How to answer all kinds of questions about geography in college entrance examination? What is the formula? Or where to start?

The direction and skills of answering geography questions in college entrance examination

(1) feature description.

(2) the reason. ?

The natural environment has integrity, difference and causality. The advantages and disadvantages of resources and environment and the formation of disasters have their inherent reasons. Pay attention to the viewpoint of connection, especially when analyzing the causes of geographical disasters:

1. Comprehensive analysis of the causes of natural environment characteristics-heterogeneity characteristics. ?

It is most important to locate such a problem first. Pay attention to the values in the chart. In the plan, vegetation types and agricultural regional types should be analyzed with "water environment" as the center and "climate-topography" as the key contributing factor.

For example, climate analysis can be divided into ① temperature: latitude-solar radiation, ocean current-cold and warm airflow, land-sea distribution-land-sea temperature difference, topography, human-vegetation destruction and urban heat island.

② Precipitation: wind, pressure-circulation situation (westerly belt, low pressure belt and rainy sea breeze), topography-windward slope, leeward slope, ocean current-cold and warm current, destruction and protection of people-forest, grassland, lake and wetland. ?

This kind of topic should exclude similar conditions and highlight the leading factors. This is also a common test method in recent years:

In small-scale maps (mostly in multiple-choice and large-scale maps), geographical pattern factors are generally considered, namely latitude factors and wind zone, pressure zone and monsoon factors;

? In large-scale maps (mostly in non-choice questions and small-scale plans), geographical local factors, namely topographic factors, ocean current factors, thermal differences between land and sea and human factors, are generally considered.

2. Comprehensive analysis of the causes of geographical disasters: comprehensively analyze the selected site from three angles: "weather (climate factor), land (landform factor) and man-made (man-made factor)". Example:

? Causes of flood disaster (typical area of China: Northeast China; Middle and lower reaches of Yellow River and Yangtze River; Huaihe river basin; Pearl river basin, etc. )

(1) Natural reasons: precipitation lasts for a long time and is concentrated (such as rainy weather in the Yangtze River basin); The change of summer monsoon intensity (the second highest intensity: drought in the south and waterlogging in the north; Weak subtropical high: waterlogging in the south and drought in the north); The influence of typhoon; Lack of natural rivers flowing into the sea (Huaihe River); Low-lying (Haihe River, Pearl River); There are many tributaries of the water system (fan-shaped water system and dendritic water system); River bend (Jingjiang reach); El Nino phenomenon, etc.

(2) Man-made reasons: excessive logging leads to increased soil erosion and river bed uplift; Reclaiming land from lakes; Unreasonable construction of water conservancy projects (Weihe River Basin)

Serious causes of geological disasters in southwest China;

(1) Natural reasons: the mountainous area is vast, the terrain is rugged and the slope is large; Strong crustal movement, developed faults in the mountains, broken rocks and severe weathering; Precipitation is concentrated and there are many heavy rains.

(2) Man-made reasons: the vegetation is seriously damaged.

3. Analysis of the causes of the temporal and spatial characteristics of geographical things. ?

To lock in the geographical principles used, the principles of atmospheric movement and seasonal changes-the height of the sun, the length of day and night, and the principle of river recharge are the most important, and attention should be paid to reverse reasoning. Example:

? Causes of climate change and weather change

The thermal circulation near the ground (wind pressure flow principle) is analyzed, and the saying that "heat (high temperature) is low (air pressure) rises (air flow rises) and rain (rain is caused by cloud formation)" is adopted. Cold (low temperature) high (air pressure) sinking (airflow sinking) sunny (dry sunny) "for logical analysis.

The reasons for the large temperature difference between day and night may be: anticyclone control-more sunny days and less clouds; Located inland, with small heat capacity and rapid temperature change; Weather system conversion, etc.

Analyze the reason why rivers are rich in water energy.

(1) is the drop (located in the step transition area, with a large river drop);

(2) Runoff (depending on precipitation, basin area and evaporation)

Causes of ice flood:

The formation of ice flood must meet two conditions: first, there is an ice age; The second is to flow to high latitudes.

feeding of a river

In the northeast of China, there is snow water supplement in spring and rain water supplement in summer.

The spring rain in the south of the Yangtze River is moderate, and the summer rain is abundant.

Northwest China is the source of snow and ice in summer mountain areas. ?

South China is replenished by frontal rain in spring and typhoon rain in midsummer. ?

The Mediterranean climate is provided by winter rain. ?

(3) the problem of distribution law?

Generally speaking, it is to grasp the distribution trend of "point", "line" and "surface"; What explains geography is superimposed on what geography, usually refers to what terrain it is superimposed on. ?

1. The distribution of "points" generally has the shape of "the stars arch the moon" and "the area along a certain direction is sparse or dense"; Or the distribution orientation of geographical things in a geographical thing. For example, the distribution law of urban system in Beijing is sparse in the northwest and dense in the southeast. Shanghai "Baoshan Iron and Steel Plant" is located in the northeast of Shanghai urban area, bordering the Yangtze River in the north. ?

2. The "linear" distribution should explain its trend in which direction and its sparse characteristics.

For example, the distribution of settlements (cities) in Xinjiang is characterized by distribution along the foothills and basin edges, and dense along railways and rivers and mountain passes. Another example is the distribution of "China 1 0℃ isotherm", which can be described as follows: the eastern section is roughly east-west and parallel to latitude, and the western section is roughly northeast-southwest, roughly parallel to the foothills of the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. ?

3. The "plane" distribution should explain the distribution range of this geographical thing, that is, the boundary between southeast and northwest; Or the distribution orientation and approximate area of a geographical thing. For example, the Loess Plateau starts from Taihang Mountain in the east, east of Qilian Mountain in the west, the Great Wall in the north and Qinling Mountain in the south. ?

4. Comprehensive consideration of "point, line and surface".

(d) evaluation issues

There are two points to pay attention to when answering such questions:?

1. According to the requirements of the topic, explain the problem from both favorable and unfavorable aspects; ?

2. Comprehensive analysis of natural, social and economic development. ?

(5) Inference?

According to the material, examine the meaning of the topic, go back to the textbook, make logical reasoning, draw a conclusion and express it accurately. ? (6) site selection?

The analysis of industrial, agricultural, urban, commercial and transportation location problems is carried out from two aspects: nature and humanistic society.

◆ Agricultural location analysis:

1, analysis of agricultural location factors:

Natural location: climate (light, heat, precipitation, disaster meteorology), topography, water source, soil;

Socio-economic position: market, transportation, policy, population and quality, technology.

2. Location analysis of irrigated agriculture (Ningxia Plain, Hetao Plain, Hexi Corridor, South Xinjiang, etc.). )

Natural location factors: sufficient heat and large temperature difference between day and night; Flat terrain; Fertile soil; Irrigation water is sufficient.

Shortage: water shortage; Winter is affected by cold wave and snowstorm; Soil salinization, etc.

3. Commodity grain agriculture (typical area: Northeast China)

(1) natural factors: temperate monsoon climate, high temperature and rainy summer, with both rain and heat; The terrain is flat and open; Vast cultivated land; Fertile soil; There is plenty of water.

(2) Socio-economic factors: a vast territory with a sparse population and a high commodity rate of agricultural products; Large scale of production and high degree of mechanization; Convenient transportation; Broad market; The industry is relatively developed; National policy support.

(3) insufficient: insufficient heat; Land desertification and soil erosion have intensified; Decline of soil fertility; Winter is affected by cold wave and freezing injury.

4. Rice planting in China (typical areas: Taihu Plain, Pearl River Delta, etc. )

(1) natural factors: sufficient heat, rain and heat simultaneously; Delta terrain is flat; Fertile soil; The river network is dense and the water is abundant.

(2) Socio-economic factors: high degree of mechanization; Convenient transportation; Broad market; The industry is relatively developed; Developed science and technology; National policy support.

(3) Disadvantages: more people and less land; Affected by floods caused by typhoons and rainstorms; Harm of acid rain

5. Animal husbandry (four grasslands: Inner Mongolia, Qinghai, Xinjiang and Tibet)

(1) Natural factors: vast grassland area; No large carnivores; There is more precipitation in summer in the eastern region, which is beneficial to pasture growth (precipitation decreases from east to west).

(2) Social and economic factors: rich experience in animal husbandry; Broad market; National policy support, etc.

(3) Disadvantages: dry climate and little precipitation; Grassland degradation; Intensified desertification; Winter snowstorm and cold wave influence; The plague of rats and locusts is serious.

6. Suburban agriculture (typical area: Shanghai Suburban agriculture)

(1) natural factors: sufficient heat, rain and heat simultaneously; Flat terrain and fertile soil; There is plenty of water.

(2) Socio-economic factors: large market consumption; Convenient transportation; Developing flowers, vegetables and other crops has high value per unit area and can obtain higher economic benefits; Small land area is conducive to intensive production.

(3) Development direction: green agriculture; Sightseeing agriculture; ecotourism

◆ Industrial location analysis

1, analysis of industrial problems

(1), common industrial location factors: resources (raw materials and power), market, transportation, labor, technology, policy, environment, preference and inertia.

(2) Look at the geomantic omen (environment) and relative position (solid waste and noise do not disturb the people and conform to the urban planning and layout).

(3) Transforming traditional industrial areas (refer to Ruhr, Germany)

2, industrial base location analysis:

Raw materials (agricultural products processing, steel), energy (non-ferrous metal industry), science and technology (especially technology-intensive industries), labor (quantity and quality), market (hinterland), transportation, agricultural economic base (providing food and raw materials), environment (wind direction, rivers), funds, policies, natural factors (flat terrain, abundant water resources, etc. )

◆ Urban location analysis

1, location analysis of related cities

(1) Natural factors: topography, climate, rivers and shapes;

(2) Socio-economic factors: resources, transportation, politics, religion, military, science and technology, tourism.

2. Analyze the urbanization problem.

1. Urban natural problems: environmental quality (four major pollutions) and ecological degradation.

2. Social and economic issues; Urban civilization, urban construction, such as unemployment, public security transportation and housing.

◆ Solutions to urbanization problems (refer to Shanghai)

Restrict the concentration of population and industry, rationally plan cities: 1, plan new districts and satellite cities, and disperse urban functions. 2. Reasonably design and plan the traffic network, strengthen management and improve urban traffic and housing conditions. 3. Control pollution and increase green area.

◆ The significance or location factors of railway construction (referring to Nanning-Kunming Railway and Nanning-Kunming Line)

For example, the location factor of Nanning-Kunming railway construction;

(1) Economic significance ① It is beneficial to resource development and material export: the construction of Nankun Railway has solved the transportation problem of Yunnan phosphate rock and Guizhou coal, and promoted the development of Hongshuihe hydropower and Pingguo aluminum mine in Guangxi. (2) It is conducive to giving full play to the economic radiation function of the railway: speeding up the opening up to the outside world, making the southwest region form a situation of "coastal, riverside and border", with its back to the southwest and facing Southeast Asia, and promoting the development of export-oriented economy. (3) It is conducive to developing tourism resources and promoting the development of the tertiary industry: opening a tourist hotline will enable the rich tourism resources in southwest China to be developed (karst terrain, ethnic customs, world cultural heritage, etc.). ) and promote the development of related industries and even the entire tertiary industry in the region.

(2) Political significance is conducive to consolidating national unity, speeding up poverty alleviation in Southwest China and maintaining social stability.

(3) Strategic Significance ① It is conducive to speeding up the opening up and developing the export-oriented economy: the construction of the Nankun Line gives the southwest a "trilateral" location advantage, connecting Beihai, Zhanjiang, Qinzhou and Fangchenggang ports in the south, and international railways and highways in the east and west to many transit ports in Yunnan and Guangxi provinces, which is conducive to developing foreign trade and border trade, opening up the international market, participating in the international division of labor and promoting international regional economic cooperation. Second, it is conducive to consolidating national defense.

◆ Location factors of ports

Water conditions (navigation and berthing conditions), land conditions (port construction conditions, hinterland) and urban facilities are comprehensively considered.

Example: Analyze the location factors of Shanghai port construction. A: Judging from the water conditions (navigation conditions), the estuary of the Yangtze River is both a river port and a seaport. Land conditions (port construction conditions and hinterland) are located in the Yangtze River Delta with flat terrain. Huangpu River goes deep into the land, which provides a broad space for port construction. China is the most economically developed region with a vast economic hinterland, relying on Shanghai.

(6) the problem of "line"

1, isotherm

(1) Horizontal distribution law: ① Decreasing from low latitude to high latitude Reason: Solar height decreases from low latitude to high latitude, and solar radiation decreases gradually; ② Declining from the city center to the suburbs ("heat island effect") Reason: Due to the concentration of population, industrial production and residents' life in cities release a lot of heat.

(2) Vertical distribution law: ① decreasing from the foot of the mountain to the top of the mountain. Reason: The higher the altitude, the less heat you get from the ground. ② Above the depth of 1000m, the water temperature decreases with the depth, and below the depth of1000 m, the water temperature changes little. Reason: The surface seawater is obviously influenced by solar radiation, but the deep seawater has little influence.

(3) The relationship between the trend of the isotherm and latitude, coastal direction and topography: A. If the isotherm is parallel to latitude, it extends from east to west, which is the result of decreasing solar radiation energy from the poles to high latitudes due to different latitudes. B, if the isotherm is parallel to the coastline: because the ocean plays a role in regulating temperature. C. If the isotherm is parallel to the contour line, it is affected by topography.

2. Isosalt line

Law: It decreases from subtropical waters in the northern and southern hemispheres to high latitudes and low latitudes on both sides.

Reasons: The temperature in subtropical sea area is high, and the evaporation is greater than the precipitation; Precipitation at low latitudes and high latitudes is greater than evaporation.

3. Snow line:

Law: Subtropical areas decrease to both sides at high and low latitudes.

Influencing factors:

(1) climatic factors:

① The distribution height of snow line is positively correlated with air temperature.

② The distribution height of snow line is negatively correlated with precipitation.

(2) Geomorphological factors:

① The steeper the slope, the higher the snow line; ② The snow line on sunny slope is higher.

4. Important geographical boundaries of China:

(1) Qinling-Huaihe line:

① the southern boundary of the Loess Plateau;

② It is roughly where the 0℃ isotherm of 65438+ 10 and the 800 mm precipitation line pass;

③ the dividing line between subtropical zone and warm temperate zone;

(4) the boundary between the humid area and the semi-humid area;

⑤ The boundary between subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest and temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest;

⑥ Whether rivers have ice age boundaries;

⑦ the boundary between agricultural paddy field and dry land, three crops in two years and two crops in one year, rice and wheat miscellaneous grains;

The dividing line between the Yangtze River system and the Yellow River system.

(2) Daxinganling

(1) 400 mm rainfall line.

(2) the dividing line between monsoon region and non-monsoon region;

(3) the dividing line between the inner flow area and the outer flow area;

(4) places where pastoral areas and agricultural areas pass;

⑤ The dividing line between Inner Mongolia Plateau and Northeast Plain;

⑥ The boundary between the second and third levels of Chinese topography;

⑦ The boundary between forest landscape and grassland landscape.

Attachment: subjective question answer requirements

1. Standardize the language and return to the teaching materials;

2. How many questions were asked, how many lines (paragraphs) were divided, and the answers were divided into sections and points, and each point was numbered as much as possible. Answer questions in an orderly manner to form a "knowledge chain". To answer questions, we must first understand the steps of answering questions, ask what to answer, and write a few questions in several sections. Answers can be organized according to the main points of the question. Generally, one point is 2 points, so if it is an 8-point question, you should answer at least 4 points.

3. The main points are not self-contradictory and repetitive;

4. Write neatly, leaving no blank. Only when the handwriting is neat, the thinking logic is reflected and the paper is neat can the paper be perfect in form, because clear paper can win the favor of reviewers and may bring you unexpected gains.