Garden design What are the styles of villa gardens?
Garden design - garden style
Style is the priority that needs to be established in garden design. This chapter focuses on the characteristics of various styles and how to choose the appropriate style.
1. Classification and characteristics of garden styles
(1) The layout is divided into three categories: regular, natural and mixed
1 The compositions of the regular style are mostly geometric figures, and the vertical elements are often regular spheres, cylinders, cones, etc. Regular gardens are divided into symmetrical and asymmetrical. The symmetrical garden has two central axes that intersect at the center of the garden, dividing the garden into four completely symmetrical parts. The regular symmetrical garden is majestic and gives people tranquility and stability. , a sense of order; the two axes of an asymmetric garden do not intersect at the center point of the garden, and a single component is often an odd number. The layout of components of different geometric shapes only focuses on adjusting the visual center of gravity of the garden without emphasizing repetition. Compared with the former, the latter is more dynamic and lively.
2. Natural gardens completely imitate the wild beauty of pure natural landscapes and do not use structures and materials with obvious artificial traces. The design pursues an aesthetic realm where even though it is made by humans, it looks like it was made by nature. Even the hard structures that must be built are made of natural wood or local stone to blend into the surrounding environment.
3. Most gardens have both regular and natural characteristics. This is a mixed garden. There are three types of expressions. The first type is the natural layout of regular constituent elements, which are common in European classical aristocratic gardens; the second type is the regular layout of natural constituent elements. Such as the courtyard courtyard in the north; the third category is the natural connection between regular hard structures and natural soft elements. Although most of the recent Shanghai villa courtyards are asymmetrical, the parts close to the house are still regular. You can make square Or round hard paving combined with natural plant landscape and irregular lawn on the outer edge. This method can find a balance in a piece of land that is neither strictly geometric nor oddly natural.
(2) It is divided into three categories in terms of cultural characteristics: Chinese, Japanese and European.
1. Chinese gardens have three tributaries: the courtyard gardens in the north and the freehand landscapes in the south of the Yangtze River. , Lingnan gardens; among them, Jiangnan gardens have the highest achievements and the largest number. The Chinese garden has a strong artistic conception of classical ink landscape painting. The composition is dominated by curves, with emphasis on winding paths leading to seclusion, unobstructed taboos, and the "gathering of Qi" of Feng Shui. The garden is a work of art composed of architecture, landscapes, flowers and trees. The architecture is made of wooden pavilions and platforms. Mainly , corridors and pavilions, the moon-shaped door and lattice window-style black tiles and pink walls play the role of blocking, guiding or dividing sight lines and paths. Garden plants have clear meanings and strict placement. For example, bamboos are planted behind the house, osmanthus is planted in front of the hall, peonies and peonies are planted in the flower beds, sycamores are planted in front of the steps, bananas are planted on the corners, white pine trees are planted on the slopes, lotus are planted in the pool, bamboos and stalagmites are used for the scenery, stone tables and chairs are used for the sketches, solitary ornamental stones, etc.
2. Japanese gardens originated from the Qin and Han culture of China. The traces of Chinese classical gardens are still vaguely identifiable. In the process of Chinese gardens changing from imitating natural landscapes to literati landscapes, Japanese gardens gradually got rid of poetic and romantic sentiments. Moving toward the realm of dryness, silence, and confusion, this garden uses simple materials and abstract techniques to express the mysterious and profound Confucian, Buddhist, and Taoist principles. Use garden language to explain the state of "elderly disciples, leave the house of fire in the three realms and sit on the cool dew".
(1) Building a mountain garden and a peaceful garden
Pond and spring style refers to the garden structure with a combination of ponds and flowing springs as the main landscape, while building a mountain garden focuses on building mountains with earth on the terrain. , Pingting corresponds to building a mountain garden, which refers to garden planning on a flat base, pursuing the effect of the exquisiteness of deep mountains and valleys, and the vagueness of coastal islands on flat land; building a mountain garden and a flat garden have three types: true, row, grass, In terms of form, Zhenting is an all-round imitation of real mountains and waters, while Xingting is a partial simulation with a small amount of omissions; Caoting is a large number of omissions.
(2) Dry landscapes and ponds
Dry landscapes are the essence of Japanese gardens. In essence, sand is used to replace water and rocks are used to replace islands. It uses very few components to achieve a great artistic effect and pursues the beauty of Zen beauty.
There are two kinds of metaphorical objects in dry landscapes. One is the rapids or waterfalls of mountain streams, which are called dry mountains in Japan; the other is coasts and islands. Ponds and springs are miniature real landscapes. Ponds and springs are usually the center of the garden. Dry landscapes and ponds The springs are all set up with rocks in the natural layout of the pool to represent islands. The revetments connected to the shore are called Zhongdao, and are called Turtle Island, Crane Island, Penglai and other names according to different locations. The rocks standing in the water or in the sand have different names. Multiple names will not be repeated here.
(3) Tea Garden
Tea garden, also called open space, is a garden form originated from the tea ceremony culture. So far, the landscape function of tea garden has been greater than its practical function. A tea garden style garden is generally a space where the tea room is entered. The landscape is arranged according to a certain route. The simple stepping stones are used to symbolize the rugged mountain stone paths, the dwarf pines on the ground are used to refer to the lush forest, and the squatting hand washing bowl is used. Reminiscent of the clear mountain springs, stone lanterns with rich vicissitudes of life are used to create a tea ceremony atmosphere of peace, silence, purity and tranquility. It has a strong Zen artistic conception.
(4) Sitting and viewing, boat tour and return tour
Japanese gardens are mostly focused on contemplation, especially small gardens, which have only one viewing angle. The road is only for people to look at, not for people to walk in and enjoy, so it is called a sit-and-view garden. Corresponding to this, the tour type allows people to walk in and enjoy it. It has multiple viewing angles and can change the scene as you move. Boat tour style is a circulatory garden that uses cruise ships as a means of transportation. In large gardens, the three methods are usually combined, and the tour method can also be used in larger courtyards.
3. There are five branches of European garden style: Italian terrace garden, French waterscape garden, Dutch formal garden, British nature garden, and British theme garden. The development of gardens in various countries has been in the same vein from the past to the present.
The Italian peninsula is mountainous, and most buildings are built according to the terrain. A "terraced" platform is opened in front of the garden, with a central axis drawn in the middle. Towering fir and pine trees are planted on both sides of the central axis, and the platform , flower beds, sculptures and other sketches are arranged symmetrically. ┃Italian Garden Mythical Sculpture Features: Terrace Sculpture Fountain Design Concept: In Italy during the Renaissance, villa gardens were built in the suburbs. It inherited the garden characteristics of the ancient Romans and adopted a planned layout with a prominent axis. Because the Italian peninsula is bordered by the sea on three sides and is mountainous and hilly, its gardens are built on slopes. On a central axis leading along the hillside, layers of terraces, fountains, statues, etc. are opened up. The plants are made of boxwood or cypress trees to form patterned tree beds, highlighting evergreen trees and using less flowers. Necessary elements: sculptures, fountains, steps and waterfalls. Italian courtyards attach great importance to water treatment. Channels are built using terrain steps, and water sources are gathered at high places and directed downwards, forming waterfalls falling in layers. The pressure of different heights is used to create Fountains of various shapes were formed, in the shape of a tower, or statues were mounted on the wall to form wall fountains. The small pieces used as decorations come in various shapes, including exquisitely carved stone railings, stone jars, inscriptions, and marble statues with themes from classical mythology, etc., thus forming an Italian terrace garden with its own style. The main scenery of Italian gardens is mostly sculptures or flower beds set up on the wide road along the central axis. There are few water features, and even small fountains in the form of basins are there. After the Italian terrace garden was introduced to France, France was dominated by plains with many rivers and lakes. Therefore, the garden was designed into a regular layout with a symmetrical and even central axis on the flat ground. The difference is that French gardens often design large circular or rectangular ponds on the ground. On the central axis, there are straight and narrow roads along both sides of the pond. Later the Dutch pruned the trees into geometric shapes and the shapes of various animals. On the contrary, the British prefer natural bushes and grasslands, and pay particular attention to the integration of borrowed scenery with the natural environment outside the garden. They pay attention to the shape, color, taste, flowering period and cluster planting methods of flowers, and the emergence of flower arrangements as the main focus. , content "garden", and even specialized gardens with a flower theme, such as "rose garden", "lily garden", "iris garden", etc., so that when you mention European-style gardens, you will think of large-scale flower gardens. Lawns, solitary trees, and beautiful flower paths.
2. The choice of garden style
In addition to personal preferences, the style of garden is mainly restricted by terrain, architecture, family members, etc. When you measure and analyze the site, you will find that the uniqueness of the site has already predicted the style of the garden. Generally speaking, irregular sites are more suitable for Chinese style, especially "L" shape, "Hui" shape, The "凵"-shaped courtyard and the Chinese-style scenery changing technique can create an artistic conception of "how deep the courtyard is". A small and square courtyard is more suitable for a Japanese-style garden, while a large, square courtyard with a central building is better for a European-style garden.
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