Architectural features of the Pantheon in Rome

The Pantheon has a central shape covered by a dome. The reconstructed Pantheon is the representative of single space and concentrated composition architecture, and also the highest representative of Roman dome technology. The Pantheon is oblate with a dome diameter of 43.3 meters and a top height of 43.3 meters. According to the concept at that time, the dome symbolized the sky. A circular hole with a diameter of 8.9 meters is opened in the center of the dome, which may imply some connection between the world of God and the world of man. The soft diffuse light from the garden entrance brightens the open room, where there is a religious quiet atmosphere. The dome is covered with a layer of gold-plated copper tile. (In the 8th century, Pope Gregory III was covered with lead tiles. ) The exterior wall is divided into three layers, with a layer of white marble below and two layers of plastering above, and the third layer may be decorated with thin-walled columns. The lower two floors are walls, and the third floor covers the lower part of the dome, so the dome is not fully displayed. This is probably to: first, reduce the influence of lateral thrust of the dome; Second, raise the wall to make it more symmetrical; Third, there was no artistic experience in dealing with the whole dome at that time, and there was no such aesthetic habit.

The front of the temple itself is also rectangular, with a circular plane, and the interior is a dome hall supported by eight huge arch columns. The largest dome in the ancient world was 43.3 meters in diameter, with a circular eye with a diameter of 8.92 meters in the middle, which was the only light entrance of the whole building. The diameter and height of the hall are also 43.3 meters, and the surrounding walls are 6.2 meters thick. There are huge bricks outside, but there are no windows or columns. It is said that the Pantheon is the first Roman building that pays more attention to interior decoration than exterior modeling. However, some of the original bronze and marble carvings were lost to Roman buildings plundered by foreign countries or transferred to later buildings. The magnificent red stone outside has disappeared and lost its former style. At present, only two bronze gates at the entrance of the temple are the original objects that have survived to this day. The city gate was 7 meters high, 7 meters wide and 7 meters thick, and it was the largest bronze doors in the world at that time. The porch of the Pantheon is resplendent and magnificent, which represents the typical style of Roman architecture. It is 33 meters wide and has a rectangular colonnade on the front. The colonnade is 34m wide and15.5m deep. Corinthian stone pillars 16, divided into three rows, 8 in the front row, 4 in the middle and 4 in the back row. The height of the column is 14. 18m, and the diameter of the base is1.43m. It is made of a whole piece of Egyptian gray granite. The stigma and column base are white marble. Statues of mountain flowers and eaves, ceiling beams and plates in door leaves, tiles and porches are all made of copper and covered with gold foil. The world record of the Pantheon Dome with a diameter of 43.4 meters was not broken until 1960 by the new stadium with a diameter of 100 meters built in Rome.

Pantheon: The most important monument in the battlefield area is the Pantheon, which is the only well-preserved building in the Roman Empire. After 18 centuries of vicissitudes, the bronze doors and the arched roof are as good as ever.

This sturdy and harmonious building stands upright, and the colonnade outside the hall is reminiscent of Greek temples and Roman classical rotunda. The proportion in the hall is harmonious and appropriate: the diameter is equal to the height, about 43 meters. The base of the big dome is built from half of the total height. The circular curve at the top of the temple continues to extend downward, forming a complete sphere connected with the ground. This is a miracle in the history of architecture, showing the profound architectural knowledge and profound calculation methods of ancient Roman architects.

There are some great Italian artists buried in the Pantheon, the most important of which is Raphael. On Raphael's tomb, there is a statue made by his disciple Lorenzetto: the Virgin Mary at Stonehenge. After the resurrection, the Pantheon became the tomb of the king. Vittorio, Emmanuel II, Umberto I and his wife, Queen Margarita, were buried in the back halls on the left and right sides of the Pantheon.