What is Zhuge Liang's historical contribution?

Zhuge Liang lived in an era when China's calligraphy art was maturing. Four years before his birth, Emperor Gaozu Xi Ping was six years old (AD 177), and he first called calligraphy. This marks the formal distance between "writing" as a communication tool and "calligraphy" as a unity of aesthetics and practicality, and makes the latter gradually develop into a unique art-calligraphy art. At this time, Han Li has become the dominant font with unique style, and at the same time, it has created cursive script, running script and regular script, making the five forms of seal, official script, grass, line and script basically complete.

Zhuge Liang loves calligraphy; I was trained hard when I was young, and I could write all kinds of fonts. I am good at seal script, eight-part essay and cursive script. Southern dynasties? Liang Tao Hongjing is a great calligrapher. His "Sword Record" records: "In the first year of Shu Zhangwu (AD 22 1 year), there were eight swords made of gold, Niu Shan iron and cast iron, each three feet and six inches ... This is where Kong Ming wrote." . Li Yu's "Gu Ding Lu" records: "Zhuge Liang killed Xinmeile Co., Ltd. and decided to build a tripod and bury it in Hanchuan. Its text says: Ding Dingjun. He also made eight arrays of ding, which sank in Yong 'an water, all of which were big seals. " "In the second year of Zhangwu (AD 222), Hanchuan cast a tripod, named Hank tripod, set point C, and wrote an eight-point book ... another tripod was cast in Wudan Mountain in Chengdu, named Zen tripod; Another tripod was cast in Jianshan Pass, named Jianshan tripod. There is also Xiaoyan, which is the trace of Wuhou. " "In the third year of Zhangwu (AD 223), it was originally meant to be two tripods, one with the king of Lu, and the text said,' Richness and splendor are the best for princes. One of them wrote with King Liang: "He who is lucky should be king." There are also ancient official scripts, three feet high, which are all traces of Wuhou. "In the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhou Yue's" Ancient and Modern Law Bookstore "also recorded:" Master Shu tasted three Ding, all of which were eight points in the seal of Wuhou, which was wonderful. "。

The above records are credible, especially in the Southern Dynasties, when Tao Hongjing was only 200 years away from Zhuge Liang. His story and narrative should be based on facts. Song Huizong Xuanhe Neifu Xuanhe Pu Shu (volume 13) records that Zhuge Liang is good at painting and likes to write cursive script. Although he was not summoned by books, his body will be treasured. " He also said: "The cursive script in the palace today is" Yuan Yi Tie "." This shows that at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty (A.D.119-1125), there were still Zhuge Liang's calligraphy works in the palace. Chen Si's "Letters and Slips" in the Southern Song Dynasty recorded that Zhuge Liang was "good at making seals". There are words like' Xuan Mo Tai Chi, a mixture of Yin and Yang' in this law post, which is unusual. "

Since the Song Dynasty, predecessors' masterpieces have been engraved and circulated, called "Fa Tie". This record shows that in the Song Dynasty, Zhuge Liang's calligraphy works were popular all over the world as "calligraphy posts" with exemplary significance. Zhuge Liang never forgot calligraphy in his busy government affairs and military activities. According to Changde County Records, "Wolong Mo Chi is located in Wolong Temple, 30 miles west of Yuanjiang County. According to legend, Zhuge Wuhou of the Han Dynasty washed ink in this temple because of its name. " We know that Zhuge Liang's activities in Changde area were after Battle of Red Cliffs, and the war was very tense and frequent, but he still did not forget to kill time in the pool.

Unfortunately, we can't see the original calligraphy yet, so we can only hope for archaeological discoveries.

Second, painting:

In the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Yanyuan wrote in the Book of Famous Paintings of Past Dynasties: "Zhuge Wuhou and his son are both good at painting." Zhang Yanyuan also recorded the collection and sale of paintings at that time in his book On Painting. He said: "Today is divided into three ancient times to determine the nobility and inferiority, and the Han and Wei dynasties are ancient, so Cai Yong, Zhang Heng, Cao Mao, Huan Fan, Xu Miao, Cao Buxing and Zhuge Liang are also." Painters in Jin and Song Dynasties are regarded as the Middle Ages, painters in Qi, Liang, Chen, Hou Zhou and Northern Qi Dynasties are regarded as the next generation, and painters in Sui and early Tang Dynasties are called the modern generation. The price of modern painters' works is similar to that of lower ancient painters' works, and the price of upper ancient painters' works is the highest.

Zhang Yanyuan described the painting prices of some modern painters at that time, such as Yan Liben and Wu Daozi: "A screen is worth 20,000 yuan, and a threshold is worth 15,000 yuan." "A screen is worth ten thousand yuan." He also said that the works of painters in the Han and Wei dynasties (that is, ancient times) were already "treasures of the country" and "treasures of the future" in the Tang Dynasty. Zhang Yanyuan (born on August15) was born in a prime minister's family, and his collection of famous calligraphy and painting is very rich. His Records of Famous Paintings in Past Dynasties is known as the "father of painting history", and his records and discussions have always been credible and rare historical materials in the history of painting in China. From his account, we can generally see Zhuge Liang's historical position and artistic achievements in the history of fine arts in China. In the Records of Huayang Country, Chang Jiaqu, a historian of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, recorded: "In South China, the custom is to levy witches and ghosts, and to curse the alliance for goodness, so officials often desire it by cursing the alliance. Zhuge Liang made a map for foreigners, first drawing the Great Wall House of heaven, earth, sun, moon and monarch, and then drawing dragons, which gave birth to foreigners, cows, horses and camels. After the painting company officer, riding a horse, patrolling the T-shirt. I also painted the image of Yi Morning Glory, bearing the wine and gold, in order to give it to Yi, which is very heavy. " He also wrote: "Yongchang County, an ancient country of mourning and imprisonment ... has been divided into Xiao Wang for generations, often living in cities and scattered in valleys. The land is desolate and the mountains and rivers are deep. Since the birth of the people, China has never been known, and Kunming in the south is the ancestor. So Zhuge Liang made a map. " As can be seen from the above two paragraphs, Zhuge Liang does have extraordinary talent for painting. His paintings are based on real life (such as the life of ethnic minorities in central and southern China) and have magical and rich imagination (such as dragons), with magnificent composition and vast scenes.

Zhuge Liang can not only draw the heavens, the earth, the sun and the moon, but also draw all kinds of buildings, horses and chariots, animals and people. Painters who can master such comprehensive painting skills are rare in the history of painting in China. At the same time, it can be seen that Zhuge Liang's painting is by no means out of personal leisure, and his painting art always serves his political and military purposes.

Third, music articles:

Zhuge Liang is proficient in temperament, likes playing the piano and singing, and has a high musical accomplishment.

This aspect is described in ancient books. Chen shou's reflection? Zhuge Liang Biography records: "Xuanzu, Ming and devoted himself to cultivating Long Mu to sing for Fu Liang." Xi Chishao's Old Records of Xiangyang: "Xiangyang has Kongming's former residence ... The mountain on the west side of the house is near the water, and Kongming often climbs it. This drum instrument is called "Fu Liang's Song", because this mountain is called Leshan and of course the song of Wolong, which is really a swan song. "Zhongxing Bibliography" records: "Qin Jing is a volume, Zhuge Liang wrote the beginning of making a piano and the sound of seven strings, and the thirteen emblems took pictures." Xie's On Qin also recorded: "Zhuge Liang wrote Fu Liangyin." "Geographical Records" records: "There is a stone harp in Wuhou Temple in Dingjun Mountain, which is very clear, and it is said that it was left by Wuhou. "From the above records, it is enough to see that Zhuge Liang has a very comprehensive accomplishment and great artistic achievements in music. He is good at vocal music-he can sing; Also good at instrumental music-good at playing the piano; At the same time, he also composed music and lyrics, and made musical instruments-lyre and Qin Shi. Not only that, he also wrote a monograph on music theory-Qin Jing.