May I ask what English dictionary you use to help you write English academic papers?

Currently, there are more than 120 words related to China that have been included in the dictionary by Oxford University Publishers, including Fengshui (Feng Shui), Dimsum (dim sum), Kowtow (kowtow), Hutong (Hutong), Hukou (hukou), Guanxi (relationship), Goji berry (wolfberry), Wuxia (martial arts), etc. "Tuhao" (Tuhao) and "Dama" (Dama) have not yet made any income. Recently, some Chinese media are proud of news such as "The Oxford English Dictionary may include Chinese words such as 'Tuhao'": "English words contributed by China are unknowingly and increasingly integrated into international life. All aspects...at a deeper level...reflect China's integration into the globalization process." Nowadays, Chinese transliterated words with "Chinese characteristics" like "Guanxi" and "Chengguan" often appear in English readings. It is true that these words originated from China, but they are not necessarily something to be proud of. "Guanxi": The most famous Chinese transliteration word included in the Oxford Dictionary The most famous Chinese transliteration word included in the Oxford Dictionary is "Guanxi". The "Oxford English Dictionary" explains this as: "Origined from Chinese Mandarin, literally understood as 'connection', it means the same thing as 'connection', specifically referring to the social network system and influential interpersonal relationships that facilitate business activities and other transactions in China. Relationship." A 2013 article in the American "Atlantic Monthly" "JPMorgan Chase in China: Why 'Business as Usual' Is Getting Harder" gave a clearer interpretation of the meaning of the word "Guanxi" in the English context: "Every foreigner who goes to China will learn a magic word soon after arriving in China: 'Guanxi'. This is a necessary thing in this country of 1.3 billion people. With 'Guanxi', it means getting a Get a job, get into a good school, or help a new business avoid unnecessary government attention. "Lala" Guanxi can solve difficult problems quickly and effortlessly. "Municipal quasi-police force" reported that the word "Chengguan" originated from the fact that the English media could not find the corresponding English word when reporting on China's urban management, so it could only be transliterated. In July 2013, The Atlantic Monthly introduced China's "urban management" system in an article titled "Met Chengguan: China's Hated, Brutal Local Police." The introduction to "Chengguan" was: "As a person in China, The most widely hated municipal police force, the 'Chengguan', spun off from the regular police force, are responsible for policing the most menial parts of city life... While every society has its share of police abuses of violence, the brutality of the 'Chengguan' is unique to China "In August 2013, the Wall Street Journal introduced the "Chengguan" system in the article "The Schedule of Quasi-Police in Chinese Cities": "'Chengguan' is an auxiliary quasi-police force organized and employed by Chinese city governments, responsible for managing various Municipal Issues. The laws regarding 'Chengguan' were so vague and broad that the 'Chengguan's' de facto powers were virtually unchecked. Despite the public outrage over the 'Chengguan's' murderous thugs, little was done by the 'Chengguan's' employers. "Shuanggui": The word "Shuanggui" is a common normative English word in the legal and political circles, and there is no need for another free translation. An introductory English monograph on China's legal system has given a straightforward definition of this system: "Apart from the literal pretensions, 'Shuanggui' is a secret detention mechanism in China without any judicial supervision or legal regulation." Political science papers that study this system also clearly state in the abstract that "the research object of this article is China's 'Extralegal Detention' system." In September 2012, "The Economist" magazine mentioned another meaning of this word: "This is intra-party police behavior: China's ruling party has a separate set of laws for internal members who make mistakes." "Laogai": 2003 Being included in the "Oxford Phrase Dictionary" is earlier than the recent "Tuhao" and "Hukou", and "Laogai" has been included in the English dictionary ten years ago.

In 1994, the "Concise Oxford English Dictionary" included the word "Laogai", referring to the "penal system" derived from "reform through labor". The 2003 edition of the Oxford Dictionary of English Phrases and Fables further explains the entry for "Laogai": "China's labor camp system." The "Macmillan English Dictionary" also includes the entry "Laogai": "The first known use in English was in 1983, referring to China's disciplinary system consisting of a network of labor camps." "Hongbao": It is difficult for the English-speaking world to understand the pun between "red envelopes containing monetary gifts at social and family gatherings" and "bribes". The "Chinese Customs" category of various encyclopedia websites generally introduces the folk custom of "giving red envelopes": at weddings Red packages/envelopes containing banknotes or similar monetary gifts given to relatives and friends at social gatherings, family gatherings, and festivals. However, since ancient times, China has had a tradition of covering up bribery in the form of "celebration" of the "three festivals" (Spring Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, and Dragon Boat Festival), which is difficult for people in English-speaking countries to understand. The chairman of Trace International, a U.S. non-governmental organization dedicated to combating commercial bribery, explained this difference in an interview with the Wall Street Journal: "The U.S. Foreign Anti-Corruption Act clearly states that companies Nothing of value can be offered, promised or paid, directly or indirectly, to a government official for a business advantage,' but it would be difficult for companies accused of bribery to explain to a U.S. jury that has never been to China why they loaded cash into the country. "It is appropriate in China to hand it to government officials in a red sealed envelope," "This is an ancient tradition that may have been in China for thousands of years. If you don't do this, local officials may think they are being humiliated." " Hukou": "household registration system" that "controls society through differentiation and exclusion". The reason why "hukou" is directly transliterated as "Hukou" in English rather than translated as "household registration system" is because residents in the English-speaking world It is impossible to understand China's household registration system in reality. The actual gap is just like the "Chinese characteristics" pointed out to American readers in the preface of the academic monograph "Controlling Society through Differentiation and Exclusion: China's Hukou System" published by Stanford University Press in 2005: "Imagine that you, as a citizen of this country, want to migrate. If you go to a more prosperous city in China, you will end up being unable or not allowed to work in more than half of the local jobs at your destination, and not allowed to attend more than half of the local public schools. You will be detained and expelled by the municipal authorities of your home country at any time due to the expiration of your "visa". ”