Encyclopedia of Taxus chinensis
catalogue
1. Living habits
2. Morphological characteristics
3. Distribution range
4. Planting techniques
5. Main values
6. Crop cultivation
Living habits
Taxus chinensis is suitable for planting in north and south, and has the characteristics of shade-loving, drought-tolerant and cold-resistant. The soil PH value is required to be 5.5 ~ 7.0, which can be interplanted with other tree species or orchards, and the management is simple. Among them, Taxus cuspidata is an ancient tree species left over from the Quaternary Glacier, which has survived on the earth for more than 2.5 million years under harsh climatic conditions. It not only has developed lateral roots, lush foliage and strong germination, but also adapts to a wide range of climate, requiring wide soil quality, pruning resistance, cold resistance and insect resistance. But also can grow into towering trees, and some individual trees can even grow for thousands of years, which can be used as medicinal varieties and green varieties. Taxus cuspidata is called Feng Shui tree in folklore.
morphological character
Taxus chinensis is 30 meters high and DBH 65- 100cm. The bark is grayish brown, reddish brown or dark brown, which splits into strips and falls off; Big branches, annual branches are green or yellow-green, turn green or reddish brown in autumn, and second-and third-year branches are yellow-brown, reddish brown or grayish brown; Winter buds are yellowish brown, light brown or reddish brown with luster; Winter bud scales have rounded backs or blunt ridges; The leaves are strip-shaped, dioecious and the seeds are oblate. Seeds are used to extract oil and medicine. It belongs to shallow-rooted plants, the main roots are not obvious, and the lateral roots are developed.
The leaves alternate spirally, the base is twisted into two rows, the cords are slightly curved, the length is1~ 2.5cm, the width is 2 ~ 2.5mm, the leaf margin is slightly curved, the tip is gradually pointed, there are two wide yellow-green or gray-green stomatal zones on the back of the leaves, the midvein is densely protruded, and the green zone on the leaf margin is extremely narrow, which is dioecious. Male flowers are solitary in leaf axils, and female flowers are dioecious. The seed is oblate with 2 edges, the seed is ovoid, and the aril is cup-shaped and red.
distribution range
They are widely distributed in Hunan, Guangdong, Shaanxi, Hubei, western Anhui, Fanjingshan and Foding Mountain in tongren city, most of southwest Guizhou, Sichuan and Chongqing, the virgin forests of Youyang and Dabanying Mountain, and southern Gansu.
All yew are produced in the northern hemisphere except AustrotaxusSpicata of Australia, which is produced in the southern hemisphere. There are 4 species 1 varieties of Taxus in China, which are distributed in most parts of China. Taxus cuspidata is mainly distributed in Changbai Mountain in Jilin Province and Heilongjiang Province, with a small amount in the eastern mountainous area of Liaoning Province. Taxus yunnanensis is mainly distributed in western Yunnan and Dizhou 16 county, with a total area of about 90,000 square kilometers. It is characterized by wide distribution, scattered growth and no pure forest, and most of the forests are scattered trees. Taxus chinensis var. mairei var. mairei in China is mainly distributed in pure forests in eastern Yunnan, southwestern Yunnan and eastern Yunnan, and most of them are scattered trees in the forests.
Planting technique
(1) Seed Propagation Techniques of Taxus chinensis.
(1) Seed collection: collect red fruits from September to June, rub off the red aril and pulp, wash them, and store them in wet sand.
(2) Seed coat damage: The seed has the characteristics of long post-ripening period and dormancy. Under natural conditions, it can germinate after two winters and one summer, that is, outdoor freezing in winter, high temperature and rainy in summer, and sowing in autumn the following year. If sown in spring, it can still be frozen in outdoor soil after winter, and it can be planted in greenhouse to accelerate germination from late March to early April, and it can emerge more than 20 days after sowing. If the seeds can be rubbed repeatedly on the rough cement floor at the bottom of coarse sand, the inconspicuous tough seed coat and hard seed shell can be ground thin (don't grind the seed kernel thin), so that the seeds can be easily permeable to water and air, and the seeds can germinate faster.
(3) Temperature changing treatment: Taxus chinensis seeds have the habit of double dormancy of radicle and hypocotyl. Radicle needs to go through a high temperature stage above 25℃ for about 1 month to break dormancy, and hypocotyl needs to be at -3℃ ~-20℃ for about 1 month to break dormancy. In order to accelerate seed germination in advance, the dormancy of hypocotyl can be released by mixing the seeds of Taxus chinensis with damaged seed coat with wet sand and freezing them for 25 ~ 40 days in an environment below MINUS 3℃. After sowing in late winter or early spring, the radicle dormancy can be broken when it meets the temperature above 25℃ for about 2 months, and the seeds can germinate and be unearthed.
(4) Seeding and seedling raising: row sowing, shading after emergence, the seedlings are afraid of sunburn, the light transmittance of the shade shed is 15%-20%, weeding frequently, 1 day, watering with dilute urea water or clear manure water 1 time, seedling raising can be achieved, and after 1 year, seedlings can be transplanted in the open field.
(2) Cutting propagation technology of Taxus chinensis.
(1) Collecting cuttings: In May-June at the turn of spring and summer, cut the tender branches of the current year from the mother trees over 4 years old as cuttings.
(2) Cutting treatment: cutting off branches with the length greater than 15cm, removing the lower leaves, cutting the base of the branches into a wound with the length of 0.5- 1cm, cutting off the branches from the lower part of the ring cut after a tumor is formed around the wound, and soaking the base end in 100ppm indomethacin or phenylacetic acid for 3 hours.
(3) Cutting method: Insert the treated cuttings on the prepared seedbed or sawdust substrate made of vermiculite and weathered sand (1: 1), with cutting depth of 3-5 cm and plant spacing of 8- 10 cm. After insertion, water it to make it permeable, and cover it with plastic film to keep it moist. Spray twice a day at first, and once a day 1 time after two weeks. The same seed is raised in the shade. Roots are born 45-50 days after transplanting, and the seedling rate can reach more than 90% with careful management.
(3) Seedling management and afforestation.
(1) overwintering management of seedlings: seedlings are afraid of frost, and it is better to protect seedlings in an arch shed in winter, and it is better to cover them with plastic film.
(2) Seedling transplanting and hardening: After the sowing seedlings or cuttings are cultivated for 65,438+0 years, they are transplanted and hardened, and transplanted to the open field seedlings according to the plant spacing of 25-30 cm, and a 65,438+0.5-meter-high shade shed is set up and watered frequently. When the seedlings are returned to Huang Shi, light urea water or light manure water should be topdressing to cultivate strong seedlings.
(3) Afforestation in nursery: Taxus seedlings that have been exercised for 1 year can be afforested when their height reaches 40-60 cm. The plant spacing is 1.6 m 2 m, and the whole plant can be sold to pharmaceutical factories after 5 years of cultivation. The price of 1 plant is 80- 100 yuan.
Main value
economy
According to the fifth edition of People's Daily 200 1, 17, the price of high-quality paclitaxel in the international market in 2000 has reached as high as $0.8 million per kilogram/kloc-0.
The heartwood is orange-red, the sapwood is yellow-brown, the texture is straight, the structure is fine, the specific gravity is 0.55-0.76, it is solid and durable, and it is less cracked after drying. It can be used as a material for buildings, vehicles, furniture, utensils, farm tools and stationery.
Medicinal value
The medicinal value of Taxus chinensis mainly lies in its extract-secondary metabolic derivative-paclitaxel. Taxol was originally isolated from the bark of Taxus brevifolia as an anti-tumor active ingredient. It is one of the best drugs to treat metastatic ovarian cancer and breast cancer. At the same time, it has obvious curative effect on lung cancer and esophageal cancer, and has obvious inhibitory effect on nephritis and parvovirus inflammation.
The roots, stems and leaves of Taxus chinensis can be used as medicine, which can cure dysuria, reduce swelling and relieve pain, and have therapeutic effects on diabetes, irregular menstruation and increased blood volume. Taxus chinensis can also be used for postpartum conditioning and has a certain therapeutic effect on female diseases.
landscape ecology
Landscape beautification
There are also very broad development prospects in landscaping and indoor bonsai, such as high-grade bonsai made of rare yew trees. The bonsai of Taxus cuspidata treated by dwarfing technology is simple and elegant in shape, with compact but not dense branches and leaves, stretching but not loose. Red stems, red branches, green leaves and red beans make them have multiple ornamental values of ornamental stems, branches, leaves and fruits.
purify air
Taxus chinensis can purify indoor air very well and absorb indoor toxic gases such as formaldehyde when decorating new houses, thus reducing the content of indoor toxic gases. Taxus can absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen. It is a natural oxygen bar that can be used day and night. Belonging to CAM tree species, it can prevent respiratory diseases and keep the air clean and safe. Modern environmental monitoring proves that Taxus chinensis can absorb sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and other toxic gases into the body and purify indoor air.
plant culture
In Christianity in this century, yew is regarded as a symbol of immortality. Now the old tree still grows in China's house, which is a treasure trove of geomantic omen, in a medieval temple. In some areas of China, people think that yew can bring good luck and happiness, which is called geomantic omen. Interestingly, in Mao Zedong's former residence, he studied stones first, and two trees were sick, one of which, Jinggangshan, was yew. 1929 Kuomintang troops burned down the former residence, but 1949 suddenly discovered new shoots. 1976 after the death of the chairman, two tree diseases broke out suddenly, and experts came to consult, a new treatment. The most valuable green Taxus species. In China, at the same time, it is generally considered to have the meaning of luck, wealth and honor, peace and harmony. In fact, it is a tree of wealth for successful people.