors of site selection: advanced technology, convenient transportation (expressway, airport) and beautiful environment.
Eight, the influence of industrial production activities on the geographical environment
1. Impact on the atmosphere: Arbitrary discharge of industrial waste gas causes air pollution.
(1) Global warming: A large number of fossil fuels are burned and forests are cut down, which increases the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere.
(2) Acid rain: Coal burning emits a lot of SO2. China-sulfuric acid rain, developed countries-nitric acid rain.
(3) Ozone layer destruction: factories, mines, homes, etc. Use refrigerators, refrigeration equipment, etc. , and emit a lot of HCFCs.
(4) photochemical smog: hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides emitted by automobile exhaust will undergo photochemical reactions under the action of ultraviolet rays.
★ Governance ideas: reduce harmful gas emissions-
① Improve the composition of energy consumption: develop and utilize clean energy such as water energy; Develop and utilize new energy sources such as solar energy and nuclear energy.
② Improve energy efficiency: carry out technical transformation and equipment renewal.
③ Reduce the discharge of harmful substances: comprehensive utilization, clean production, discharge up to standard, and find substitutes.
2. Water pollution: The arbitrary discharge of industrial wastewater causes water pollution-heavy metal pollution and water eutrophication.
3, solid waste pollution
Nine, regional links in production activities-including transportation, communication, commerce and trade.
1. Importance: communicate the links between different regions and promote the flow of people, goods and information.
(1) Political significance-conducive to people's exchanges and cultural exchanges and promoting national unity; Conducive to consolidating national defense security.
② Economic significance-promoting the development of resources and changing resource advantages into economic advantages; Promote the production and circulation of commodities and promote economic development.
2. Main modes of transportation: railway, highway, waterway, aviation and pipeline.
3. Communication: including postal services (delivery of letters, articles, etc.). ) and telecommunications (transmitting sound, images, pictures, etc. , including telegraph, telephone and Internet).
4. Conditions for the formation of a commercial center: ① stable commodity source area, ② stable sales area and ③ developed traffic.
X. transportation layout
1. Main location factors: economic factors; Natural factors (topography, rivers, natural disasters, etc. ); technical factor
★ The general direction of the line depends on economic factors, while the specific direction of a certain section may depend on topography, geology or technical conditions.
2. Changes in location factors: In the past, natural factors were the most important factors; With the progress of science and technology, economic factors become more and more important.
3. The main location factors of Shanghai Port: water conditions (navigation conditions, berthing conditions) and land conditions (port construction conditions, hinterland conditions, relying on cities).
4. Airport construction: ① There should be flat and open terrain with proper slope to ensure drainage; (2) Have good geological conditions to ensure the stability of the foundation; ③ Avoid low wetland points; ④ Keep a proper distance from the city: the land is vast and there are many people, and the city has a smoke screen.
5. Highway construction: ① Plain area: occupy less fertile land, avoid swamps, and properly handle the relationship with farmland water conservancy facilities and urban development.
(2) Mountainous areas: bend zigzag on steep slopes, and roads in valleys should avoid steep slopes. Make full use of natural conditions and avoid areas with complex terrain, geology and hydrological conditions.
XI。 Influence of changes in transportation mode and layout on residential areas and commercial outlets
1, the influence of the change of transportation mode and layout on the settlement
(1) Transportation and settlement formation: A place with convenient transportation is conducive to business activities and usually forms a larger settlement.
(2) Spatial distribution of traffic and residential areas
① Influence of different modes of transportation on the spatial layout of settlements: In the south, waterway transportation is dominant, and the layout of settlements is close to water.
② The influence of different environments on the spatial layout of settlements.
★ The northern terrain is flat and open, and the settlements are mostly blocky, with regular shapes and checkerboard roads.
★ In the plain area with dense rivers in the south, the settlements are distributed along rivers, railways and highways in a strip layout.
(3) Traffic and urban distribution: The starting point and ending point of river transportation and the intersection with other traffic lines often form towns.
(4) The influence of the change of transportation mode and layout on the settlement, such as the change of the shipping status of the canal, the rise and fall of Yangzhou, the migration of the city center, etc.
2. The impact of changes in transportation mode and layout on commercial outlets.
(1) Impact of traffic on commercial outlets: Convenient traffic is conducive to the distribution of people and logistics.
(2) The influence of traffic and layout changes on commercial outlets.
With the development of expressway, many businesses gather at the junction of expressway and city.
With the development of transportation and modern logistics, various types of specialized markets, supermarkets and chain stores have emerged.
★ With the improvement of urban traffic, people's travel scope has expanded, and some multifunctional large-scale shopping and leisure centers have been born.
With the development of computer and network technology, online shopping, e-commerce and unmanned sales have been developed.
Chapter IV Coordinated Development of Humanities and Geographical Environment
First, the historical evolution of the development of man-land relationship thought:
1, worship of nature-hunting civilization-the relationship between man and nature is fear and dependence;
2. Transforming nature-agricultural civilization-people's dependence on nature is greatly weakened and their antagonism is enhanced;
3. Conquering nature-industrial civilization-the relationship between man and land is completely uncoordinated, and the contradiction between man and land is rapidly intensifying;
4. Seeking harmony between man and land-the harmonious development of population, resources and environment in today's society.
Second, the major environmental problems facing mankind
1, environmental problems-primary environmental problems and secondary environmental problems
★ Rational development and utilization of resources:
① Renewable resources: The key lies in "rational development"-controlling development intensity, protecting and promoting renewal.
(2) Non-renewable resources: The key lies in "rational utilization"-saving comprehensive utilization and finding new substitutes.
2. The causes of environmental problems-population pressure, unreasonable use of resources and one-sided pursuit of economic growth.
(1) The consumption rate of human resources in production and living activities exceeds its regeneration rate;
(2) The amount of waste discharged into the environment by human beings exceeds the self-purification capacity of the environment.
The environmental problems in developing countries are more serious than those in developed countries. The reasons are as follows: ① The environment is under the dual pressure of development and population; (2) Low level of economy and technology and insufficient ability of environmental protection; (3) The developed countries transfer the heavily polluted industries to the developing countries.
(3) Major environmental problems-environmental pollution and ecological destruction.
1, environmental pollution:
(1) air pollution: global warming, acid rain, ozone layer destruction-pollution sources: industrial production, family life, transportation.
(1) Global warming
★ The main greenhouse gases are CO2, CH4, N2O, O3, etc. Volcanic ash and afforestation can weaken the trend of climate warming.
★ Hazard: coastal glaciers melt, sea level rises, coastal lowlands are flooded, cultivated land decreases, storm surges and salinization intensify.
Mid-latitude areas-evaporation increases, cultivated land and grassland are degraded, desertification expands, and agricultural planting area decreases.
(2) Acid rain (fog, snow)-"Dead in the air": atmospheric precipitation with pH less than 5.6.
★ Hazard: Impact on water, soil, living things and buildings.
③ ozone layer destruction
(2) Water pollution: industrial wastewater; Agricultural sewage (from pesticides and fertilizers); Domestic sewage (all kinds of washing water, including nitrogen and phosphorus, etc.). )
(3) Soil pollution:
(4) Solid waste pollution: industrial waste, agricultural waste, construction waste and municipal solid waste.
★ Hazards: air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution and health-transmitted diseases.
★ Treatment: classified recycling and comprehensive utilization; Landfill; Composting (fermentation, high temperature sterilization); Incineration (power generation), etc.
2. Ecological destruction: the destruction of ecological balance-the reduction of biological species, the destruction of forests and grasslands, land desertification, soil erosion, etc.
(1) Biological species have declined sharply.
① Status quo: Biodiversity is being destroyed faster and faster. Large-scale extinction of tropical rainforests occurred.
★ Biological function: ① Economic aspect-providing food, wood and industrial raw materials for human beings.
(2) Ecology-promoting material circulation and energy flow in the ecosystem and forming a life support system.
② Causes: deforestation, overfishing and environmental pollution. (Alien invasion can also lead to species extinction)
③ Hazard: biodiversity is destroyed, food chain is broken, and ecological balance is unbalanced.
(2) Destroy forest resources-forest is called "the lung of the earth", and forest is the main body of terrestrial ecosystem.
Reasons for the decrease of forest area: logging, land reclamation, mining, firewood collection, grazing and air pollution.
(3) Wetlands decrease-Wetlands are called "kidney of the earth".
① Functions of wetlands: Economic functions-providing food, water, shipping, aquaculture, tourism, irrigation, etc.
Ecological function-protect biodiversity, conserve water, store flood and prevent drought, and regulate climate.
Peat in wetland contains a large amount of undecomposed organic matter, which does not participate in the circulation of atmospheric CO2 and becomes a carbon pool, which can alleviate the "greenhouse effect".
② Reasons for wetland reduction: soil erosion leads to sediment deposition; Water diversion irrigation leads to the decrease of water entering the lake (swamp); Reclaiming land from the sea has reduced the area of lakes and beaches; Eutrophication of water body weakens or even loses the function of wetland.
(4) Land desertification
① Manifestations of desertification: land desertification, rocky desertification and secondary salinization caused by shrinking cultivated land, woodland, grassland and wetland.
② Main distribution areas: arid, semi-arid and semi-humid areas.
③ Causes of desertification in northwest China:
★ Natural reasons: dry climate, sparse vegetation and loose soil; Strong wind (heavy rain, rat damage, etc.). )
★ Man-made reasons: population explosion leads to over-cultivation, over-logging, over-grazing and unreasonable utilization of water resources.
(4) Main control measures:
1. Population control: it is conducive to alleviating the contradiction between man and land and establishing an ecosystem with coordinated development of population, resources and environment.
Ⅱ. Ecological restoration and construction:
★ Use biological measures and engineering measures to prevent wind and fix sand.
◇ Oasis area: closing sand and planting grass (periphery); Afforestation (frontier); Establish farmland shelterbelt network (inside).
Water shortage area: use firewood and other materials to set up sand barriers in quicksand areas to stop quicksand.
★ Adjust the land use structure and rationally allocate agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry: plant trees and grass, rationally graze, and return farmland to forests and grasslands.
★ Solve energy problems in many ways: such as developing new energy sources, building firewood forests, building biogas digesters, and promoting firewood-saving stoves.
ⅲ. Rational utilization of water resources: improving farming and irrigation techniques and popularizing water-saving agriculture; The rational allocation of water resources in the upper, middle and lower reaches of rivers should consider both the development of the upper and middle reaches and the ecological protection of the lower reaches.
(5) Secondary salinization of soil
① Distribution (China): North China Plain, Northeast Plain and Oasis (desert area with water irrigation).
② Causes of secondary salinization: human factors: backward farming techniques and unreasonable irrigation (flood irrigation).
Natural aspects: dry climate, strong evaporation, easy to accumulate salt on the surface.
Third, sustainable development.
(1) The concept of sustainable development: it not only meets the needs of contemporary people, but also does not damage the ability of future generations to meet their needs.
(2) The connotation of sustainable development-the sustainable development of economy, society and ecology.
(3) Principles to be followed in sustainable development:
Principle of fairness: intergenerational fairness, human and animal fairness, and fairness in different countries and regions.
② Principle of sustainability: Economic activities and social development must be kept within the carrying capacity of resources and environment.
③ Same-sex principle: The earth is a whole, and regional environmental problems often turn into global problems. Regional decisions and actions should contribute to global coordination.
(4) Cleaner production: The traditional product environmental impact assessment method only focuses on terminal treatment. Cleaner production evaluates the environmental impact of products from the whole process of raw material mining, production, consumption and waste treatment.
Fourth, the road of sustainable development in China.
1, the necessity of sustainable development in China;
(4) Great population pressure:
The shortage of resources is worrying: population pressure, rapid economic development and low resource utilization.
6. Profound environmental crisis: environmental pollution has spread rapidly from cities to rural areas, and the scope of ecological damage is still expanding. Ecological crisis areas are distributed in the eastern region with dense population, developed economy and frequent human activities.
2. China's strategic framework for sustainable development: 1994. In March, the State Council released China 2 1 Century Agenda.
3. Ecological agriculture is a sustainable agricultural development model with China characteristics. Measures to build ecological agriculture in private villages;
① Adjustment of agricultural structure: from single planting to all-round development of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and by-fishing.
② Comprehensive utilization: focusing on agricultural and livestock products, develop feed processing plants and food processing plants.
(3) Broaden sources and develop new energy sources: the utilization of biogas-raw materials come from straw, human and animal manure, biogas slurry, biogas residue returning to fields or fish farming. (Understand the comprehensive recovery map of agricultural and sideline products in Liu Minying Village)