This is a psychology assignment. Applied research on college students' psychological counseling, part of which will be distributed.

2008-12-2214: 30:16 from: mysterious wings, flowers of water (live well)

1 Archimedes and Brewing Effect

In ancient Greece, the king had a crown made of pure gold, but he suspected that craftsmen had mixed silver in Wang Guanzhong. But the problem is that this crown is as heavy as when it was given to the goldsmith. No one knows whether the goldsmith is playing tricks. The king handed this difficult problem to Archimedes. Archimedes racked his brains to solve this problem. At first, he tried many ideas, but all failed. One day, when he went to take a bath, he sat in the bathtub, so that he could see the water overflowing and feel his body being gently lifted. He suddenly realized that he had solved the problem by using the principle of buoyancy. Whether scientists or ordinary people, in the process of solving problems, they will find the phenomenon of "putting the difficult problem aside for a while and getting a satisfactory answer". Psychologists call it the "brewing effect". Archimedes found that the law of buoyancy is a classic story of brewing effect.

In daily life, we often feel helpless about a difficult problem and don't know where to start. At this point, thinking has entered the "brewing stage". Until one day, when we put aside the immediate problem and do other things, the inexplicable answer suddenly appeared in front of us, which made us exclaim like Archimedes. At this time, the "brewing effect" opened the "flower of thinking" and produced the "fruit of the answer". The ancient poem says that "there is no way for mountains and rivers to be suspicious, and there is another village in the dark", which is a portrayal of this psychology. Psychologists believe that in the brewing process, there is potential conscious reasoning, subconsciously combining the relevant information stored in memory. The reason why people suddenly find the answer at rest is because individuals have eliminated the psychological tension in the early stage, forgotten the incorrect thinking that led to the deadlock, and have a creative mentality. So, if you are faced with a difficult problem, you might as well put it aside and go for a walk and have tea with your friends. Perhaps the answer will really be "as easy as blowing off dust."

2 aronson effect

It means that people like people who like, reward and praise themselves more and more, and they don't like those who look less and less.

The experiment is divided into four groups, and people give different evaluations to a person to observe which group someone likes best. The first group always praises, the second group always belittles, the third group praises first, and the fourth group praises first.

Results After experiments on dozens of people, it was found that most people had the highest degree of affection for the fourth group and the lowest degree of affection for the third group.

The aronson effect is used to remind people that in their daily work and life, we should try our best to avoid the reversal of their bad impression caused by the improper performance of others. Similarly, it also reminds us to avoid being influenced by others to form a wrong attitude in the process of forming an impression on others.

example

1, effective use

Behind the dormitory building, a rotten car is parked. Every time it is 7 o'clock in the evening, the children in the compound climb into the carriage and jump. The bang was deafening. The more adults manage, the more children jump, and the more helpless they are. On this day, a man said to the children, "Children, in today's competition, the loudest prize is a toy pistol." The children shouted and jumped, and the best one won the prize. The next day, my friend came to the car again and said, "Let's continue the game today. The prize is two toffee." The children were very unhappy when they saw the prize plummet. No one jumped hard, and the voice was sparse and weak. On the third day, my friend said to the children, "Today's prize is two peanuts." All the children jumped out of the car and said, "stop jumping, stop jumping, it's boring." Go home and watch TV. "

Analysis: In the case of "difficulty in frontal attack", the "decreasing reward method" can play a wonderful psychological effect.

2. Counterexample

After graduating from college, Xiaogang was assigned to work in a unit. As soon as he entered the company, he made up his mind to make a positive performance and leave a very good first impression on the leaders and colleagues. Therefore, he went to the unit to fetch water and sweep the floor in advance every day, and volunteered to work overtime on holidays. Some tasks assigned by the leader are obviously arduous, but he also takes the initiative to undertake them.

Originally, it is understandable that young people who have just started working take the initiative to express themselves. But the problem is that Xiaogang's performance at this time is far from his true ideological consciousness, consistent attitude and behavior pattern, and is mixed with "over-performance" elements. So it is difficult to have long-term persistence. Before long, Xiaogang stopped pumping water and mopping the floor, and was often late, and he was even more critical of the tasks assigned by the leaders. As a result, the impression of leaders and colleagues on him changed from good to bad, even worse than those young people who didn't perform well when they first arrived. Because everyone has a "high expectation and high standard" for him, and everyone thinks that his initial positive performance is "fake" and "honesty" is the "core quality" used by our society to evaluate a person.

3 suggestive effect

Implication effect refers to an indirect way to influence people's psychology and behavior in a non-confrontational way, so as to induce people to act or accept certain opinions in a certain way and make their thoughts and behaviors conform to the expected goals of the suggestor. Generally speaking, children are more receptive to hints than XXXXX. Language suggestion is often used in management. For example, the class teacher's praise of good behavior in collective occasions will play a suggestive role for other students. You can also use gestures, eye contact, tapping on the table, pausing, raising or lowering the volume and so on. Experienced class teachers often choose suitable movies, TV and literary works according to students' shortcomings and mistakes, which is equivalent to students watching and chatting, or telling students some targeted stories, which can produce good results.

4 Antai effect

Antai is the Hercules in ancient Greek mythology. His strength is boundless and invincible. Because as long as he leans on the earth, he can draw infinite strength from the mother earth. His opponent discovered the secret, lured him off the ground and killed him in the air. Therefore, we should learn to rely on everyone and the collective.

5 suggestive effect

The so-called "suggestive effect" is to exert influence on the psychology and behavior of others in an implicit and indirect way, so that the implied person unconsciously acts according to the wishes of the suggester ... This is the so-called "suggestive effect". Children are more receptive to hints than XXXXX. In the process of music classroom teaching, teachers can improve the teaching effect through language suggestion, action suggestion, expression suggestion and self suggestion.

Language suggestion-positive language can make people have positive emotions and change negative mentality, so teachers can consciously use words such as "You are so smart" and "You can do it" to cheer up their children, and can also encourage students to encourage each other, such as:

L: I'm great! (X X) Zhong: You are great! (X X)

L: You can, too! (XX X) Crowd: Me too! (XX X)

Action suggestion-Music is an abstract art that can't be seen or touched, and it is more difficult for students in the lower stage to grasp the emotional and ideological connotation of music works. At this time, suggestions for action are particularly important. Teachers can hint students with body movements, so that students can understand music works faster. For example, when expressing musical feelings, teachers can gently swing their bodies left and right to express soft and stretched music and nod their heads slightly to express cheerful and lively music.

Suggestions-There are many performance links in low-level music teaching in primary schools, including singing performance, rhythm performance and musical instrument performance, including group performance, group performance and individual performance in form. In these links, teachers should give full play to the role of expression suggestion. When students are performing, if the teacher smiles at them, it is a great encouragement to the students, and you can see the affirmation and praise in the eyes of the teacher. In the process of training students' intonation, Kodaly's gestures can make students have a more intuitive understanding of abstract pitch. One class always missed the last sound "5" when learning the third sentence of the song "Lovely Sheep". So when I sing these bars, I make melody with my hands. At the last note "5", my hand was raised, and the students naturally sang in situ. After a few times, I can fully grasp it.

Self-suggestion-Teachers should also educate students to learn self-suggestion, so that students can better play their autonomy in the music learning experience. Some students will feel miserable when they encounter listening practice! Terrible! ""it's too difficult! "Self-suggestion, such as self-suggestion, maintains anxiety in learning, thus interfering with the normal level of play. Once this thinking habit is formed, it will seriously hinder the teaching effect. Therefore, teachers should let students learn positive self-suggestion and think that they can do it.

In addition, the teacher's classroom display is also an objective and true attitude suggestion, which is reflected in the teacher's mental state and the degree of investment in the performance of music works.

6 Placebo effect

The so-called placebo refers to a drug-like preparation composed of neutral substances that have neither curative effect nor toxic and side effects. Placebo is mostly composed of inert substances such as glucose and starch, and has no pharmacological effect. Placebo can have a good positive response to those patients who are eager for treatment and have full trust in medical staff, and have the expected efficacy. This reaction is called the placebo effect. People who are prone to corresponding psychological and physiological reactions when using placebos are called "placebos responders". This kind of person is characterized by sociability, strong dependence, susceptibility to suggestion, lack of self-confidence, and constant concern for various physiological changes and discomfort, hypochondriasis and nervousness.

7 Barnum effect (suggestive effect)

My friend once asked me, what is the most difficult thing in the world? I said it was the hardest to make money, and he shook his head. Goldbach conjecture? He shook his head again. I say I give up, you tell me. He said mysteriously that he knew himself. Indeed, those thoughtful philosophers also say so.

Who am I, where am I from and where am I going? People began to ask themselves these questions from ancient Greece, but they didn't get satisfactory results.

However, even so, people never stop pursuing themselves.

Because of this, people often lose themselves, are easily hinted by the information around them, and take other people's words and deeds as a reference for their actions. Conformity psychology is a typical proof.

In fact, people are influenced and hinted by others all the time in their lives. For example, on the bus, you will find a phenomenon that a person yawns with his mouth wide open, and several people around him can't help yawning. Some people don't yawn because there is no suggestion. Who are easily influenced? This can be checked by a simple test.

Let people reach out their hands horizontally, palms up and close their eyes. Tell him that now he has a hydrogen balloon tied to his left hand, which has been floating upwards; He tied a big stone to his right hand and fell down. Three minutes later, look at the gap between his hands. The greater the distance, the stronger the hint.

Knowing oneself, psychologically called self-perception, is a process in which individuals know themselves. In this process, people are more likely to be hinted by external information, which leads to the deviation of self-perception.

In daily life, it is impossible for people to reflect on themselves all the time, and it is impossible to observe themselves as outsiders all the time. Because of this, individuals use external information to know themselves. Individuals are easily hinted by external information when they know themselves, so they often can't perceive themselves correctly.

Psychological research reveals that it is easy for people to believe that a general and general personality description is particularly suitable for them. Even though this description is empty, he still thinks it reflects his personality. There was once a psychologist who used a common sentence that was suitable for almost anyone to let college students judge whether it was suitable for them. Results Most college students think that this sentence describes themselves in detail and accurately. The following paragraph is the material of psychologists. Do you think it suits you too?

You really need others to like and respect you. You tend to criticize yourself. You have many abilities that can be your strengths, but you also have some shortcomings, but you can usually overcome them. You have some difficulties with XXXXX. Although you look calm on the outside, you are really anxious on the inside. You sometimes doubt whether the decision you made or the thing you did was correct. You like some changes in your life and hate being limited. You are proud of being able to think independently, and you won't accept other people's suggestions without sufficient evidence. You think it unwise to expose yourself too much in front of others. Sometimes you are outgoing, kind and sociable, and sometimes you are introverted, cautious and silent. Some of your ambitions are often unrealistic.

This is actually a hat suitable for anyone's head.

A famous technician named Shoman barnum commented on his performance, saying that he was very popular, because the program contained ingredients that everyone liked, so he made "people get cheated every minute". People often think that a generalization and general description of personality reveals their own characteristics very accurately, which is called "Barnum effect" in psychology.

After giving a group of people the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Questionnaire (MMPI), a psychologist showed the participants two results and asked them to decide which one was their own. In fact, one is the result of the participants themselves and the other is the average result of most people's answers. Participants actually thought that the latter expressed their personality characteristics more accurately.

Barnum effect is very common in life. Take fortune telling as an example. After consulting fortune tellers, many people think that what fortune tellers say is "very accurate". In fact, those who turn to fortune tellers are easily influenced. When people are depressed, they lose control of their lives, so their sense of security is also affected. An insecure person's psychological dependence is also greatly enhanced, and the suggestibility is stronger than usual. In addition, fortune tellers are good at trying to figure out people's inner feelings and can understand the feelings of help seekers a little, and help seekers will immediately feel a kind of spiritual comfort. The fortune teller's next general and harmless words can convince the helper.

8 Bahrain effect

It comes from a famous saying of Mr. Bahrain, the circus manager: Every minute, a fool is born. "Bahrain effect" explains why some books and periodicals of horoscope or zodiac can "accurately" point out someone's personality. The reason is that the word used to describe personality is actually "humanity" or basically applicable to most people. In other words, the scope of application of those words is so vague that "said" often equals never said. For example, Aquarius is rational, loves freedom, and Cancer is emotional and caring. However, cancer people will never be rational, and Aquarius people will lack love? We don't deny the value of the constellation, after all, it has statistical basis. But if you want to be a smart person and not superstitious about constellations, I have to tell you that you are wrong again! Do you know what it means to be drunk even if you are drunk? Since more than half of the people around you believe in horoscopes, why are you trying to overthrow the ideas rooted in your heart (in fact, this is impossible)? If a couple are not very compatible in astrology, even if they are not superstitious, they will inevitably bear great psychological pressure. In the future communication time, if there is conflict and friction, the existing "really inappropriate" preset will be forcibly established, and eventually it is inevitable to break up!

9 midway effect

Halfway effect refers to the negative influence on the target behavior due to the interaction of psychological factors and environmental factors when the incentive process is halfway through. A large number of facts show that the suspension period of human target behavior mostly occurs near the "halfway", and it is an extremely sensitive and fragile active area near the midpoint of human target behavior process. There are two main reasons for the midway effect. First, the rationality of target selection, the more unreasonable the target selection, the more likely it is to have the effect of giving up halfway; The second is personal willpower. The weaker the willpower, the easier it is to give up halfway. This requires the head teacher to pay more attention to learning all aspects of knowledge, cultivating all aspects of ability and honing willpower when educating students at ordinary times. Behaviorists put forward the method of "big goals, small steps", which is of positive significance to prevent the effect of giving up halfway.

10 bell effect

Bell, a British scholar, is extremely talented. It is estimated that if he studies crystals and biochemistry after graduation, he will win many Nobel Prizes. But he willingly took another road, put forward groundbreaking topics one by one, and guided others to the peak of science. This is the so-called Bell effect. This effect requires leaders to have the spirit of bole, ladder and green space. In personnel training, we should focus on the great cause of the country and the nation, put units and collectives first, be observant, let go of our talents, dare to promote and appoint people who are better than ourselves, and actively create opportunities for talented subordinates to stand out.

1 1 Bernard effect

Bernard, an English scholar, is diligent and gifted. If he studies crystallography or biochemistry all his life, he is likely to win the Nobel Prize. However, he willingly embarked on another road-building ladders for others, proposing groundbreaking topics and guiding others to the peak of science. This move is called "Bernard effect" by scientists. As a class teacher, you may not have Bernard's talent or be an expert or scholar in a certain subject, but compared with students, you always have certain advantages in some aspects. As long as the head teacher gives full play to and makes use of his own advantages, he can gradually cultivate students' extensive interests and hobbies, further stimulate students' thirst for knowledge, thus promoting students' faster progress and producing the effect of "shine on you is better than blue".

12 babel's law

The first stimulus can alleviate the second small stimulus, which is the "Babel's Law". Experiments show that people will be very sensitive to the newspaper price rising in 50 yuan or the bus ticket rising from 200 yuan to 250 yuan, but if the house price rises by 1000 yuan or even 2 million yuan, people will not feel that the increase is great. The stronger a person is stimulated at first, the slower he is stimulated later. "Babel's Law" is often applied to personnel changes or organizational restructuring in business. If a company wants to get rid of people who are regarded as eyesores, it should first make large-scale personnel changes or layoffs in departments unrelated to these people, so that other employees can get used to this influence. Then in the third or fourth personnel changes and layoffs, point the finger at the original goal. After the first shock, many people became numb to the subsequent shocks.

13 DuDu effect

The evaluation subject underestimates the appraisee's ability, and thinks that the appraisee is not self-motivated and behaves badly, which makes the appraisee internalize this concept and urges the appraisee to behave badly.

14 Peter principle

Peter principle is an American scholar Lawrence? Peter's conclusion after studying the related phenomena of personnel promotion in the organization; In various organizations, employees always tend to be promoted to positions they are not qualified for, because they are used to promoting qualified personnel at a certain level. Peter's principle is sometimes called the "upward climbing" principle. This phenomenon is everywhere in real life: a well-known professor is incompetent after being promoted to the presidency of a university; An excellent athlete was promoted to be an official in charge of sports without doing anything. For an organization, once a considerable number of people in the organization are pushed to the point of incompetence, it will lead to overstaffing and inefficiency, leading to mediocrity and stagnation of development. Therefore, it is necessary to change the simple enterprise employee promotion mechanism of "promotion according to contribution", and it cannot be inferred that a person will be qualified for a higher position just because he has done well at a certain post level. It is necessary to establish a scientific and reasonable selection mechanism, objectively evaluate the ability and level of each employee, and arrange employees to competent positions. Instead of taking job promotion as the main way to reward employees, we should establish a more effective reward mechanism and use more ways such as salary increase and vacation as reward means. Sometimes promoting an employee to a position where he can't give full play to his talents is not only not a reward for employees, but also makes employees unable to give full play to their talents and brings losses to enterprises. Psychoanalysis: For individuals, although each of us is looking forward to continuous promotion, we should not take climbing as the only motivation. It is better to find a position that you can do well and give full play to your expertise than to support yourself in a post that you are not fully qualified for.

15 marginal effect

Sometimes called marginal contribution, it means that when consumers increase 1 unit of consumer goods, the unit utility is gradually decreasing (although the total utility is still increasing). For example, when you are hungry, someone brings you a cage of steamed buns, so you must think that eating the first steamed bun is the best. The more you eat, the less satisfaction a single steamed stuffed bun will bring you. Until you are full, other steamed stuffed buns will no longer have any effect. Marginal effect is widely used. For example, the law of demand in economics is based on this, that is, the more goods users buy or use, the lower the cost they are willing to pay for the unit goods (because the utility brought by the later purchased goods is reduced). Of course, there are a few exceptions, such as people who are addicted to alcohol, the more they drink, the happier they are, or stamp collectors collect a set of Cultural Revolution stamps, so the last stamp in this set of stamps has the greatest marginal effect. If you understand the concept of marginal effect, you can try to apply it in real life. For example, if you are the management of a company and want to raise the salary of employees, the effect of 3K salary increase 1K is generally greater than 6K, which may be equivalent to 6K, so it seems that it is more beneficial for the company to raise the salary of low-income people; In addition, it seems that it is impossible to maintain the enthusiasm of employees by increasing wages. After the first salary increase 1K, employees were very excited and their work enthusiasm was greatly improved. The second salary increase 1K made me very excited and increased my enthusiasm for work. The third salary increase of 2K, a little excited, may increase work enthusiasm; The fourth time ... until the salary increase didn't bring any effect. If you want to avoid this situation and achieve the effect of the first salary increase 1K, you may need 2K for the second salary increase and 3K for the third salary increase, or use other incentives, such as arranging them to attend career development training for the second time and be promoted in their posts for the third time. Although the cost may be reasonable, it has achieved better results due to different means. Studying economics is actually very interesting, but for many people, you can't have your cake and eat it.

16 diminishing marginal benefit effect

The diminishing marginal benefit is a basic concept of economics. It says that in an enterprise with resources as input, the utility of unit resource input to product output is decreasing. In other words, although its total output is increasing, its second reciprocal is negative, which slows down its growth rate, makes it eventually tend to peak and may decline.

The most obvious explanation is nonlinear function, such as conic.

In life, we can see many examples: I give you a lovely one, and you jump for joy, thinking that you have earned it, and then the second one … but if I keep giving it to you, you will feel sick. There are two reasons: first, you are full and don't need physiology; Second, you are tired of excitement. You want a chance to express yourself, "boss, give it to Hagen, okay?" The so-called new official takes office with three fires, which is also the truth: when you are new here, you have to get acquainted, so you will do your best. Over time, it will fade. General textbooks will explain it like this: mysterious psychology and sociology.

If we establish a mapping that makes various utilities comparable (for example, we define that running fast is not as good as running steadily, which is not meaningless, and the racing industry is an example), then in a time series, both input and output (as well as cumulative input and cumulative output) can be used as models. As can be seen from the above two examples, this concept can be understood as two characteristics: first, t=0 is greater than t->; The output at infinity is much larger (this is an image of a sequence function). Second, t-> T and t->; T+ 1 at t->; There is little change at infinity (this is the first reciprocal of the image). The former shows that the overall trend is decreasing, while the latter shows that the rate of decrease is slowing down.

We can think about the law of diminishing marginal utility, which is universal. You are thinking about CET-4, so you find a valuable book, recite it from A, which is good, and it will be finished in a short time (of course, A is not much, so I am such a person), and then B, and then ... B Part 2, and then B Part 2 1/2 ... The concept of series is, of course, that you can choose to start from Z and go back (of course, I It can be seen that input and output are the same concept, because input needs output, so the inverse of diminishing marginal benefits still applies. We can expand to leave the concept of utility. Let's look at a practical problem: I cleaned the room yesterday and found that the dust on the table I just wiped went up again. It looks no different from a small bracket next to it. In fact, I wasn't in Nanjing the last time the latter underwent plastic surgery ... a thing rose rapidly from clean to dirty, but it was such a long process. Are you looking forward to the archaeological team? (Although there are also evaluation factors) You can also think of many things, such as humanistic spirit, "what is lost is true".

How do we use this rule? The explanation of economics is the optimal allocation of resources. Because too much investment makes the final income spread too thin. There is a limit to the best things. Science and engineering know better that the so-called advanced operation is thankless to some extent, and the most effective operation is often the basic operation. More profound, of course, are some math games. However, I think the origin of this phenomenon is definitely a philosophical issue, which is also the reason for our progress and development. Think about it, if the marginal benefit is increasing, do we still need innovation? Do we still need to insist? Comrades, cuteness is enough, no, cold water will do! The word charm has lost its meaning forever.

17 moire effect

It means that in learning groups, when teachers put pressure on influential students, punish them, take sarcastic and other practices that are detrimental to their personality, it will cause confrontation between teachers and students and produce resistance. Some students will even make trouble on purpose, and waves of unrest will rise again. At this time, the influence of teachers tends to decline or disappear, because these students are more attractive in the group. This kind of influence will have a profound and bad influence on students' study, moral development, psychological quality and physical and mental health.

18 Bridan donkey effect

This phenomenon of indecision in the decision-making process is called "Brittan donkey effect"

19 Unworth

Unworth's most intuitive statement is that what is not worth doing is not worth doing well. This law seems simple enough, but its importance is always forgotten. Unworth reflects people's psychology. If a person is engaged in something that he doesn't think is worth doing, he often keeps a cynical and perfunctory attitude. Not only is the success rate small, but even if you succeed, you won't have much sense of accomplishment. What is worth doing? Generally speaking, it depends on three factors. 1. Values. We talk a lot about values, and we will only do things that conform to our values with enthusiasm. 2. Personality and temperament. If a person does a job that completely deviates from his character, it is difficult for him to do it well. For example, a sociable person becomes an archivist, or a shy person has to deal with different people every day. 3. Reality. The same job, done under different circumstances, gives us different feelings. For example, in a big company, if you start as a handyman and run errands, you will probably think it is not worth it, but once you are promoted to foreman or department manager, you will not think so. Psychoanalysis: What is worth doing is to conform to our values, suit our personality and temperament, and let us see our expectations. If your job does not have these three factors, you should consider changing to a more suitable job and try to do it well. Therefore, for individuals, we should choose one of a variety of alternative goals and values, and then fight for it. "Choose what you love and love what you choose" can only inspire our perseverance and make us feel at ease. For an enterprise or organization, it is necessary to analyze the personality characteristics of employees and allocate work reasonably. For example, employees who have a strong desire for achievement should be allowed to complete the work with certain risks and difficulties alone or in the lead, and they should be affirmed and praised regularly when completing it. Let employees with a strong sense of attachment participate more in the work of a certain group XXXXX; Let employees with strong desire for power serve as supervisors commensurate with their abilities. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen employees' sense of identity with enterprise goals and make employees feel that their work is worthwhile, so as to stimulate their enthusiasm.

20 wealth effect

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