Ask for information about Qin terracotta warriors and horses
At 1 pm on June 13th, 29, the No.1 pit of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum was excavated again. Later, in the middle of the northern part of No.1 pit, the burial pit of Qin Shihuang Terracotta Warriors and Horses with colorful terracotta warriors and horses was unearthed, which is the largest underground military museum in the world. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang are one of the greatest discoveries in the world archaeological history. In 1978, former French Prime Minister Jacques Chirac said after his visit: "There are seven wonders in the world, and the discovery of the terracotta warriors can be said to be eight wonders. If you don't look at Qin terracotta warriors, you don't count in China. " Since then, the terracotta warriors and horses of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum have been hailed as "the eighth wonder of the world"
Edit this paragraph
Geographical location
World longitude 19.2733 latitude 34.3853, 35km east of Lintong Xi 'an, Xi 'an, Shaanxi, China
Introduction
Terracotta warriors and horses are mostly made by the method of molding and firing. First, the first tire is made with a ceramic mold, and then covered with a layer of fine mud for processing, marking and adding color. In fact, the terracotta warriors and horses of that year all had bright and harmonious paintings. During the excavation, we found that some terracotta figures had some bright colors when they were first unearthed, but after they were unearthed, they were oxidized by oxygen, and the colors disappeared in less than ten seconds and turned into white ash. All you can see now is the traces of painting. Chariots, infantry and cavalry of Terracotta Warriors and Horses are arranged in various positions. The overall style is vigorous, bodybuilding and washing. If you look closely, there are differences in face, hairstyle, posture and verve: Tao Ma has erect ears, screams with his mouth open, and stands still with his mouth shut. All these terracotta warriors and horses of Qin Shihuang are full of infectious artistic charm.
Burial Pit
The Burial Pit of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang (another statement represented by Chen Jingyuan was built for Empress Xuan) is the largest underground military museum in the world. The layout of the terracotta warriors pit is reasonable and the structure is peculiar. At the bottom of the pit with a depth of about 5 meters, an east-west bearing wall is set up every 3 meters, and the terracotta warriors and horses are arranged in the holes between the walls. There are three terracotta warriors and horses pits in the Qin Mausoleum, which are arranged in a zigzag pattern. Qin Shihuang's No.1 pit is rectangular, with a length of 23 meters from east to west, a width of 62 meters from north to south and a depth of about 5 meters, with a total area of 14,26 square meters and sloping doorways on all sides. Most of the terracotta warriors are in the pit, with an average height of about 1.8 meters, the highest of which is more than 1.9 meters, and the pottery horse is 1.72 meters high and 2.3 meters long. The size of the chariot is the same as that of the practical car. However, the terracotta warriors and horses were not restored according to the original proportion. According to records, the height of Qin people was about 165cm. Most of the Qin terracotta warriors hold bronze weapons, including bows, crossbows, arrows, beryllium, spears, bows, swords, machetes and cymbals. Bronze weapons have been buried in the ground for more than 2, years, and they are still as bright and sharp as new. They were actual combat weapons at that time, wearing fine armor and knotted with colored threads on their chests. Military officials wear long crowns, and the number of contests will be more. The faces, fatness, expressions, eyebrows, eyes and ages of the terracotta warriors are different. After the unification of the six countries, Qin implemented the national conscription system, and the soldiers came from all over the country, which is probably the main reason for their differences in face, expression and age. Craftsmen use realistic artistic techniques to express them very realistically, and this huge group of Qin figurines contains many obviously different individuals, which makes the whole group more active, real and full of life. Throughout these thousands of soldiers and figures, their artistic achievements in sculpture have completely reached a perfect height. Whether it is the image of thousands of officers and men with both form and spirit, or the image of a horse eager to try, it is not a mechanical imitation, but an effort to show their "inner vitality, motivation, emotional soul, character and spirit." Most of the images of pottery figurines are full of personality characteristics, which are realistic, natural and full of life. The discovery of all kinds of bronze weapons in the terracotta pits has greatly enriched the research field of Qin weapons, among which beryllium and gold hooks are the first discoveries in the archaeological history of weapons. The discovery and research of standardized technology of weapon casting and anti-corrosion treatment technology of weapon surface have filled the blank in the study of ancient science and technology history. In order to reproduce the majestic momentum of Qin Jun's "striking millions" 2 years ago, the designers of Qin figurines not only pursued the tall figure of a single pottery figurine, but also carefully designed a large-scale military array system composed of more than 8, tall figurines. On the right is a huge phalanx, on the left is a large sparse array, and on the left is the headquarters. Thousands of warriors armed with weapons and hundreds of war horses towing cars, in rows and rows, form a grand and magnificent lineup. Some are dressed in a bun, wearing battle robes, ankle boots and holding a crossbow, as if they were sharp men from the front; Some of them wear helmets, robes, armor, crossbows and bronze cymbals, which seem to be witty archers. Some people wear soft hats, robes and armour, walk in shallow shoes, and hold long beryllium, which seems to be close combat.
There are also knights wearing Hu clothes, armor, soft hats, ankle boots, a horse in one hand and a bow in the other; With a long crown, two arms stretched forward, a bun in both hands, and a skilled imperial hand; A subordinate commander with a long crown, a shirt, a long armor and a hook in his hand; There is a general with a crown, a colorful fish scale armor, and a sword in both hands. This vivid image of thousands of officers and men, especially in terms of expression and personality, is realistic, natural and full of life. For example, the image of a general figurine: burly, dressed in double short brown, covered with colorful fish scales, with a long crown with a double curly tail, standing tall, with extraordinary expression and majestic charm. The general warrior's demeanor: some lips are curled up and curled up, and their hearts seem to be angry; Some eyebrows are round-eyed, and the muscles between the eyebrows are twisted into knots, which seems to have superhuman courage; Some have thick eyebrows, wide mouths and thick lips, and are simple and honest; Some Shu Meixiu showed the terracotta warriors and horses of the Qin Mausoleum with < P > eyes, slightly lowered heads and elegant personalities; Some eyes are focused and alert; Some people hold their heads high and meditate, while others hold their heads low and meditate. Although they have to depict the word "thinking", the former gives people the impression of imposing and slightly arrogant, while the latter is quiet and elegant due to different expression techniques. The terracotta warriors show the ancient military theme. They have neither chosen the war scenes where the two sides fought and the soldiers fought, nor chosen the scenes where the soldiers trimmed the garrison defense. Instead, it captures the cold-faced scene of soldiers armored, standing in line and waiting for battle. Although I am in this orderly static military camp, artists strive to be "occasional and quiet" on the sculpture of a single pottery figurine. Make those warrior figures with sharp armor stand erect with their eyebrows raised, with a firm and brave expression. They seem to be ready to go, and they seem to be in a state of war. There are also those imperial figures driving, with their arms stretched forward, clutching the bun rope, looking ahead and waiting for them; The horse-drawn pottery horses, with their ears erect, their eyes wide open and their noses screaming, are eager to try; The knight figurines, with their right hand holding the horse and their left hand holding the bow, stand alert in front of the horse, and once given the order, they will gallop on the battlefield. It is these thousands of pottery figurines full of life and different expressions that constitute the overall static military position, achieving an unexpected artistic effect. "Static pole is vivid, and the quieter it is, the more dynamic it is". Only this kind of static military array can make people feel that the depth of its great deterrent force is unpredictable. Such a magnificent array and composition are unprecedented and unparalleled.
No.2 Pit
Qin Shihuang's No.2 Pit is in the shape of a curved ruler, located on the northeast side of No.1 Pit and the east side of No.3 Pit. It is 96 meters long from east to west and 84 meters wide from north to south, with a total area of about 6, square meters. The buildings in the pit are the same as those in the No.1 pit, but the arrangement is more complicated and the arms are more complete. It is the most spectacular military array among the three pits. It is a multi-armed special force composed of cavalry, chariots and infantry (including crossbowmen). Pit No.2 has an exhibition hall of 17, square meters, which is the largest and most complete modern site exhibition hall in China. There are more than 1,3 pottery figurines and horses, more than 8 chariots and tens of thousands of bronze weapons in the No.2 pit, among which general figurines, pommel horse figurines and kneeling shooting figurines are found for the first time. There are four sloping doorways at the east and west ends of No.2 pit, and two sloping doorways at the north. The figurine pit sits in the west and the main entrance is in the east. The layout in the pit is divided into four units. The first unit, located at the east end of the pit, is surrounded by 6 vertical crossbowmen figurines in the promenade, and the array center is composed of 16 squatting crossbowmen figurines in the east of Badao Road. Crossbowmen adopted the arrangement of stretching array in the array, and took turns shooting when standing and kneeling, in order to avoid the danger of slow tension. The second unit, located on the right side of the pit, consists of 64 chariots (the chariots are made of wood, leaving only relics). Each column is 8 times, and * * * has 8 columns. There are 4 terracotta horses the size of real horses in front of the car. At the back of each car, there are three soldiers and figures, the middle of which is the imperial hand Lamar, and the other two are standing on the left and right of the car respectively, holding long-handled weapons. The third unit, located in the middle, consists of 19 chariots, 264 infantry figurines and 8 knight figurines, which are divided into three columns. A knight figurine stands in front of each horse, holding the reins in one hand and pulling the bow in the other. In addition to three riders, there are 8~36 infantry figurines after each ride. The fourth unit, located on the left side of the army array, consisted of 18 knight figurines and 18 pottery pommel horse figurines arranged in 11 rows to form a rectangular cavalry array. Among them, the first and third columns are 6 chariots. Before each horse, stand a knight figurine in Hu suit, holding the horse with the right hand and the bow with the left hand. The 18 pieces of cavalry figurines in the pit are the image data of a large number of ancient cavalry discovered for the first time in the archaeological history of China. In terms of clothing and height, it strictly simulates the wartime image of ancient cavalry. Obviously different from infantry and chariots figurines. It wears a small round hat, which is fastened under the jaw with buckles on both sides, a jacket with tight sleeves, a collar and a right lapel, crotch pants, ankle boots, short and small armor, no shoulders and no hand armor. Clothes are short and light, and armor is simple and flexible. The special costume of cavalry figurines is also closely related to the tactical characteristics of cavalry. The discovery of bronze chariots and horses has made the world feel refreshed. The complexity of its craft, exquisite workmanship and outstanding skills are all amazing. The second copper car in the Qinling Mountains is a luxury car with a canopy. The car is close to a square. It is 78 cm wide and 88 cm deep. Its width is only 4 cm longer than that of the first car, and its depth is 4 cm longer than that of the first car. Car No.2 is covered with a canopy similar to a turtle cover. The canopy not only covers all the vehicles, but also covers the "cab" in front of the vehicles, forming a closed vehicle. So that the owner and the "driver" can transmit commands. No.2 copper car belongs to the type of car. The owner can either ride or lie down. If you lie in such a spacious, comfortable and luxurious car, you can fully enjoy the comfort of a "soft sleeper". Even traveling thousands of miles can eliminate the fatigue of long-distance bumps. The equipment in car No.2 is more distinctive. There is a beautifully painted cushion exposed in the car. Archaeologists once found a large square copper plate at the bottom of Cheyu, which was almost the same size as the bottom of public opinion. The surface of the copper plate was painted with various bright geometric patterns, and there were eight 3 cm high copper Zhi Ding supports at the four corners and the middle. This large painted copper plate is undoubtedly the "Wen Yin" on the ancient car, similar to a soft cushion product. If the car is double-lined, it will be more stable and comfortable, and its function is no different from that of a modern "soft sleeper". It can be said that the No.2 car belongs to the earliest "soft sleeper" model in China. After careful cleaning, archaeological experts found that the No.2 bronze chariot horse was composed of 3,462 castings, including 1,742 copper castings, 737 gold castings and 983 silver castings. The total weight is 1241 kg, including 3 kg of gold castings and 4 kg of silver castings. The number of no.1 bronze chariots and horses castings will not be too different. The two cars add up to no less than 5, parts, and what makes people clap their hands is that all the parts here are cast. These more than 5, parts, such as awnings, umbrellas, vehicles, bronze horses, bronze figurines, etc., which are as large as 2 square meters or smaller than .2 square meters, are all cast at one time. Take the casting of canopy and umbrella cover as an example, it is not only large in area, but also varies in thickness, with the thick part being .4 cm and the thin part being only .1 cm. Together with the canopy and umbrella cover, they all have a certain radian, so it is not easy to successfully cast such a difficult canopy and umbrella cover at one time, not to mention the Qin Dynasty 22 years ago, even today with advanced technology and complete equipment. The casting of bronze horses and figurines also makes our contemporary engineers far behind. We found that the casting of eight bronze horses and two official figures has reached a vivid level, and the overall modeling, expression, character and temperament can be compared with the best general figure in Qin figurine pit. It is rare for bronze horses and figurines to be cast so accurately, with both form and spirit. For example, the halter of a bronze horse is connected by 82 small gold tubes and 78 small silver tubes, each flat gold and silver tube is only .8 cm long, and one gold tube and one silver tube are connected in the form of a female pin, which is as fine and flexible as a modern watch chain. Surprisingly, the tassels hanging under the horse's neck are all made of copper wires as thin as hair. After repeated observation with a magnifying glass, experts were surprised to find that the surface of copper wire had no forging marks and the thickness was uniform, indicating that it was probably made by wire drawing. In particular, the link composed of copper wire is welded by butt welding at both ends of copper wire, and the butt joint is very tight. What method is used to make such a fine copper wire (.5 mm)? What kind of welding process is adopted? It is still a mystery. In a word, the casting technology of bronze chariots and horses is a great miracle in ancient bronze smelting and casting. Imagine that there was no lathe at that time, and there was no modern smelting and casting equipment. It was a great pioneering work to cast such exquisite gold, silver and copper parts with different sizes and specifications. In a word, the archers, light chariots and cavalry figurines unearthed in the No.2 pit of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses show us the image data of ancient cavalry, light chariots and archers 22 years ago for the first time, which is of great significance in the study of ancient military history.
No.3 Pit
No.3 Pit of Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang is located on the north side of the west end of No.1 Pit, opposite to No.2 Pit in the east and west, 25 meters away from No.1 Pit in the south and 12 meters away from No.2 Pit in the east, with an area of about 52 square meters. It is concave as a whole and consists of a north-south wing and a carriage house.