Grape varieties suitable for planting in Yantai, Shandong Province? (Early maturity, late maturity, edible, brewing)

(1) Sabah pearl: Eurasian species, 195 1 introduced to China, cultivated in small quantities in various places. The average weight of the ear is 200 ~ 500 g, which is conical, yellow-green, and light yellow when it is fully mature; The peel is thin; The meat is slightly crisp, juicy, and has a rose fragrance. It contains 65,438+02% ~ 65,438+05% soluble solids and 0.5% ~ 0.8% acid, and tastes sweet and sour. The fruit branch rate is 65% ~ 80%, and the average per fruit branch is 1.2 ~ 1.3 ear. The fruit in Guanzhong, Shaanxi Province is ripe in mid-July, which is relatively consistent. The fruit needs 100 ~ 1 15 days from germination to full maturity, which belongs to an extremely early-maturing variety. Sabah pearls mature very early, with excellent quality, strong disease resistance and medium yield, and are excellent fresh food species.

(2) Early Rose: Eurasian species. Northwest Agricultural College was bred by crossing rose buds with Sabah pearls in 1963, named after 1975. Shaanxi, Shanxi, Shandong and other provinces are cultivated. The ear is medium and large, weighing 2 10~290g ~ 290 g, and the maximum ear weight is 365g, which is conical and compact. The fruit grain is medium and large, with an average of 3. 1 ~ 3.6g, and the maximum grain weight is 6.5g It is round, purplish red and thick. Pericarp medium thickness; The meat is plump and juicy, with soluble solids 14% ~ 16%, acid content of 0.7% ~ 0.9%, sweet and sour taste, and rich rose fragrance. Each fruit contains 1 ~ 4 seeds, with more than 2 seeds. The fruit branch rate is 70% ~ 80%, and each fruit branch is 1.3 ~ 1.5 ear. In Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province, the fruit ripens at the end of July, and it takes 100 ~ 105 days from germination to full maturity. The tree is weak, with short internodes and many secondary branches. New shoots germinate easily in winter. Annual mature branches are light brown. Early rose is the earliest variety of fruit ripening in China, with beautiful ear appearance, rich rose fragrance, excellent quality and moderate disease resistance. Suitable for planting in sandy loam and areas with irrigation conditions.

(3) Zhengzhou bordeaux (bordeaux): Eurasian species. Zhengzhou fruit trees are cultivated in Henan, Jilin, Shanxi and other provinces. The ear is medium or large, with an average weight of 390 ~ 450 g, with two sharp shoulders and cones. The fruit grain is large, weighing 30 1 ~ 3.8 g, with a maximum grain weight of 5.2g, nearly round, purplish red and medium fruit powder. Thick skin and soft and juicy meat; It contains soluble solids 15.5% ~ 17.2% and acid 0.75%, and tastes sweet and sour. Average per fruit branch 1.5 ~ 1.8 ear. It takes110 ~115 days for the fruit to germinate and fully mature. This tree has the golden mean. The annual mature branches are brown. Zhengzhou is early red and precocious, salty, with beautiful panicle shape and above average quality.

(4) Shandong Zaohong: Eurasian species, bred by Shandong Wine Grape Research Institute, named 1976. Shandong Province, Changchun City, Tianjin and other places are cultivated. Ears are medium and large, weighing 350 ~ 500 g, conical and dense. The fruit is large, weighing 3.4~3.9g, oval, purple-black, and in the fruit powder; The peel is thick and astringent; The meat is soft and juicy, with rose fragrance, containing soluble solids 13% ~ 16%, sweet and sour, with an average of 1.5 ~ 1.9 ear per fruit branch. In Jinan, Shandong, the fruit ripens in late July. It takes about 1 10 days for the fruit to germinate and fully mature. This tree has the golden mean. Annual mature branches are yellow-brown Shandong Zaohong is one of the fresh food varieties with early maturity, high yield and high quality.

(5) Early agate: Eurasian species. It was bred by Beijing Forest Fruit Research Institute and cultivated in Beijing and Shandong Province. Ears are of medium size, with an average weight of 338g, conical and medium density. The fruit is large (22.6× 17.5mm), with an average weight of 4.2g, rectangular, purplish red and medium fruit powder. The peel is thin; The meat is crisp and sweet, containing soluble solids 126.3%, with 2 ~ 4 grains per fruit. The fruit branch rate is about 8%, with an average of 1.5 ~ 1.7 ear per fruit branch. In Beijing, the fruit ripens in early August, and it takes about 1 13 days from germination to full maturity, so it is an early-maturing variety. This tree has the golden mean. Early agate is an excellent early-maturing fresh food with large fruit, crisp and sweet meat, beautiful appearance and high yield.

(6) Phoenix 5 1: Eurasian species, bred by Dalian Institute of Agricultural Sciences and cultivated in Beijing, Shanghai, Hebei, Shandong, Liaoning and other provinces (cities). The ear is medium or large, with an average weight of 350 ~ 420 g, conical and extremely high density. The fruit is large, with an average weight of 6.6~8.7g, red, nearly round and oblate, with 3 ~ 4 grooves on the fruit surface; Pericarp medium thickness; The meat is crispy and juicy, with a sugar content of 13% ~ 18% and an acid content of about 0.6%. It tastes sweet and sour. Each fruit branch averages 1.5 ~ 2 ears. The fruit ripens in Dalian in early August and in Jinan, Shandong Province in late July. It is an early-maturing variety with medium tree potential. Fenghuang 5 1 is an excellent early-maturing fresh food with large fruit grains, early maturity and good quality.

(7) Nezha: Eurasian species, introduced from Albania to China on 1975. The ear is large, with an average weight of 360-850 g, and the largest ear can reach 1 100g, which is conical, often with accessory ear, medium density or scattered birch. The fruit is very large (23 ~ 26× 26 mm), with an average weight of 4.5 ~ 10.2 g, the maximum grain weight of 17g, round or oval, pink and thin fruit powder. Pericarp medium thickness; The meat is crisp, light and slightly fragrant. Soluble solids 13% ~ 18%, and acid content is about 0.65%. The taste is sweet and sour, and the quality is above average. Each fruit contains 1 ~ 4 seeds, including 2 more seeds, and the fruit branch rate is 50% ~ 80%. Each fruit branch has an average ear of 1.2 ~ 18, with large grains, beautiful appearance, early maturity and high yield, but it is easy to crack fruit and is not resistant to powdery mildew and black pox. When the load is too large, the fruit is easy to fall and the ear is loose. Weak wintering.

Rizate: Eurasian species, alias Rose Milk, was first introduced to China in 196 1 and cultivated in North China and Northwest China. The spike is very large, with an average weight of 650 ~ 1000 g, with conical branches and medium density. The fruit is very large, with an average weight of 10.4% ~ 12g, cylindrical, red and purple when it is fully mature; The skin is extremely thick, the meat is crisp and thick, the sugar content is 10% 14%, the acid content is about 0.6%, and the taste is sweet. In Shandong province. In Jinan City, Shandong Province, the fruit is fully mature in early August, which is an early-maturing variety. The trees are extremely lush. Rizate is one of the best fresh food places suitable for cold and arid areas in northern China. It has beautiful appearance and good quality, but the trees are vigorous and have poor disease resistance, so it is suitable to be cultivated in large hedgerows or greenhouses.

Jade: Eurasian species, cultivated in Beijing Botanical Garden of China Academy of Sciences. Ears are large, with an average of 600g, conical and medium density. The fruit is large, with an average weight of 6.5g, oval or oblong, yellow-green; The peel is thin; The meat is crisp, containing soluble solids 14% and acid 0.53%. It is sweet and sour and has good quality. This tree has moderate potential and higher yield. In Beijing, the fruit ripens at the beginning of August, which is an early-maturing variety. Strong disease resistance.

Rose fragrance: Eurasian species, native to Britain, cultivated in Shandong, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin and other provinces (cities). The ear is medium or large, with an average weight of 150~350g ~ 350 g, conical or branched, medium compact or loose. The fruit is large, with an average weight of about 5g, purplish red, thick fruit powder and medium thick peel; The meat is juicy, the juice is colorless, and the rose fragrance is rich; It contains soluble solids 15% ~ 19% and acid content of 0.6% ~ 0.7%, and tastes sweet and sour. The average fruit per branch is about 1.5 ear. The fruit ripens in Jinan, Shandong Province at the end of August and in Guanzhong, Shaanxi Province around August 20. It takes 140 ~ 150 days for the fruit to germinate and fully mature. It is a mid-late maturing variety with medium tree potential. Rose fragrance is a world-famous excellent table grape variety. Under good management conditions, its fruit size is large, its quality is excellent and its yield is high.

(1 1) Longan: Eurasian species, an ancient variety originating in China, is widely cultivated in Pingdu, Shandong, Changli, Zhangjiakou, Qingxu, Shanxi and Yulin, Shaanxi. The ear is large, with an average of 600-800 g, the maximum ear weight 1500g, conical or conical with shoulders, and medium density. The fruit is large, with an average weight of 5 ~ 6g, nearly round or oval, purplish red and thick fruit powder; Pericarp medium thickness; The flesh is juicy and the juice is colorless; Soluble solids 15% ~ 20%, acid content 0.6% ~ 1.0%, sweet and sour. Average per fruit branch 1.2 ~ 1.3 ear. The fruits of Shandong and Beijing ripen in the middle and late September, and the fruits of central Shanxi10 ripen from late September to early June. The fruit needs more than 150 ~ 160 days from germination to full maturity, and it is a late-maturing fresh-eating wine variety. This tree is very strong. Longan has large ears and grains, and is resistant to storage and transportation. The quality of fresh food is above average, and the productivity of plastic shed is extremely high. Cold resistance, drought resistance and salt tolerance are strong, but they are prone to black pox.

(12) Milk: Eurasian species, mainly cultivated in Turpan Basin in Xinjiang and Xuanhua in Hebei, but not cultivated in Dunhuang in Gansu, Changli in Hebei and Qingxu in Shanxi. The spike is large, with an average weight of 300 ~ 800 g, long and conical, and loose. The fruit is large, with an average single fruit weight of 4.5 ~ 6.5, the maximum grain weight of 9g, cylindrical, yellow-green to yellow-white, thin peel, crisp meat, soluble solids 15% ~ 22%, acid content of 0.25% ~ 0.3%, and pure and sweet taste. Average number of spikes per fruit branch 1.2 ~ 1.4. The fruit ripens in mid-August (Xuanhua, Qingxu) or late August (Turpan), and it takes 130 ~ 140 days, so it is a medium-ripe fresh food species. This tree is very strong. Milk grape has large ear grain, high yield, thin skin, crisp, sweet and refreshing meat, good quality, but poor cold resistance and disease resistance, and is suitable for ecological conditions with little rain, sufficient heat and loose soil.

(13) Turpan red grape: Eurasian species, cultivated in Dunhuang, Turpan Basin, Xinjiang, China. The ear is large, with an average weight of 300-400 g, the largest ear is above 1500g, the shoulder is conical, the fruit stalk is short, the fruit is large, with an average weight of about 4g, oval, pink or with rosy stripes; The peel is thin; There is little crisp gravy, and the juice is milky yellow, containing 22% ~ 23% soluble solids and 0.4% ~ 0.5% acid. Generally, each fruit branch is only 1 ear. The fruit ripens in mid-August. The fruit needs 135 ~ 140 days from germination to full maturity, which belongs to the middle-late maturity variety. This tree is very strong. Annual mature branches are yellow-brown with long internodes. This variety has beautiful panicle shape, crisp and sweet meat, excellent quality and medium yield. It's just that the peel is extremely thin and not resistant to storage and transportation; It rains in the mature period, the air humidity is high, and it is easy to crack and rot.

Hotan Red Grape: Eurasian species, native to China, is the main cultivated variety in Hotan, Xinjiang. The ear is large, with an average weight of 680 ~ 900 g, conical, with shoulders, and extremely compact. The fruit is big and round, weighing 3.7 ~ 4g, purplish red, with medium fruit powder; Thick skin and soft flesh; The fruit juice is yellow-white, containing soluble solids 18% ~ 19%, and the acid content is about 0.6%, so it tastes sweet and sour. In Hotan area, it takes 140 ~ 150 days for the fruit to ripen in mid-September, and it belongs to a late-maturing variety. In addition to fresh and dried raisins, it is also used to make wine. Hotan red grape has strong adaptability, barren tolerance, salt tolerance, cold tolerance and high and stable yield. Thick peel, resistant to storage and transportation. The brewed dry white wine is light yellow and clear, with complete aroma, strong body and long aftertaste. The quality of wine is the best among grape varieties in Xinjiang.

(15) Munage: Eurasian species, native to Xinjiang, widely cultivated in Hotan area, divided into two kinds of green munage. The spike is large, with an average weight of 540 ~ 780 g, conical and loose. Qingmuna has a large fruit, with an average fruit weight of 5 ~ 7g and soluble solids content of 17% ~ 18%. The taste is sweet and sour, and the fruit needs 150 days from germination to full maturity. It is a late-maturing variety from September 7th to 10 in Shanshan County. Mu Na Ge is a late-maturing variety with large seeds, high yield, storage and transportation resistance and medium quality, which has been exported to India. But harvesting too late is easy to thresh.

(16) Kyoho: European-American hybrid, native to Japan, 1959 introduced to China. At present, most provinces and regions have large-scale cultivation. The ear is large, with an average weight of 300 ~ 430 g, conical, loose or medium density. The maximum average weight of fruit particles is 9 ~ 12g, oval, purplish red, and the fruit powder is of medium thickness; Thick peel; The flesh is soft and juicy yellow-green, not fleshy, slightly American, and the skin and seeds are easy to separate; It contains soluble solids 14% ~ 16% and acid 0.6% ~ 0.7%, and tastes sweet and sour. Average per fruit branch 1.3 ~ 1.8 ear. The secondary branch has strong seed-setting ability, and it takes about 130 ~ 140 days from germination to full maturity of the fruit. It belongs to a medium-mature variety. This tree is very strong. Jufeng is deeply loved by growers and consumers because of its super-large fruit, beautiful appearance, medium and high quality, high yield and strong adaptability. It is the most widely cultivated and largest table grape variety in China. If it is not managed properly, the fruit will fall seriously; Too much fruit will lead to premature senescence of trees and affect future yield.

Fujiminori: a European-American hybrid, originated in Japan, and 1986 was introduced to China. Ears are medium or large, with an average weight of 340 ~ 600 g, conical, medium or tight. The fruit is very large, with an average of 18g in Jianjiang Province and a maximum of 32g, nearly round and purple-black; Thick peel; Thick meat, sugar content 16% ~ 18%, sweet and raspberry. The quality is above average. It is a medium-early maturing variety. This variety has the largest fruit grain, light fruit cracking and strong disease resistance, and has great development prospects.

(XVIII) Mogao: European-American hybrid, native to Japan, introduced to China with 1985. Leaves are similar to giant peaks. Ears are big, with an average weight of 300 ~ 400 g, conical, medium or compact. The fruit is very large, with an average weight of 9 ~ 13g, oval and purplish red; Thick peel; The pulp is thick and juicy, easy to separate from seeds, sweet and sour, and has strawberry flavor; The maturity is 10 days earlier than Kyoho, which is an early-maturing variety. High-ink falling flowers and fruits are lighter, the ears are neat and beautiful, and the resistance is strong, each with its own performance.

(XIX) Hongruibao: A hybrid from Europe and America, 1982 was introduced to China, and now it is cultivated in a small amount in many provinces and regions. The ear is medium or large, with an average weight of 200 ~ 500 g, branched or conical, and medium density. The fruit is very large, with an average weight of 8 ~ 10g, oval and light red; Thick skin and soft and juicy meat; It contains soluble solids 15% ~ 2 1%, acid 0.5%, sweet taste and medium strawberry flavor. Average per fruit branch 1.4 ~ 1.7 ear. It is a mid-late maturing variety. This tree is very strong.

(20) Longbao: European-American hybrid, native to Japan, 1982 was introduced to China. Big ears, with an average weight of 470 ~ 5 10g, oval, red palladium; Pericarp medium thickness; The meat is soft and juicy, with soluble solids 14.7% ~ 16.5% and acid content of 0.68%. It is a medium-ripe variety with sweet taste, strong strawberry flavor, good quality and fruit maturity similar to Kyoho. Longbao has high output, stable output and good quality. Longbao, compared with its sister varieties Hongruibao and Fuji, has stronger resistance to anthracnose and lighter fruit cracking.

Grape cultivation has a long history and many varieties, which can be roughly divided into two categories: wine grapes and edible grapes. According to geographical distribution and ecological characteristics, it can be divided into three types: Eurasian population, East Asian population and North American population. The inherent characteristics of each grape have certain decisive significance to the quality of wine. It can be said that any grape can make wine, but not all grapes can make good wine.

The following are several varieties suitable for brewing red wine:

1, Cabernet Sauvignon

Eurasian species. Originally from France. Ears are small, with an average ear weight of 165.2g, which is conical. The fruit planting density is moderate, with an average grain weight of 65438±0.9g, round, purple-black, and grassy. The soluble solid content is 16.3% ~ 17.4%, and the acid content is 0.56%. Mature in Beijing from late August to early September. The high-grade dry red wine brewed with it is light ruby red, clear and transparent, with green stalk flavor, mellow taste, good aftertaste and high quality. It can be cultivated in North China, Northwest China and Southeast China.

1892 was introduced from western Europe to Yantai, Shandong. Introduced in large quantities in 1990s, it has been planted in more than ten provinces such as Hebei, Xinjiang, Ningxia, Shandong, Gansu and Sichuan.

The buds are yellow-green, the leaves are yellow-green, the leaves are shiny, and the back of the leaves is gray and fluffy. The adult leaves are medium-sized, round, with pure serrated edges, 5-lobed leaves, smooth leaves, sparse back hairs and closed petioles. Amphoteric flowers. Small ears, average ear weight 175g, conical or cylindrical, with accessory ears. The fruit is small, densely planted, purple-black, round, thick-skinned, juicy and grassy, with an average sugar content of 193.7g/L, an average acid content of 7. 1g/L and an average juice yield of 62%.

Cabernet Sauvignon is a late-maturing variety. Moderate growth potential, strong fertility, easy high yield, local conditions, strong disease resistance, cold tolerance, like fertilizer and water.

Originated in Bordeaux, France, it is the most popular black wine grape in the world. It is easy to grow, suitable for many different climates and has been widely planted all over the world.

The vivid name of Cabernet Sauvignon was invented by scholars in the Republic of China. The color of this grape is like a bright red cloud and a red pearl jade. Today, it is as international as English. Because it is suitable for many climate types, it is found in almost every place where wine grapes are grown in the world.

Cabernet Sauvignon originated in Bordeaux, France. Without it, Bordeaux red wine would not have the world-famous and endless charm. The famous villages on the left bank of Bordeaux serve vineyards like money, but in fact they serve Cabernet Sauvignon more. Although Bordeaux wines are required to be brewed together with other varieties, Cabernet Sauvignon is the main wine.

Many high-quality red wines in the world are made from Cabernet Sauvignon. It is a late-maturing variety with thick black skin and small fruit grains, and the ratio of skin to juice is higher than that of other grapes, so the red wine brewed by it is ruby red, mellow and harmonious, full-bodied, with the typical aroma of grass, green pepper and black berries (such as black berries, plums, black cherries, mulberries, etc.). If it is aged in a new barrel, it will generally have the aroma of smoke, vanilla and pepper. If it gets old,

2. Snake Dragon Ball

Eurasian species. Originated in France, it is one of the ancient varieties in France. It is a sister variety of Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Sauvignon. 1892 introduced to Yantai, Shandong. Now there are many cultivations in Yantai, Shandong Province.

The background color of tender shoots is yellow-green, with dark purple-red additional color and sparse fluff. Leaf blade is small, thin, edge rolled down, round or heart-shaped, five-lobed, upper fissure is deep and closed, lower fissure is shallow, open, wrinkled, but not rough, with sparse fluff on the back of leaf, serrations and protrusions on both sides of leaf margin, open petiole, harp-shaped and pointed at the bottom. Flowers are bisexual. Ears are medium and large, with an average ear weight of 232g and conical shape. The fruit density is moderate, the average grain weight is 2.0 1g, round and purple-black, the juice yield is 76%, the soluble solids is 20%, and the acid content is 0.6 1%. The wine brewed with it is ruby red, clear and shiny, soft and refreshing, typical Cabernet Sauvignon, and of high quality.

This plant has strong growth potential. The fruiting branches account for 70% of the total number of bud eyes, and the average number of fruit ears on each fruiting branch is 1.23 ~ 1.6, so the yield is moderate. The growth days from germination to full maturity were 65438 038 days, and the active accumulated temperature was 3267.6℃. It matures in late August in Beijing, and belongs to middle-late maturity variety. Strong adaptability, drought resistance, anthracnose and black pox resistance, moderate resistance to white rot and downy mildew, no fruit cracking and no sunburn. Suitable for hedge cultivation and pruning of short and medium branches.

Snake Dragon Ball should be cultivated in Shandong, Southeast, North China and Northwest China. It is a world-famous red wine, and its dry red wine is full of fragrance, richness, fullness and vitality. It is the sister line of Cabernet Sauvignon.

3. Cabernet Fran

Eurasian species. Originally from France. It was introduced earlier in China and cultivated in Jiaodong, northern Hebei and Hexi Corridor in Gansu.

Botanical characteristics: the shoots are green, densely villous, and there are reddish stripes on the shoots; Young leaves are green, the surface of leaves is shiny, reddish, the edge of leaves is burgundy, and the back of leaves is fluffy; Adult leaves are large, heart-shaped, 5-lobed, deeply cut and have sharp jagged edge. The upper surface of the blade is rough with small bubbles, and the back of the blade is covered with fluff. The leaves are obviously rolled down, the autumn leaves are dark red, and the petiole is drooping. Amphoteric flowers.

Fruit characteristics: the ear is medium-sized, conical, about 15cm long and 10cm wide, with an average ear weight of about 200 grams. Fruit grains are densely planted, with uneven maturity and small green grains; The fruit is small, weighing 2.0g, round, purple-black, with thick fruit powder, rich juice, sugar content 19%, acid content 0.78%, juice yield 70%, low tannin content, 0/-2 grains per fruit, and small seeds.

Growth and fruiting habits: the plant grows moderately, and the germination ability of bud eyes is moderate. Each fruiting branch has an average of 1.4 inflorescences, and the attached branches have average fruiting intensity, low yield, poor cold resistance and poor consistency among plants. It germinates in Yantai, Shandong Province in mid-April, blooms from the end of May to the beginning of June and matures in mid-September. The average time from germination to fruit ripening is about 150 days, and the effective accumulated temperature is 3400℃. late variety

Key points of cultivation: Pinlizhu is an ancient and excellent wine-making variety, with moderate plant growth and fertile soil, suitable for hedge cultivation and mixed pruning of medium and short branches. The variation among plants of this variety is obvious, and the maturity and fruit color among plants are quite different. Therefore, attention should be paid to selecting excellent vegetative types with good consistency during cultivation. Pinlizhu is sensitive to viruses and easily infected with various grape viruses, with obvious symptoms. Non-toxic seedlings should be used in conditional areas.

The wine brewed by Cabernet Franc has typical aromas of chocolate, blackcurrant, green pepper and raspberry.

4. Other varieties

Grape varieties such as Merlot, Camry, Syrah, Lanfa, and Jialiniang are also suitable for brewing red wine.

The following varieties are suitable for brewing dry white wine:

1 Italian riesling

Guirenxiang, also known as Eslin. Eurasian species. From Italy. 1892 was introduced from western Europe to Yantai, Shandong. At present, Shandong, Hebei, Shaanxi, Tianjin, Beijing and the old course of the Yellow River all have more cultivation.

The tender tip of aristocratic perfume has a green background, deep purple plus color and medium fluff. The leaves are small, heart-shaped, spreading, shallow and smooth, with medium yellow-white fluff on the back, sharp serrations on the edge, straight on both sides, closed petiole concave, oval notch, or open, harp-shaped, and pointed at the bottom. Flowers are bisexual. Ears are medium and large, with an average weight of 253. 4g, and the maximum ear weight is 550g. It is cylindrical or cylindrical-conical with attached ears. The fruit is densely planted or extremely densely planted, with an average grain weight of 1.79g, nearly round, yellowish green, obvious umbilicus, juice yield of 79%, soluble solid content of 16.6% ~ 23.7%, and acid content of 0. 42% ~ 0.72%. The wine brewed with it is yellow straw color, clear and shiny, with pleasant fruit and wine fragrance, soft and refreshing, full and complete, suitable acidity, long aftertaste and excellent wine quality.

The growth potential of cinnamon plants is moderate. It ripens in early September in Beijing and late September in Shacheng, and it is a mid-late maturing variety. Strong adaptability, good cultivation performance in various places, strong white rot resistance, no fruit cracking and no sunburn.

Guirenxiang is an excellent variety for brewing high-quality liquor, champagne, brandy and processed grape juice.

2. Chardonnay grapes

Also known as Chardonnay. Eurasian species, native to France. 1980 was introduced from France and has been planted in Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi and Xinjiang. It is the most popular wine grape in the world at present, belonging to early-maturing varieties. Because it adapts to all kinds of climates, it is cold-resistant, high and stable, and easy to cultivate, and it is planted in almost all wine producing areas around the world. Calcareous soil containing marl is the best soil quality. With the change of environment, the characteristics of Chardonnay also change. In the calcareous primary areas with cold climate, such as Chablis and Champagne, wine has high acidity and low alcohol content, and green fruits such as green apples are the main aroma; Milder producing areas, such as Napa Valley and Magonne, have a soft taste, while tropical fruits, such as cantaloupe, are mainly ripe and rich.

The tender tip of Chardonnay is green, slightly dark red, with sparse fluff. The leaves are small, round, with curly edges, shallow five-lobed, smooth leaves, sparse hair on the back of leaves, small and blunt serrations on the leaf margin, and raised on both sides. Petiole depression is more open and sagittal. Flowers are bisexual. The fruit ear is small, with an average weight of 225g, cylindrical and conical, with accessory ears. The fruit is densely planted, with an average grain weight of 2. 1 ~ 2.5g, round, yellow-green, juicy, and the soluble solid content 14.8% ~ 19% (as high as 24% in Shanshan, Xinjiang). The wine brewed with it is light yellow, clear and transparent, with pleasant fruit aroma, mellow and moist entrance, suitable acidity, good aftertaste, unique flavor and excellent wine quality. Suitable for cultivation in arid areas of China. The sparkling wine brewed by Chardonnay is the best in champagne region of France, and Baiqiu is the most famous in this region. Chardonnay is the most suitable variety for liquor culture in oak barrels. The wine produced by Chardonnay is light yellow, fruity, round, soft and refreshing, and can become more rich and mellow after long-term storage. Therefore, it is a valuable variety for producing aged dry white wine and sparkling wine.

Chardonnay fermented and aged in oak barrels usually has the fragrance of honey, whipped cream and toast. However, the aroma of Chardonnay varies from place to place, but the basic varieties should be as follows: Sophora japonica, caramel, nut, Momoka, lemon, green apple, pear, grapefruit, citrus, melon, tea, tobacco and cream sugar.

3. Other varieties

Riesling and Sauvignon Blanc are also famous varieties for making dry white wine.