Which era is the earliest Anhui-style building?

Hui-style architecture

The name of the architectural school of Hui-style architecture. In the process of forming, ancient Huizhou architecture was influenced by the unique geographical environment and humanistic concepts, showing a distinct regional It has unique characteristics in terms of shape, function, decoration and structure. After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, with the rise of Huizhou's gentry and business groups, Huizhou gardens and residential architecture also spread out of Huizhou, to the south and north of the Yangtze River. Major cities and towns have taken root, such as Yangzhou and Jinling in Jiangsu, Hangzhou and Jinhua in Zhejiang, and Jingdezhen in Jiangxi. They are cities with relatively dense Hui-style buildings throughout the year. "Hui-style architecture" is a mature style of late ancient Chinese society. It is a major school of ancient architecture. Its craftsmanship and modeling style are mainly reflected in residential buildings, ancestral temples, archways, gardens and other architectural objects. As designers and implementers, the "Huizhou Gang" craftsman group in the south of the Yangtze River has a strong influence on this school. The most distinctive style of "Hui-style architecture" is the traditional folk house, which reflects Huizhou's mountainous characteristics, Feng Shui wishes and regional beauty tendencies. The structure of Hui-style houses is mostly courtyard-style. The living style (mostly small ones are in the triple courtyard style), generally facing south, leaning on mountains and facing water, pays attention to Feng Shui value. The layout is symmetrically arranged on the central axis, with three rooms wide, with a hall in the middle, rooms on both sides, and the front of the hall It is called a patio, with lighting and ventilation, and the courtyards are connected, creating a deep and self-sufficient family living space. The appearance of the residence has a strong sense of integrity and beauty, with high closed walls, horse heads and angles, well-proportioned wall lines, black tiles and white walls, and elegant and generous colors. .In terms of decoration, the beauty of the "three carvings" of Huizhou residences is breathtaking. The blue brick door covers, stone carved windows, and wooden carved pillars are integrated with the building, making the building exquisite and poetic, and can be called a part of Huizhou residences. A major feature. Huizhou’s ancestral halls and archways play an important role in Huizhou-style architecture: ancestral halls are divided into main ancestral halls and branch ancestral halls. They are generally larger in scale and are composed of mountain gates, Xiangtang, sleeping halls, etc., with beams The arches are majestic, the "three carvings" are exquisite, and magnificent. The archways are mainly made of stone, with four-column and five-story styles, four-column soaring styles, eight-column styles, and oral styles. They are elegant in shape and scattered in various towns. It is an important part of the cultural landscape of ancient Huizhou. "Hui-style architecture" is still full of vitality today. New Hui-style buildings can often be seen in the north and south of the Yangtze River. As a traditional architectural school, Hui-style architecture combines elegance, simplicity and magnificence. Maintaining a unique artistic style.

Gatehouse Huizhou architectural style. Huizhou architectural gates are all equipped with gatehouses (smaller ones are called door covers), whose main function is to prevent rainwater from flowing down the wall. Splash on the door. Generally, the door cover of a farmhouse is relatively simple. A little away from the upper part of the door frame, water-milled bricks are used to build eaves and feet that protrude outward, covered with tiles on the top, and some simple decorations are carved. Rich family gatehouses are very particular, with many There are brick or stone carvings. The three-bay, four-column and five-story gatehouse of Jinshi in Yansi Town, Huizhou District was built in imitation of an archway in the Ming Dynasty. It was built with a mixture of bluestone and water-polished bricks. The gatehouse is decorated with two lions playing with a ball on the horizontal side, which is vivid and well-crafted. Delicate, with huge drum-holding stones on both sides of the column, it is elegant and luxurious. In the gatehouse of a residential house in Yuliang Town, She County, there is a brick carving "Hundred Sons Picture" between the two horizontal beams. The hundreds of figures carved on the picture level are of different shapes. The charm is complete and lifelike. The gatehouse is the face of the house and a symbol of the owner's status.

The cross-hall style Huizhou architectural structure is also called the back hall. The cross-hall is behind the hall and is closely connected to the hall. , is a transitional building from the hall to the inner room. Most of them have wooden floors. The three small rooms are opposite to the hall. The entrance is entered through the doors on both sides of the front partition of the hall. There is a bright hall and two rooms. The entrance hall is smaller than the formal three rooms. There is patio lighting.

The hall-style Huizhou architectural structure is a bright hall with three open rooms and closed with movable partitions for easy use in winter. Generally, the hall has two corridors facing the patio. There is also a central entrance. A screen door is set up, and daily access is from both sides of the screen door. In case of ceremonial activities, one enters and exits through the middle door of the screen door. Variations of the hall sometimes include a side entrance and a guest room below the patio to entertain guests, or there are two wings at the main entrance. The hall is mainly used for ceremonial activities in Huizhou residences, such as welcoming distinguished guests, handling weddings and funerals, etc. It is also used as a place for daily activities and is the main part of the entire residence.

Big Roof Kiss Hui Style Architectural format. Refers to Huizhou style large-scale roof ridge and kiss decorative parts. Huizhou ancient

The large-scale buildings such as halls, temples, and mansions built followed the official style of the "Song Construction Method" and adopted large roof ridges, including upright ridges, crouching ridge beasts, vertical ridge kisses, horned beasts, and nested beasts. It is different from the official practice, and belongs to the Huizhou style. There are many interesting legends attached to its origin. For example, Zhengqi: refers to the two ends of the right ridge holding the ridge of the roof. Aoyu (dragon fish), its origin is relatively primitive. It is said that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty When the "Bai Liang Hall" was built, it was destroyed by fire. The alchemist said: "There are fish and dragons in the South China Sea, the essence of water, which makes waves and rain. They make kisses in the palace to calm down the fire." This is how Zheng Kiss came about and was passed down. It is also like the vertical ridge. Kiss: The figure ornament located on the spine that hangs down from the main spine is called "immortal". There are different opinions on which immortal it refers to. Folks often say that Jiang Dagong "suppresses monsters and catches evil spirits" here. Some also refer to "kiss". Dayu was afraid that there would be too many turtles gathering on the roof, and he was afraid that the turtles would turn over and cause floods, so they had to be restrained, so he asked "King Yu" to guard him. He was also said to be the strong man "Erlang Shen" who split the mountain to save his mother. The beast on the top is a "roaring dog", which means that Erlang God is here to suppress evil and catch monsters. Various sayings are to protect peace and convey the good luck of endless life.

Feilaiyi Hui style architecture Format. An elegant name for the chairs set up around the upstairs patio of Huizhou houses. See [Beauty Back].

The Hui style architectural structure of deep houses with high walls. There are many ancient houses in Huizhou, surrounded by high walls. It is called a "fire wall" and looks like ancient castles from a distance. In addition to the main door, the house only has a few small windows, and the lighting mainly depends on the patio. This kind of house is often very deep, with a vestibule at the entrance, a patio in the middle, and a patio at the back. The hall is generally occupied by people. The back of the hall is separated by a middle door, and there are one hall and two bedrooms. Behind the hall is a fire sealing wall, a patio is set against the wall, and wing rooms are built on both sides. This is the first entrance. The structure of the second entrance is a ridge It is divided into two halls, with two wells at the front and back, with partitions in the middle, four bedrooms, and two halls. The third entrance, the fourth entrance, or more entrances from the back have roughly the same structure. The people living in this kind of deep house are all As the descendants of a family multiply, the houses are built one after another. Therefore, the larger houses are said to have "thirty-six patios and seventy-two sills and windows." Generally, one branch lives in one. Once the door is closed, each household lives independently; once the door is opened, one door goes in and out, and one ancestor card is used for worship. It vividly reflects the ancient Huizhou folk custom of living together among ethnic groups. This kind of high wall The architecture of deep houses is a folk custom that Qianding people have never experienced in scattered living, which is rare in China.

Latted windows are the Hui style architectural style. Huizhou folk houses use wooden lattice windows to separate spaces along the corridor around the patio, and their function is to provide lighting. , ventilation, dustproof, heat preservation, dividing indoor and outdoor spaces, etc. The lattice window is composed of outer frame material, strip ring plate, skirt plate, and lattice core strip. The main forms are square (square grid, square square, oblique square, and mat pattern). etc.), round (round mirror, crescent moon, ancient coins, fans, etc.), glyphs (cross, Asian, Tian, ​​I, etc.), assorted (flowers, animals, utensils, totems, etc.). Lattice patterns are mostly used Metaphors and harmonies are used to express auspicious meanings. For example, "peace and peace" are represented by the homophony of a vase and the pattern of wishful thinking; "good fortune and longevity" are represented by the pattern of longevity peach and bergamot; "peace of the four seasons" is represented by rose flowers on the vase; "abundance of grain" Use corn ears, bees, and lanterns to combine; "Fu, Lu and Shou" are represented by bats, deer, peaches, etc. The lattice windows also use methods such as veiling silk, pasting colored paper, and weaving bamboo curtains to increase indoor light transmission.

The three unique ancient buildings are known as Huizhou architecture. It refers to the ancient Ci Hall, ancient residences and ancient archways, which are the most outstanding representatives of artistic achievements in ancient Huizhou architecture.

The Huizhou architectural style of Guojielou. Also It is called "Arcade Building". It is generally built above the street outside the main hall, relying on the walls of the houses on both sides of the street or alley, and built with wooden floor slabs. It is quite elegant. The building is generally about 2 meters high, 3-5 meters long and 4 meters wide. The length ranges from 1 to 5 meters. On both sides of the longitudinal street, the lower half of the building is built with brick walls on the floor slab, and the upper half is made of removable trough slabs. The cross-street building is an auxiliary building of the big house in shape, and it plays the role of embellishment of the community. During weddings and weddings, the wall panels on the upper floor across the street are removed, and trumpets and drummers stand up to play music upstairs. The owner of the house can learn the identity of the guests and determine the greeting etiquette based on the different tunes played upstairs.

Fire Lane The Hui style architectural style is generally set up in larger residences, which are spacious, deep and long. Its function is mainly to prevent fire, so it is called fire alley. It is also used as a passage to the living room. In the old days, the wives of wealthy people and young ladies must take a sedan chair when going out, but they are not allowed to Outside the gate

Downstairs, Huo Alley has become a place for female family members to get on and off sedans. When going out, the sedan bearers lift the sedan for two seconds and carry it out of the gate before it can be carried on the shoulders and returned.

The Huizhou style architecture of the upstairs hall Format. In ancient times, Huizhou had abundant rainfall, humid climate, few people and high mountains. In order to prevent the miasma in the mountainous areas, people used the upstairs as their main daily habitat. Therefore, the upstairs hall is particularly spacious, with not only bedrooms, halls, and wing rooms. , there is also a beauty chair along the patio, with exquisite and beautiful design, and quite artistic charm. The upstairs hall retains the layout of the ancient Shanyue people's "ganlan style" building.

The Ma Tou Wall Hui style architectural format. Refers to the wall that is higher than the roof with two gables. In order to meet the needs of dense fire protection and wind protection of village houses in old Huizhou, a "fire sealing wall" higher than the roof was built on the top of the two gables of the house. Because it resembles a horse head, it is called "horse" "Head wall". Its structure: it rises layer by layer according to the slope of the roof, and the length of the slope is determined as a number of steps. Three lines of eaves bricks are carried on the top of the wall, covered with small green tiles, and a wind blowing board is installed on the top of each pile head ( Gold flower board). Various Su-style "zuotou" are installed on it, including "magpie tail style", "yin bucket style", "sitting kiss style" and so on. "Magpie tail style" is a carved magpie-like shape. The brick at the tail is used as the seat head. The "Yin Dou style" is a brick shaped like a square bucket with a "field" pattern fired in a kiln. However, there are "sitting bucket" and "chao bucket" in the treatment of the Yin Dou support. There are two methods. The "sitting and kissing style" is made of kiln-fired "kissing beast" components placed on the seat head. Common animals include chickens, turtles, tengu and other animals.

The beauty relies on the architectural style of Huizhou style. An elegant name for the chairs set up around the patio upstairs in Huizhou houses. Huizhou ancient houses often used the upstairs as the main place for daily living and activities. Ancient women could not easily go downstairs to go out. They could only lean on the chairs around the patio and look at the outside world. , or peeking at the guests arriving downstairs, so this chair is nicknamed the "Beauty Backrest". The backrest of this chair protrudes beyond the railings around the patio and is suspended in the air, so it is also called the "Flying Chair".

The four-in-one Hui style architectural structure is composed of two groups of three rooms facing each other. It can be divided into two types: large four-in-one and small four-in-one. The upper hall and lower hall of the large four-in-one are facing each other, and the large hall is in the middle. Patio. The upper hall is a three-room style with a higher floor and is the main hall; the lower hall is also a three-room style with a slightly shallower depth and a lower floor than the upper hall. The upper and lower sides are connected by wing rooms with movable partitions. There are movable partitions in the stairwell. There are also wing rooms behind the upper hall, with additional wing rooms and small patios. The three rooms of the small four-in-one upper hall are the same as those in the large four-in-one style, while the lower hall is a bungalow with a small area and shallow depth. Generally, the bright hall in the middle cannot constitute the lower hall. It is only used as a passage, with two rooms for living. The patio is also small, and the stairs are behind the upper hall.

The patio is an architectural style of Huizhou style. Except for a few "secret three rooms" in Huizhou folk houses, most houses There is no "patio". The patio of three-room houses is located in front of the hall, and the patio of four-bedroom houses is located in the middle of the hall. This design allows sufficient light and air circulation in the house, but it is cold in winter and damp in rainy days. The design of the patio is consistent with Huizhou's business tradition. It has a lot to do with it. People who do business are taboo about the outflow of financial resources, and the patio can prevent the rainwater from the front ridge of the house from flowing outside the house. It is incorporated into the patio as expected. It is called: "Four Waters Come to the Hall" or "Four Waters Return to the Mingtang". It is auspicious that the wealth will not flow out.

The Hui style building materials of small green tiles are divided into slab tiles, dripping tiles, ditch head tiles, flower head tiles and other varieties. Slab tiles are used to cover large areas and can be laid into the bottom There are two shapes of tiles and cover tiles to facilitate drainage. The bottom tiles (gutter tiles) are stacked on the roof tiles with the small end facing the edge and the concave side facing upwards. The cover tiles are in the opposite direction to the bottom tiles and the convex side faces upward. Between two ditch tiles. The drip tile is a "ruyi-shaped" dripping lip added to the head of a ditch tile, forming a 30-degree slope with the ditch tile to facilitate throwing rainwater farther. The ditch head tile is also called a cat-head tile. , painted with a cat head pattern, used for the front part of the tile, at a 90-degree angle with the tile, sealing the two ditches and ridges to prevent rats and birds from making nests in the ridges. The flower-head tile is placed on the convex surface of a tile. Add a fan-shaped edge with a zigzag pattern and cover it on the overlapping ditch head tiles. The roof ridges and the tops of the wind and fire walls are also made of slab tiles to build "ridges" and "coiling dragons", with vertical tile ridges or hollow tile ridges densely placed on them. .

Fish scale tiles are a custom of Huizhou architecture. The two slope roofs of Huizhou buildings are covered with small blue tiles that look like fish scales, commonly known as "fish scale tiles". The fish scale tiles make the roof look row upon row and are a typical tile work in Huizhou Method.

The screen wall is a separate wall outside or inside the door of a traditional Chinese building.

The vertical wall is a unique architectural form influenced by the awareness of Feng Shui. It is also called a screen wall or a screen wall. Feng Shui pays attention to the conduction of air, but the air cannot flow directly into the hall or bedroom, otherwise it will be unlucky. The method to avoid air rush is, It is a wall in front of the door or inside the door. In order to maintain "smooth air", this wall cannot be closed, so the architectural form of screen wall is formed. Screen wall, whether placed outside or inside the door, has wind protection and shelter. The role of sight, if the wall is decorated (such as the Nine Dragon Wall), it will create a contrasting effect. Huizhou folk believe that ghosts walk in straight paths and do not touch the ground, so the screen wall can block ghosts, ward off evil spirits, and block wind and air. Slightly larger ancient buildings in Huizhou , all equipped with screen walls.