Zhao, the champion of Qingzhou in previous dynasties
Analysis of Zhao Zhuangyuan's Volume (from the Internet)?
Zhao (A.D. 1574- 1626) was born in Yidu County (now Qingzhou City), Qingzhou Prefecture in the Ming Dynasty. 15-year-old Fufu student, 24-year-old Zhongju, twenty-six years of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1589? At the age of 25, he took part in the palace examination, won the first place in the first class and won the first prize. The number one scroll that people see now was donated to the country by Mr. Zhao Huanbin, the third generation of Mr. Zhao 1983, and it belongs to the national first-class cultural relics. According to historical records, the imperial examination system in China lasted for nearly 1300 years, and there were more than 770 well-documented civil and military champions, but only Zhao can let future generations witness the success of the champion. As an important state secret, how did this paper spread from the imperial court to the people? I'm afraid this is an eternal mystery. I have been interested in this paper for a long time, but it was not until the end of last year that I made up my mind and spent half a month translating it into modern Chinese (see Weifang College Newspaper, June 5438+February 10, June 5438+07, 2004). The purpose is to see the champion who won the competition. What did he write on the answer sheet? The content of this paper is briefly analyzed as follows. ?
First, the country should have practical methods and ideas for governing the country. ?
The topics of court examinations are generally decided by the emperor himself. Zhao entered the palace for the exam, and the topic was "Ask the emperor's politics, ask the emperor's heart". This topic is very clear, that is, the respondent is required to stand on the position of the emperor and answer the question of how to govern and what kind of thoughts to guide the administration. In the answer sheet, Zhao closely followed the topic and answered straight to the point, saying that the emperor must have "solid politics" and "solid politics" if he wants to run the country and secure the country. In the present words, they must have practical methods and practical ideas of governing the country. Then, he expounded this way and the thought of governing the country. ?
The so-called practical way of governing the country is that the state should draw up an outline, establish discipline and promulgate laws and regulations, put these laws and regulations at the top of all kinds of documents, hang them at the gates of governments at all levels, hang them in the most conspicuous places indoors and distribute them all over the country so that the people of the whole country can not only be familiar with them, but also consciously abide by them. When the practical measures to govern the country are implemented, there will be laws to follow throughout the country, and people's goals will be clear and they will not be confused. The so-called pragmatic concept of governing the country is to encourage lazy people and smart people. From the imperial court to local governments and even the whole country, we should respond with one voice, keep pace with the law, and keep people's spiritual will open, as well as their thoughts and behaviors. Officials at all levels in the country can cooperate tacitly, and the people can take it orally. With such a way and concept of governing the country, the country not only has the ability to control the world, but also shows that the people defend the world; There are not only laws and regulations that bind the world, but also unify people's thinking. Only in this way can we fundamentally govern the country and achieve long-term stability. ?
Second, conscientiously sum up the experience and lessons of emperors in governing the country. ?
After clarifying the methods and thoughts of governing the country in the answer sheet, Zhao boldly summed up the experience and lessons of governing the country by emperors in previous dynasties, indicating that his views were not created out of thin air, but were put forward on the basis of summing up historical experiences and lessons. It is known that in the Western Han Dynasty, there was a period of "the rule of the cultural scene" (also known as "the prosperity of the cultural scene"), which refers to the situation in which the political stability, economic development and people lived and worked in peace and contentment during the reign of Emperor Liu Heng and Emperor Liu Qi. Zhao praised Wendi, saying that his policy was lenient, his statutes were simplified, and he made no excuses. Moreover, he attached importance to moral education throughout the country and tried to improve the moral level of the people by subtle means. This is that the idea of governing the country is smooth and the method of governing the country is not negligent. On the one hand, national laws play a deterrent role, on the other hand, they pay attention to ideological education. There is spirit above, hard work below, mutual warning from top to bottom, and good results can be achieved without frequent inspection. Later, there was a gap in Xuan Di (Liu Xun). Although he is a shrewd emperor, his officials are capable and the people are peaceful, he only pays attention to the prosecution of state affairs and ignores the fundamental governance. In this way, loopholes will inevitably appear in places that cannot be prosecuted, and there will be more fake things up and down. People who should not be rewarded will be ashamed and the people will not be convinced. ?
Zhao admired (Zhu Yuanzhang) and said that he formulated a strategy and established a system in the early days of the regime. After the overall situation of the world was laid, discipline and law were further established, leaving a grand written law for future generations. Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming emperor, had a very strict reward and punishment policy. He rewarded those officials with high ideological level and outstanding performance, and called on Chinese people to learn from them. Those corrupt officials who extract people's fat and paste are severely punished to arouse the vigilance of many officials. Zhu Yuanzhang also hated people who cheated and made oral articles, saying that such people could not command all things of the people and inherit the responsibilities entrusted by heaven and earth. ?
Zhao believes that ancestral teachings beneficial to governing the country should be passed down from generation to generation and cannot be discarded. For example, according to the instructions of the recorded ancestors, anyone who is justified by his subjects must be handed over to the organ in charge of this matter, and no other officials at all levels can stop him. Only in this way can we open our minds and keep hearing some good suggestions. Zhao appreciates this very much. He also pointed out in particular that some practices of Ming Shizong (Zhu Houzong) are also worthy of emulation, such as formulating social ethics, building entertainment places, allowing people to discuss laws, and testing cultural knowledge. The implementation of these governance measures has made the country prosperous for a while, and various political achievements have emerged one after another, resulting in an impressive revival situation. This is not only a sincere inheritance of the achievements of past dynasties, but also a model for future generations. ?
Third, ten strategies for governing the country. ?
In order to further answer the questions in the examination paper, Zhao put forward the following 10 suggestions for governing the country according to the social reality at that time. ?
First, strictly select and assess officials at all levels. When planning to govern the country, the emperor must set up and select officials at all levels, and have a clear division of labor for these officials, so that they can perform their duties according to their functions and powers, and no one is allowed to do anything beyond their functions and powers. In other words, officials in charge of spring affairs are not allowed to participate in winter affairs, and officials in charge of military affairs are not allowed to be in charge of criminal affairs. Then evaluate their achievements according to what they have done. Don't indulge in a habit. ?
Second, don't let shameful words and deeds parade in the city. Some people in society grandstanding, specializing in superficial articles, and some even show off their shameful words and deeds. Such a person has absolutely no deep and lofty mind. We should assess them from speech to practice, so that opportunistic people will not get the same reputation as honest people, and frivolous people will not get the same honor as honest people. ?
Third, open the way and strictly recommend the conditions of officials. The emperor sent inspectors to inspect various places, with the purpose of cracking down on pollution and establishing a healthy atmosphere. But many local officials have developed the habit of sneaking around, and even sending some inspectors can't completely change this situation. The best way is to listen to people's opinions extensively, strictly recommend officials, fully understand the basic situation of each official, distinguish the advantages and disadvantages, truly survive the fittest, and encourage officials to work hard. ?
Fourth, train education officials and do a good job in education. The task of educators is to improve people's cultural level and standardize moral standards, so as to maintain and revitalize good social atmosphere. In view of the fraud and hypocrisy in the style of study at that time, the state must make up its mind to train and hone a group of officials in charge of education, trust them, let them work freely, and form a serious reading atmosphere throughout the country. ?
Fifth, increase the punishment for corrupt officials. The poor in the country have ten rooms and nine vacant rooms, and some are as poor as a church mouse. The state also often provides relief and pensions. However, the country spent ten copies of money, but the people did not get a benefit. It is because there are still corrupt officials in the society that their deception and deception have not been exposed. In view of this situation, we must increase the punishment for corrupt officials and let them lose their blood. ?
Sixth, strengthen army building and strictly select soldiers. Border areas are often invaded by foreigners, and the East can't cope with the West. It's not that the country doesn't want to use the army, mainly because the rich people in the army who wear Baoyu can't fight at all. The state supports them with military funds, but it doesn't need them when it should be used. This requires that the state must strictly select conditions and broaden the channels for selecting soldiers when recruiting, and do not want any soldiers who can't fight. ?
Seventh, eliminate grievances and stabilize people's hearts. If the grievances among the people are not rehabilitated and the spirit of depression is not expressed, there will be no auspicious world. Therefore, we should pay special attention to the accuracy of punishment. When the trial is over, those officials who can clarify the case and bring the criminals back to life should be rewarded handsomely. As for those officials who are so careless and ignore human life, they will definitely go to hell. In this way, there will be no unjust cases among the people. ?
Eighth, advocate economy and oppose waste. State property is used by the state and cannot be wasted casually. Those who cherish the bamboo sawdust, those who have moderate financial revenues and expenditures, and their loyalty to the rich and the rich should be praised. Those who falsely report, impersonate, embezzle and waste will be resolutely punished and will not be tolerated. So that the country's property will not be poor. ?
Ninth, distinguish between merits and demerits, and distinguish between rewards and punishments. Dismissal or censure of incompetent officials can serve as a warning to other officials; Rewarding meritorious officials can set an example for other officials. As long as the rewards and punishments are clear, the above words will work, and things will be in perfect order, comparable to the social conditions of Tang Yao and Yu Shunshi. ?
Tenth, all officials, big or small, should consciously implement and maintain practical methods and ideas of governing the country. At the end of the answer sheet, Zhao earnestly suggested to the emperor: what is difficult to achieve and easy to fail is the feasible way to govern the country, and what is difficult to achieve and easy to fail is the feasible idea to govern the country. Therefore, after the methods and ideas of governing the country are determined, officials of all sizes in the country should consciously safeguard and implement them, and there should be no slack or paralysis. No matter who is thinking, as long as there is an idea that conforms to heaven, it must be seen in action as soon as possible; When a false desire appears, it will be extinct as soon as possible. If everyone can consciously do this, the harmonious and prosperous social situation that people expect will not only come, but also surpass the most prosperous period in the past. ?
Fourth, look at Zhao's ideological and theoretical tendency from the top scholar. ?
Zhao's first book has a history of 4 16 years. Respondents set out from summing up the historical and social reality at that time, and boldly put forward suggestions and measures for governing the country and keeping the country safe, which was very valuable in the feudal society of China. Moreover, most of these suggestions put forward by Zhao are correct, and many of them still have reference significance today. Then, on what ideological and theoretical basis did Zhao write such an answer sheet? There are three points worth noting. ?
First of all, about the idea of "harmony between man and nature". Zhao believes in the answer sheet that the emperor is the sky, and the heaven is gracious to the world and nurture the earth, but the heaven cannot take care of itself, so it is entrusted to a responsible person, and this person is the emperor. Therefore, the position of the emperor is called Tian, his duty is called duty, the person he commands is called Tian Min, and the city where he lives is called Tianyi. Ye Zhao believed that all the powers of the emperor were given by heaven. Therefore, the emperor made laws to protect the system for heaven, the cashier paid a penny to protect property for heaven, established official posts to appoint sages for heaven, and eliminated the wicked to punish sinners for heaven. In a word, all the thoughts and actions of the emperor represent heaven. In other words, the emperor is the sky and the sky is the emperor. Seeing the emperor means seeing the sky, and he completely integrated the sky with the emperor. In the eyes of ordinary people, the power of heaven is supreme, and no one can and should not stop or change the power of nature. Since the emperor is heaven, people should obey the emperor, and obeying the emperor is obeying God's will. This idea that man and nature live in harmony is easily accepted by people. ?
Secondly, the unity of loyalty to the monarch, patriotism and love for the people. In feudal society, people's loyalty to the monarch was deeply rooted. In his No.1 scholar volume, Zhao expressed his admiration for emperors of past dynasties between the lines. Tang Yao, Yu Shun, Emperor Wendi, Xuan Di, Ming Taizu, Ming Shizong, etc. Have been highly praised by Zhao. He is loyal to the emperors of past dynasties, and even more loyal to the emperors of the current dynasty. He tried his best to advise the emperor to adopt practical methods and ideas of governing the country in order to make the people live and work in peace and contentment and realize the harmony and prosperity of the country. It is worth noting that Zhao put forward the idea of "heavenly people" in the volume, which is very valuable, because in the past books and periodicals, some people were called "powerful people, unruly people, untouchables, refugees, and refugees". To put it mildly, they just benefited the people, the common people, the civilians and the nationals, and they have never seen the expression of "heavenly people". Only Zhao can do it. Therefore, he hated corrupt officials who plundered people's wealth, sympathized with the homeless and homeless poor, and strongly suggested that the emperor provide people with educational opportunities, let them learn culture and law, set up entertainment places and play in the mud. In other words, he highly unified the thought of loyalty to the monarch and patriotism and love for the people. ?
Finally, emphasize the rule of law. Governing the country according to law is a main line running through the top draft. The core content of Zhao Weidi's Proposal for Governing the Country is to establish discipline and promulgate laws and regulations, which will be distributed to all parts of the country as the first issue of various documents, so that officials at all levels can have laws to follow and the people in the world can know and abide by the law. Zhao praised Wendi because he attached importance to legal system and ideological education. Zhao admired it because he always attached importance to the establishment of discipline and law, leaving a magnificent code for future generations. Zhao suggested that the key to solving the emperor's unjust imprisonment and people's grievances is to reward those who have made meritorious deeds in law enforcement and severely punish corrupt officials. All these reflect his thought of governing the country according to law. However, it is worth noting that while Zhao proposed that the emperor should govern the country according to law, he also suggested that the emperor should pay more attention to Confucianism in the process of education. That is to say, in Zhao's view, whether it is the legal system advocated by legalists or the benevolence, righteousness, propriety and wisdom advocated by Confucianism, as long as it is conducive to governing the country and ensuring peace, it should be used by me. This may also be the value of Zhao's thought and theory. ?
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