Who can help me collect pictures, information and investigation reports about the war and the bridge~100 points reward~! ! ! !
In the 20th century, human society has undergone major changes. Science and technology are developing rapidly, social productivity has increased unprecedentedly, and national independence movements and anti-hegemon struggles are surging... However, all of this is accompanied by the pain of war. It can be said that war is an important feature of the history of the 20th century. Looking back at the 20th century, we cannot ignore the major wars that occurred during this period of history.
World War I
At the beginning of the 20th century, imperialist countries continued to fiercely compete for spheres of influence on an international scale. Britain, France, Russia and other countries formed an alliance, known as the "Entertainment" in history; Germany and Austria-Hungary formed another alliance, known as the "Central Powers" in history.
In July 1914, a war broke out between these two groups of countries, namely World War I. This war lasted until the end in November 1918, lasting more than 4 years. The scale of this war was large. The total number of troops mobilized by both sides exceeded 70 million. There were 33 countries and regions directly or indirectly involved in the war, with a population of 1.5 billion, accounting for 3/4 of the world's total population at that time. The battlefield of this war was large, and the war spread from Europe to Asia and Africa. The navies of both sides have also opened up many naval battlefields in the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. There were approximately 37.5 million military casualties in this war. Both sides spent as much as $186.3 billion directly on the war.
The First World War already had the characteristics of mechanized warfare: the generation and mobilization of war power relied on the country's strong industrial base. Many large warships and submarines were used in naval battles. Tanks made their debut in this war, and aircraft Used for combat support. The productivity of large industry has been fully reflected in the energy of war. Neither side's strategy nor campaign command left a deep impression on future generations. The armies of both sides were heavily consumed in the long-term strategic stalemate. Someone once used the term "meat grinder" to describe the offensive and defensive operations at that time.
World War I ended with the defeat of the Allies. But the biggest gainer from this war was not Britain and France, but the United States.
World War II
The Second World War (1939-1945) lasted for 6 years. This war was a war of unprecedented scale in human history, fought between the Axis Powers of Germany, Japan, and Italy, the Allies such as China, the Soviet Union, the United States, and Britain, and anti-fascist forces around the world. The war ended with the final victory of the anti-fascist Allies and the people of the world.
In July 1937, Japan invaded China, starting the Second World War. On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland and full-scale war broke out. Then, the Axis forces swept across Europe and came to Moscow. At the same time, on the Pacific battlefield, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor and dragged the United States into the war. Around November 1942, the Allied forces won the Battle of Stalingrad, the Battle of Aleman, and the Battle of Guadalcanal on three battlefields. The situation of the war turned. After 1944, the Allies shifted to strategic offensive. The Allied forces advanced rapidly from the east and west fronts, forcing Germany to declare unconditional surrender on May 8, 1945. On the Pacific battlefield, in order to force Japan to surrender, the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, on August 6 and 9, 1945. The Soviet Union also sent troops to Northeast China on the 9th and annihilated the Japanese Kwantung Army. On September 2, Japan signed a surrender document. The end of World War II.
This war had a major impact on the world. More than 50 million people died in wars around the world, with direct military expenditures of US$1.117 billion and economic losses of US$4 trillion. But at the same time, socialist forces developed further. The national liberation movement grew, and the Euro-centered world structure was broken... It can be said that World War II was an important milestone in the history of the modern world.
From a military point of view, this war was a very typical mechanized war, embodying very obvious characteristics of large industry: the theory of total warfare was fully utilized, with the help of air fire support and reliance on tank clusters for high-speed large-scale The blitz tactics of deep assaults were fully demonstrated, and new combat forms such as landing and anti-landing operations, submarine warfare and anti-submarine warfare, aircraft carrier formation operations, strategic bombing and air defense operations, airborne and anti-airborne operations, etc. appeared for the first time. Radars, missiles, and atomic bombs were used for the first time. and other new weapons and technologies, and proposed and improved strategic battle theories on alliance strategy, strategic raids, early stages of war, coordination of various services and arms, and guerrilla warfare. This war set many world records. More than 80 countries and regions were involved in the war (including 61 participating countries), with a population of approximately 2 billion, accounting for more than 80% of the world's total population at that time. During this war, the Normandy landing campaign, the largest in the history of war, and the Battle of Leyte Gulf, the largest in the history of naval warfare, were also carried out.
The Chinese People’s Liberation War
The Chinese People’s Liberation War was a great revolutionary war fought by the Chinese people under the leadership of the Communist Party of China to establish a people’s democratic regime. . This war lasted for nearly four years. The People's Liberation Army annihilated more than 8.07 million Kuomintang troops and liberated all the land except Tibet and a few islands such as Taiwan, Penghu, Jin, Ma, Xisha, and Nansha.
This war is a miracle in the history of world war. The Kuomintang army is supported by the United States and is well-equipped with "aircraft plus cannons", while our army is "millet plus rifles." Our army adhered to Mao Zedong's military thought and adopted flexible strategies and tactics, and finally defeated the powerful enemy. In the strategic decisive battle stage, our army promptly seized the decisive battle opportunity, organized three major battles, and focused on the overall war, coordinated the forces and combat processes of each theater, and annihilated the main force of the Kuomintang army. During the strategic pursuit stage, our million-strong army crossed the Yangtze River and adopted the operational policy of large-scale detours and large-scale encirclement, quickly wiping out the remaining forces of the Kuomintang army. In this war, the power of the people was fully demonstrated and the theory of people's war was fully applied.
The victory of the Chinese People’s Liberation War gave a new life to a quarter of the world’s people, enabled the rise of a powerful China, and greatly changed the balance of power between the two major camps of socialism and capitalism in the world at that time. . The victory of the Chinese People's Liberation War opened a new page in world history.
The War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea
On June 25, 1950, a full-scale civil war broke out in North Korea. The United States carries out comprehensive intervention for the purpose of maintaining its world hegemony. At the same time, the United States brazenly brought the war to China and dispatched the 7th Fleet to invade the Taiwan Strait. In order to protect our homeland and at the invitation of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, our volunteer troops entered North Korea to participate in the war on October 19. They organized five consecutive battles, repelled the US and South Korean troops, and stabilized the front line at "three Eighth Line" north and south regions. In more than two years from June 1951 to July 1953, the two sides entered a stage of strategic stalemate. On July 27, the U.S. government finally signed the Korean Armistice Agreement. The War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea ended.
In this war, the Chinese and North Korean armies annihilated approximately 1.09 million enemies, repelled the enemy's aggression, and stabilized the strategic pattern of East Asia. This is a war of inferiority over superiority. The Chinese and North Korean armies faced the world's most powerful enemy with inferior equipment and forced this powerful enemy to sign an agreement without victory for the first time. This was the first large-scale local war after the end of World War II. This war enabled the Chinese army to gain experience in modern warfare and accelerated the process of modernization.
Vietnam War
In the late 1950s, in order to pursue its global strategy, the United States grossly interfered in the internal affairs of Southeast Asian countries. On August 5, 1964, under the pretext that its warships were attacked on the high seas, the United States dispatched aircraft to bomb ports in northern Vietnam, creating the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. In March of the following year, the United States directly sent troops to fully intervene in the Vietnam War. However, the United States did not benefit from the war. Instead, it encountered more violent resistance from the Vietnamese military and civilians, losing more than 100,000 people and more than 3,300 aircraft. The United States fell deeper and deeper into the quagmire of the Vietnam War, and its domestic anti-war sentiment grew stronger.
Under such circumstances, U.S. President Richard Nixon, who came to power in January 1969, launched the policy of "Vietnamization" of the war and announced that U.S. troops would gradually withdraw from Vietnam. In 1975, the three countries of Indochina (South Vietnam, North Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos) united with the Anti-US United Front to unify Vietnam, liberated Phnom Penh, established the Lao People's Democratic Republic, and won the final victory of the war.
This war was the longest anti-aggression war after World War II, and it was also a typical war in which the weak defeated the strong. The people of Indochina flexibly used tactics based on guerrilla warfare, causing the US military with superior equipment to pay a price of 360,000 casualties, a loss of 8,612 aircraft, and a cost of more than 200 billion US dollars.
Middle East War
The Middle East War refers to the four wars that took place between Israel and neighboring Arab countries from 1948 to 1973.
The first Middle East war broke out on May 15, 1948. As a result, all Palestinian territories, except Gaza and parts of the West Bank, were occupied by Israel. The second Middle East war broke out on October 29, 1956. The third Middle East war broke out on June 5, 1967. Israel launched surprise attacks on Arab countries on the grounds that Egypt blocked the Gulf of Aqaba. Arab countries lost more than 65,000 square kilometers of territory. The Fourth Middle East War broke out on October 6, 1973. Egypt and Syria concentrated their superior forces, and under the cover of artillery and aviation firepower, they launched simultaneous sudden attacks on the Sinai Peninsula (western front) and the Golan Heights (northern front) respectively. Later, with emergency assistance from the United States, Israel mobilized its forces and launched a counterattack, gradually seizing the initiative on the battlefield. Finally, the two sides signed an armistice agreement with the mediation of the international community.
The war in the Middle East is a modern war. Both sides in the war used advanced weapons and equipment provided by the United States or the Soviet Union, including armed helicopters, TV-guided bombs, and "SAM" anti-aircraft missiles. Both sides of the war launched a large-scale electronic confrontation. About 60% of the aircraft on both sides were lost, more than 80% of the ships were lost, and most of the tanks were destroyed by various missiles.
The outbreak of the Middle East war has a profound international background. On the surface, the Middle East war is a fight between Israel and Arab countries, but in fact it is an indirect contest between two superpowers.
The Malvinas Islands War
The Malvinas Islands (referred to as the Falklands) are located southeast of Argentina in South America. There is a dispute between Britain and Afghanistan over the ownership of the island. The war between the two countries broke out on April 2, 1982, and lasted for 74 days.
The Falklands War was the largest battle for the islands since World War II. The British dispatched a task force and traveled thousands of miles to engage in fierce blockade and counter-blockade operations with the Afghan army on the sea and air battlefields around the Falklands. Both sides participated in the war with more than 100,000 troops, more than 140 ships of various types, and hundreds of aircraft of various types. The war ended with the British amphibious landing and the capture of the Falklands.
This war showed many new features of modern island warfare, such as: ocean raids, coordination of sea, air and land battles, maritime blockade and counter-blockade, island landing and anti-landing, as well as in naval battles, air battles and land battles. Extensively conduct electronic countermeasures, etc. This war changed the traditional method of close combat between "big guns and giant ships" in the past, revealing a new mode of naval warfare. The Afghan army used a "Super Etendard" fighter jet to launch an "Exocet" missile 48 kilometers away from the British ship, sinking the latest British guided missile destroyer "Sheffield".
The Iran-Iraq War
From 1980 to 1988, a large-scale war broke out between two third world countries. This was the war between Iraq and Iran. "Iran-Iraq War".
On September 22, 1980, Iraq dispatched thousands of tanks and a large number of aircraft, divided into three groups, and launched an attack on Iran. Iran concentrated its forces and launched the "Ramadan" campaign in July 1982, pushing the war into Iraq. In a few years, it captured many important towns and oil-rich areas in Iraq. The two sides also used missiles to launch a "ship attack war." This method of fighting has harmed the interests of some major countries and caused intervention from the international community. The United States, the Soviet Union, France and other countries dispatched more than 80 warships to escort oil tankers in the Gulf.
Beginning in the first half of 1988, the battlefield situation began to shift in favor of Iraq. Iraq turned from defense to offense and occupied many Iranian territories. On August 20, the two sides achieved a ceasefire under the supervision of the United Nations Military Observer Mission.
The outcome of this war cost both sides a heavy price. Although this war is not outstanding in terms of modernization, it reflects some obvious "international", "economic", "national" and "religious" characteristics of modern local wars.
Gulf War
On August 2, 1990, Iraq sent troops to occupy the entire territory of Kuwait, triggering the Gulf War that shocked the world.
At 2 a.m. local time on January 17, 1991, a multinational force led by the United States launched a fierce attack on the Iraqi army. The war was divided into two phases. The first phase was the implementation of the air campaign, codenamed "Desert Storm." Over a period of 38 days, multinational forces dispatched nearly 100,000 aircraft, dropped more than 90,000 tons of bombs, and launched hundreds of various types of missiles and precision-guided bombs, causing the Iraqi army to lose 70% of its combat capabilities. The second phase is to implement a ground offensive, codenamed "Desert Saber". The multinational force successfully organized combat deception and combat maneuvers, taking Kuwait by surprise and taking only 100 hours to recover. Saddam declares acceptance of ceasefire conditions. The war ended on February 28.
This war initially demonstrated the characteristics of information warfare, with the emergence of new combat styles such as independent air campaigns, missile precision strikes, and large-scale information suppression. Although Iraq has a large number of aircraft and tanks, there is a huge gap with multinational forces in terms of comprehensive strength and technological advancement. The two sides of the war did not constitute a substantial confrontation, and only more than 400 multinational troops were killed.
Kosovo War
In March 1999, NATO, led by the United States, bypassed the United Nations and launched an air raid against the sovereign country of Yugoslavia, provoking the Kosovo War. In this war, NATO forces dispatched more than 1,000 aircraft and more than 40 ships to bomb Yugoslavia's military targets and even civilian economic targets indiscriminately. NATO forces dispatched 36,000 aircraft and dropped and launched more than 23,000 bombs and missiles, killing more than 1,800 civilians in Yugoslavia and causing direct economic losses of more than 200 billion U.S. dollars, exceeding the country's total in the entire Second World War. Total losses suffered in World War II.
The Kosovo War was by no means an accidental and simple regional conflict, but was carefully planned by Western countries led by the United States. The United States uses its powerful military power to pursue NATO's eastward expansion strategy and maintain its "military presence" in the Balkans. This war is a prelude to the United States’ implementation of its “Shape, Respond, and Prepare” global strategy.
In the Kosovo War, the NATO group headed by the United States mainly used air power to attack Yugoslavia. This shows that modern air power can become an effective strategic force and directly achieve strategic goals. Air strikes are conducive to giving full play to the military advantages of the United States, reducing casualties, and giving the United States great strategic flexibility and initiative. According to the American view, air strikes can comprehensively destroy the political, economic, military and other targets of a hostile country, forcing the other party to surrender because it cannot bear the huge losses. In the future, air strikes are likely to be a major way for the United States to launch wars.
my country’s bridges have roughly gone through four stages of development. The first stage is mainly based on the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period, including the previous historical eras. This is the founding period of the ancient bridge. At this time, in addition to the original single-plank bridge and Tingbu bridge, there were mainly two types of bridges: beam bridge and pontoon bridge. At that time, due to the backward productivity level, most of them could only be built in areas where the terrain was flat, the river was not wide, and the water flow was gentle. The bridges could only be small wooden beam bridges, and technical problems were easier to solve. On rivers with wider water surfaces and faster currents, pontoons are often used.
The second stage is mainly from the Qin and Han Dynasties, including the Warring States and the Three Kingdoms, and is the period of creation and development of ancient bridges.
According to the shape of the arch, it can be divided into five sides, semicircle, pointed arch, flat arch, etc. The bridge deck is usually paved with stone slabs and the bridge sides are made of stone railings. The image of the arch bridge was first seen on the portrait bricks of the Eastern Han Dynasty. It was produced by the development of the outrigger wood and stone beam bridge and was influenced by the shapes of tomb arches, water pipes, etc. Documentary records can be found in the "Shui Jing Zhu" of the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The earliest existing object and the most representative one is the Zhaozhou Bridge designed and built by Li Chun in the Sui Dynasty. For the issuance of certificates for stone arch bridges, after the Ming Dynasty, especially in the Qing Dynasty, it was popular to use whole coupons, that is, "barrel issuance".
In addition, other special shapes include flying pavilions and plank roads, channel bridges and towpath bridges, as well as curved bridges, fish marsh flying beams and Fengshui bridges.
"Flying Pavilion" is also called Pavilion Road or Fudao, which is an overpass. Cross passages between pavilions in ancient palaces. "Sanfu Huangtu": "On the west side of the palace (referring to the central palace in the late Han Dynasty), a flying pavilion was built across the city to connect to the Zhang Palace, and a chariot road was built up and down." The palaces of the Qin and Han Dynasties were connected by pavilion roads, because there were pavilions above and below. Tao, so it is called Fu Tao. Qin Shihuang's Pavilion Road leads from Epang Palace to Lishan Mountain, with a pedestrian bridge and a vehicular bridge under it. It can be called the earliest overpass in China. "Plank Road", also known as Zhange, Qiaoge, is a single-arm wooden beam bridge. In steep areas of the mountainous areas, there are wooden roads.
"Channel Bridge" is both a water diversion channel and a bridge for pedestrians. That is to say, a ditch was built on the bridge to divert water. For example, the Huiyuan Bridge in Hongdong County, Shanxi was built in the Jin Dynasty. Therefore, there is still a slang term among Shanxi people: "bridge on water, water on bridge". "Towpath Bridge" is a long ribbon-shaped bridge parallel to the river built to facilitate fiber pulling. It is more common in canal areas in Zhejiang. Some are one to two kilometers or even five or six kilometers long. For example, there is a "hundred-hole Guantang" towpath bridge in Ruanshe, Shaoxing. It was built during the Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty. The bridge is more than 380 meters long and has 115 spans. The bridge deck is made of three strips. It is made of stones, with a flat bottom connected to the water.
"Curved bridge" is a unique bridge style in gardens, so it is also called garden bridge. Bridges, paths, and corridors are all passages for visitors to enjoy the scenery in the garden. "Scenery is better than curves." Therefore, bridges in gardens are often made with folded corners, such as the Jiuqu Bridge, to form a folded line that swings back and forth, looking left and right, to achieve the effect of extending the scenery line and expanding the landscape picture. Curved bridges are generally composed of stone slabs and railings. The stone slabs are slightly higher than the water surface and the railings are low, making the bridge seem to be separated from the water surface and the space seems to be separated but not separated. It has a particularly implicit and endless meaning.
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Bridge ：/i?tn=baiduimageamp;ct=201326592amp;cl=2amp;lm=-1amp;pv=amp;word=C7C5amp;z=0
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