The living customs of Fujian people

Folk Custom of She Nationality in Fujian-Living Custom Before the Qing Dynasty, most of the ancient houses of She nationality were bamboo "hanging huts". This kind of thatched cottage is called "a thousand pillars fall to the ground" or "a thousand branches fall to the ground", and it is ventilated on all sides, showing a "middle" shape. The frame materials are mostly tied into a frame, and the grass hanging on the surface of the raft is also covered with grass plaques. Most of them have no compartments, front and back doors, no windows and no chimneys. It generally covers an area of about 20 square meters, with a height of 3 meters and a wall height of about 2 meters. Some huts on the mountain are in the shape of a "human", and only 1 row of 3-5 tree forks stand in the center of the hut. There are bars on the forks, and both sides are tied with bars (bamboo chips), which are covered with thatch. Maoliao has a low structure, insufficient sunshine, muddy ground and very wet. In the Qing Dynasty, the "earth wall" appeared in the She nationality area. The earth wall is a civil structure, surrounded by walls, and the roof truss is directly placed on the gable. The roof is herringbone-shaped and covered with tiles, divided into four, six and eight fans. There used to be 1 10 earth walls in Shekoukeng Village, Fu 'an, which could accommodate 20-30 households. The pattern of modern Shezhai houses is roughly the same as that of Korean houses. It's a civil building, unpretentious, with few decorations. Most of them are built according to the situation, and it's rare to see sloping doors, fake windows and rough "Shi Gandang". The traditional houses of She nationality pay attention to the thickness of earth walls, and generally do not open windows or only small windows on the walls to prevent wind and theft. Generally, she village is surrounded by pine, fir, camphor, banyan, ke, maple and other trees. She nationality also has a professional geomantic omen based on Yin and Yang gossip, and its theory is roughly the same as that of Han geomantic omen. After 1949, the houses of She nationality are mainly civil structures, and the construction and use pattern of houses has improved. After 1978, with the continuous improvement of material living conditions in She village, new houses with brick-wood structure and reinforced concrete structure appeared. 1978- 1992 according to the investigation of 14 1 she villages in the whole region, there are 1036 new houses, with a construction area of158,500 square meters, mostly new houses with brick-wood structure and steel-concrete structure. Clothing custom In the history of She nationality, men's and women's clothing was mostly made of bamboo and cotton. Clothing colors are mostly cyan, black or blue. Men's style is roughly the same as that of Han nationality, and women's style is quite different from that of Han nationality, but the styles of counties in the region are similar. After 1949, with the improvement of social living standards, there is not much difference between the styles and fabrics used by young men and women of She nationality and young men and women of Han nationality, and they still wear traditional costumes only at weddings and festivals. Before and after the Republic of China, the traditional clothing of She nationality men was blue-black or blue long-breasted cloth shirts. The big chest linen shirt worn in summer is made of sweat-resistant, wear-resistant and breathable linen. Its style is double-breasted and collarless. The neckline is only inserted with blue cloth, and the shoulders are lined with cotton cloth. Because of the different length of sleeves, bamboo shirts are divided into long sleeves and short sleeves. Short jackets are more common in summer. Men's shorts in summer are also made of bamboo or cotton. In winter, the large rows of buttoned shirts worn by men of She nationality are mostly made of cotton, so they are also called cotton shirts, and the styles are the same as those of bamboo shirts. In winter, old people also wear cotton-padded jackets or cotton-padded jackets, both of which are opened in the middle. If you go out to be a guest, wear a "money hanger" with an opening in the middle and pockets at the waist on both sides to hide money and things. If there is a shortage of cotton cloth, sew the double ramie into a vest to wear. In winter, men wear blue cotton trousers, which are straight and big. Whether shorts or trousers, 15 cm cotton trousers of different colors are connected to the waist as "trousers". Cloth belt for belt. The man's wedding dress is a red top and black satin official hat (official hat of Qing Dynasty), a blue robe with patterns embroidered on the front and chest, and blue cloth boots. Except official hats and borrowed ones from the cloth flower, most men sew a blue dress when they get married. The traditional dress of She women is black and open to the right, and the specific style varies from county to county. Fuding style, usually called Funing East Road dress, has a big collar and a small collar. The highest point in the middle of the big collar is 4-5 cm, with water red and water green as the background color and embroidered with patterns. The neckline is decorated with two red pompoms with a thickness of about 2 cm. The center of the ball is inlaid with beads of various colors, commonly known as plum blossom. The ball is supported by more than a dozen pieces of cloth, and some dresses are decorated with small pieces of silver on the back. There are patterns embroidered on the right side of the chest, two red ribbons longer than clothes, and cuffs are tied with red and green cloth (or silk). Some young ladies don't embroider, but only use printed red cloth to sew on the clothes bucket. Xiapu Wind, also known as Funing West Road Wind, is popular in the west, south, middle and east of Xiapu County and She Village in the east of Fu 'an. It is characterized by the same length of the front and rear panels, large-breasted buttons, service barrels and laces, which can be turned over on both sides. Wear it on the front during holidays or when going out as a guest, and on the back when working at home or going out on weekdays. The neckline is low and narrow, and the highest point in the middle is about 2 cm. Lapels are generally 20 cm, and the service bucket 12 cm. Embroidery of the service bucket is concentrated in the upper corner, extending from left to right to the center line. The right side of the service bucket is full of lapels, with an oblique length of 16 cm, a vertical length of 6.5 cm and a width of 1- 10 cm. It consists of 1-3 groups of patterns, each group is called "pool" and the width is 1. It is customary to say "a red skirt" according to the number of embroidery groups; Or embroidered by neckline, divided into "flower collar", "first-line collar", "double-line collar" and "third-line collar". The clothes worn by young women are all embroidered with wide faces, and the widest "three red skirts" have three sets of patterns juxtaposed 10 cm. The neckline is mostly a flower collar, and the embroiderer is particularly delicate, which is often used as clothing and dresses. The clothes worn by old women and girls are very narrow, and only a small lace of about 1cm is embroidered. There is no embroidery on the back and neckline of the clothes bucket, only blue cloth strips are added to cuffs, sleeves, shoelaces and corresponding parts. Fu 'an style, the dress of She women in Fu 'an and most areas of Ningde City, has a simple pattern, only the collar is decorated with tiger tooth patterns such as water red, yellow green, etc., the service bucket is inlaid with a red cloth edge with a width of 3-4 cm, and the lower end is embroidered with a triangular corner pattern near the sleeve head (according to legend, it was a golden seal given by Emperor Gao Xin in those years), and a piece of red cloth with a width of 1 inch is sewn on each side cuff. In addition, women's trousers are similar to the local Han nationality. In the past, they were all "casual pants" with big shorts and legs and no pockets. Most of them are black, and some of them are slightly shorter, so they are called "half pants". She women also have the traditional habit of foot binding. Their leggings are also called foot binding or foot warming, and they are also used for protection and warmth. The whole painting is triangular, 29 cm wide and 55 cm long. Most of them are sewn with white faucet cloth, with red tassels and purple lapels at the end. Leggings have been rare since the 1970s. In addition, aprons vary from county to county. The West Road (Xiapu) apron is black, shaped like a ladder fan, with a length (height) of 33cm, an upper width of 33cm and a lower width of 160cm. 12cm center has symmetrical folds on both sides, with 5-7 folds on each side, each with a width of 0.7cm and a length of 5cm. Narrow blue strips are wrapped around the edges on both sides. Red, yellow, blue, white and green stripes of the same color are rolled on both sides and above, arranged into colored edges, and patterns are embroidered outside the colored edges. The skirt is blue, 6.5 cm wide, with white plain cotton ribbons at both ends, 4.5-6 cm wide and 2 meters long, which are fringed. Most of the aprons worn by girls are water red or woven with wide edges. Fuding apron is similar to West Road apron, but the skirt is mostly rectangular, 40 cm long and 47 cm wide. The middle of the skirt is decorated with light green silk, and the apron is embroidered on holidays. The skirt is woven with geometric patterns or water ripples. The special long skirts worn by She women at weddings and deaths are called big skirts. Black, plain, 40% off, up to the instep, divided into two types: cylindrical and closed, which are matched with the coat and tied with a wide silk waist or a big silk flower of the same color. Some big skirts are sewn with red cloth and tied with red silk knots to make a big silk flower. After 1949, with the development of society, the traditional costumes of the She nationality were reserved for middle-aged and elderly women, and only young men and women wore them at weddings and major festive events. Its fabrics are fashionable and its embroidery is more exquisite. But there is no big difference between wearing clothes and Han nationality. Hat shoes are custom-made black satin official hats, commonly known as "red tassels" or "red envelopes", which are special hats for She men. It is blue and black as a whole, wide and open, with a 2 cm copper ball or red cloth ball at the top, and a tassel woven with red thread hanging from the top of the ball. After the Republic of China, round hats were used for weddings or deaths. The rockhopper, also known as Princess Top, is a headdress worn by She women when they hold weddings and die. A pointed round mouth is worn on a bun and buckled on the lower cheek with a red ribbon or bead string. The inner layer of the crown is made of bamboo reeds, covered with black or dark cloth, and the upper part of the crown is equipped with a delicate silver-framed small square mirror, which is equipped with miniature scissors, rulers, books, mirrors and other objects. The crown is woven into a tower-shaped skeleton with bamboo sticks, covered with red cloth and decorated with silver pieces of different sizes. The back and sides of the upper part are decorated with five strings of small silver pieces, with butterfly silver ornaments at both ends and glass beads at the top. The wedding rockhopper is covered with silver ornaments, commonly known as "thread whiskers". It consists of a rectangular silver medal and nine strings of silver ornaments. Hanging in front of the curtain as a whole. The silver medal has the pattern of "Shuanglong grabbing the ball", and the silver piece has auspicious patterns such as fish, pomegranate and plum blossom. Shoes ∷ Traditionally, black cloth with round mouth and thick bottom (or wooden bottom) has nose shoes, and the upper has a red middle ridge, which is a single nose shoe worn by women, and the edge of the shoe mouth is inlaid with red, yellow and green colors. Double nose shoes with two ridges on the upper are worn by men. After the Republic of China, traditional nose shoes became less and less common, mostly used for funerals and wearing boots at weddings. Hairstyle Custom The male hairstyle of She nationality is the same as that of Han nationality, while the traditional hairstyle of female is different from that of Han nationality. The hair style of married women of the She nationality in Xiapu is the classical "Panlong bun" style (also known as Phoenix bun), which is complicated and has a lot of wigs. When combing your hair, first divide it into two parts, and the back part accounts for about two-thirds. In the meantime, put a bamboo basket drum wrapped in black cloth with a length of about 20 cm and a diameter of 3 cm. The middle section is tied tightly with a red line, folded upwards and inclined, so that the hair at the back of the head is loose and pig-tailed. The front end is tied tightly with red wool to make the wig hang from the front top side. The front hair is divided into left and right strands, twisted into small strands, spirally wound around the top of the head from left to right, and fixed with hairpins. Finally, a large silver thread passes through the center of the hair tip to form a high-spirited and unique panlong bun. She women's hair in the northern areas of Ningde and Fu 'an began to comb from the back of the head, and circled upward around the headgear, reaching half a face, like a truncated hat. The back of the head was melon-petal-shaped, and several crimson lines were tied around the hair. Press a silver hairpin with a width of two fingers at the top, and insert 1 piece of tremella steak and porcupine hairpin, commonly known as "Phoenix". She women in Fuding area comb their hair without adulteration, and only comb the long hair at the back of their heads into bread, cover it with black gauze and insert ornaments such as silver hairpin. The unmarried girl of She nationality has a hairstyle of Fu 'an She nationality girl 16 years old or older, and her hair is also combed into the shape of a truncated high hat, but the top is not pressed with a silver hairpin, but wrapped around her right forehead with a bunch of red wool. She girls in Ningde and Xiapu wrap their hair, leave some bangs on their foreheads and tie two pieces of silver with red wool. After the hair of a She girl in Fuding was rounded, a 1 silver hairpin was inserted obliquely on the right side, and tassel-like wool was hung on the hairpin. Other She women wear black, blue and red wool rings at the hairline, which indicates the status of old, middle and young. Widowed women also use green wool rings. Jewelry custom headdress, commonly known as "hairpin" or "horizontal palladium", passes through the bun end of Panlong and is about 10 cm long. Two connected hanging leaves, chiseled with patterns. This headdress style has been handed down from generation to generation and cannot be changed. The silver hairpin is forged from 1 silver dollar, two fingers wide and 10 cm long. Fishbone-shaped, with chisel pattern on it, used to tighten the hair of horizontal bolt. A headdress is an ornament inserted in the hair. Wedding headdresses, in groups of three, decorated with figures and animal patterns, are exquisitely made. Earring tag ∷ used with panlong bun, earrings are usually made into the shape of turning question marks; Earmark, there is a curved gentleman near the ear with a silver medal on it. Dietary customs The diet of the She nationality is the same as that of the local Han nationality. The staple food is rice and sweet potato rice, and the miscellaneous grains are wheat, sorghum, millet, corn, duck's paw, pumpkin, potato and taro. Non-staple foods include bamboo shoots, vegetables, wild mushrooms, wild vegetables, fish, meat and eggs. Festival food has its own characteristics, mainly black rice, Kanye Zongzi and Ciba. Eat black rice on the third day of the third lunar month. The production method of black rice is to use the leaves of a wild plant (acacia, Vaccinium bracteatum) in the mountains, put them in a stone mortar, put the cloth bag in an iron pot, add a proper amount of water to boil the soup, let it emit purple-black soup, then remove the leaf residue from the bag and soak the selected glutinous rice in the soup for several hours. Black rice is black and blue in color, soft and delicious. Because black barnyard grass can open the spleen and prevent corrosion. Therefore, black rice will not rot in a ventilated and cool place for a few days. Eating black rice is symbolic of preparing for spring ploughing and welcoming a bumper harvest. Jiang's zongzi, commonly known as "Jiang Zong", is usually eaten during the Dragon Boat Festival and Dragon Boat Festival. Soak the selected high-quality glutinous rice in yellow alkaline water for several hours, fold two kanban leaves into the bottom of the trough, then put the glutinous rice soaked in alkaline water into the trough to form a 20 cm-long corncob-shaped kanban leaf jiaozi, and cook it in the pot for more than ten hours. During the Dragon Boat Festival, zongzi is not only used to worship ancestors, but also given to relatives and friends. Ciba ∷ She people have to make cakes during the Chinese New Year, "July 30" and the Winter Festival, and their life is sticky every year. The method of Ciba is: drain the glutinous rice soaked for a day and steam it in a wooden steamer. Pour it into a mortar, mash it, and knead it into small balls or cakes to eat.