Brief introduction of Qin Shihuang's life
Qin Shihuang (7 pieces) (259 BC-2 BC10) was a famous politician, surnamed Zhao [1], also known as [2]. The first unified dynasty in the history of China-Qin Shihuang. Son of King Xiang of Qin Zhuang. Han nationality (formerly known as Huaxia nationality) [3]. Born in Handan, the capital of Zhao State (now Handan City, Hebei Province). In 247 BC, Qin/Kloc ascended the throne at the age of 0/3. In 238 BC (Qin Jiu year), when Qin Shihuang was 22 years old, he held an adult monarch coronation ceremony in his old capital, Yongcheng, and began to "govern the country personally", getting rid of Lao Ai and others, and reusing Li Sihe. Xianyang was its capital from 230 BC to 22 BC1year. In 2 10 BC, Qin Shihuang died in a sand dune (now Xingtai City, Hebei Province) on his way to the East. Qin Shihuang thought that his contribution was better than that of the previous three emperors and five emperors, and agreed that the title of minister should be changed to "Emperor". Qin Shihuang was the first monarch to use the title of "Emperor" in the history of China, so he called himself "the first emperor", but he died the next year. It had a far-reaching and significant impact on China and the world history, and was praised as "an emperor through the ages" by Li Zhi, a thinker in the Ming Dynasty. Qin Shihuang was not a tyrant recorded in Historical Records written by Sima Qian. The real Qin Shihuang you want to know is introduced in detail in the book The Real Qin Shihuang. Calling herself a widow.
It is said that Jiuding was cast by Xia, symbolizing Kyushu and protected by many countries. It is made of bronze tributes from Kyushu. Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties are regarded as national treasures, and those who have Jiuding are the emperors. In 256 BC (fifty-one and fifty-nine years in Qin Zhao), he attacked Qin Jun in Handan, attacked Zhao, and continued to attack North Korea and Zhao. Taking this opportunity, the eastern countries launched a joint anti-Qin movement. Under the influence and coercion of Korea, Zhao and other countries, the Duke of the Western Zhou Dynasty, who was ignorant of current affairs, also participated in this activity. The allied forces, under the banner of Zhou Wang, united against the State of Qin. Zhao Haoqi was furious. Qin had long wanted to erase the Western Zhou Dynasty from the map and remove an obstacle for unifying the world as soon as possible. The Western Zhou Dynasty's participation in the anti-Qin campaign just gave Qin an excuse to send troops. In 256 BC (59th year of Yunwang, 5 1 year of Qin Dynasty), Qin Jun attacked the Western Zhou Dynasty. Zhou Wang listened to the Duke of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and gave Qin to thirty thousand households in thirty-six cities in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The King of Qin made Zhou Nanwang the monarch and the Duke of the Western Zhou the retainer, and sealed him in Liangcheng (now south of Hancheng County, Shaanxi Province). Kuai Wang Yi died in Liangcheng in January. After the country split, he set up Jiuding in Xianyang (a tripod fell in Surabaya on the way, so Qin had to have eight tripods, but it was still customary to call Jiuding). Since the following year (52nd year of Zhao Haoqi, 255th year before), historians have used the King of Qin to mark the year. In 255 BC, Jiuding moved the capital to Qin, which meant that the king of Qin would be the master of the world and could justifiably crusade against the vassal States.
From 230 BC to 22 BC1year, Qin Shihuang adopted the strategy of "making friends far away and attacking near", divided and alienated Lian Heng, and launched the war of Qin destroying six countries. Seventeen years of Qin Shihuang (BC-Qin unified situation map)
230 years), Han dynasty, Zhao dynasty 19 years (before 228 years), Wei dynasty (225 BC), Chu dynasty (223 BC), Yan dynasty (222 BC) and Qi dynasty (22 BC1year). Finally, the first unified centralized and autocratic country in China history-Qin Dynasty was established.
In 26 years, Wang Zheng ascended the throne of Qin State and finally unified China. At the beginning of the world, the first thing Qin, 39, was eager to do was to redefine his title. Qin Shi Huang
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, governors of various countries called "Jun" or "Wang". At the end of the Warring States period, Qin and Qi were once called "emperors", but this title was different at that time. Qin, who dominated the country, thought that these titles in the past were not enough to show his respect. "Today's name is even less important, so it is impossible to call it success and pass it on to future generations." He ordered ministers to discuss titles. After some discussions, Prime Minister Wang Wan, Yu Shi Feng Jie, Ting Wei Li Si and others thought that the government of the Qin Dynasty was "attacking Xingyi, killing the remnant thieves and leveling the world", and its achievements were "unprecedented since ancient times, and the five emperors were far behind". Quoting the traditional honorific words, it is said that "emperors, Huangdi, Tai Huang and Tai Huang were the most expensive in ancient times", and it is suggested that the title of "Tai Huang" should be adopted by Qin Wangzheng. However, Qin Shihuang was not satisfied with this. He only used the word "emperor" and added the word "emperor" under it because of "three emperors and five emperors", creating a new title of "emperor" and awarding it to himself. From then on, "Emperor" became the title of the supreme ruler of China. The appearance of the title "Emperor" is not only a simple name change, but also a new concept of notification. In ancient times, "emperor" meant "great", and people sometimes called ancestor gods and other gods "emperor". "Emperor" is the highest god who dominates everything in ancient people's imagination. Qin Shihuang combined the words "emperor" and "emperor" into one. First, it shows that he wants to express his supreme status and authority, which is given by God, that is, "the supreme power is given by God"; Second, it reflects that he is not satisfied with being only the ruler of the world, but also a god. It can be seen that the title of "emperor" is the product of the deification of the monarchical power in Qin Dynasty. Qin became the first emperor in the history of China, calling himself "the first emperor". He also stipulated that when he passed the throne to future generations after his death, the heirs would be called the second emperor, the third emperor and even eternal life. The dream that Qin Shihuang's throne will be inherited by his family forever "spreads endlessly" (Historical Records of Qin Shihuang's Biography). In order to sanctify the status of the emperor, Qin Shihuang took a series of measures to "respect the monarch": abolishing the funeral etiquette. The funeral ceremony began in the early Zhou Dynasty, and it was given an evaluation title based on the life story of the king after his death. Qin Shihuang, on the other hand, thought that "the son discusses the father and the minister discusses the monarch", which is outrageous and meaningless. He announced the abolition of the obituary law and prohibited future courtiers from evaluating themselves. The son of heaven calls himself "I" The word "I" has the same meaning as "I". In the past, everyone could use it. Qin Shihuang limited that only the emperor could call himself "I". The emperor's orders are called "control" or "imperial edict". It is not allowed to mention the name of the emperor in the text and should be avoided. Whenever the words "emperor" and "first emperor" appear on the document, a new line should be written. Only the jade carving seal used by the emperor can be called "seal" The purpose of these regulations is to highlight the special position of the emperor, emphasize that the emperor is different and strengthen the mystery of imperial power in people's hearts. Qin Shihuang fantasized that with these measures, his throne would be passed down from generation to generation.
fleshpots
Shortly after Qin Shihuang ascended the throne, he began to send people to design and build the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang. Epang Palace was built immediately after the unification of the six countries (actually it was not built). After the death of Qin Shihuang, the corpse rotted, and Qin Ershi employed 720,000 people (imaginary number, which means a large number). Before Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, there were many palaces, but during the period of unifying the six countries, the construction was even stronger. Every time a country is destroyed, it is necessary to copy its palace buildings near Xianyang, and the total area has reached an amazing level. The whole Guanzhong area, from the north of Weihe River to the east of Yong Men, to the Jinghe area, is full of palaces. After reunification, Epang Palace (also known as Gong Chao, Epang Palace was its former temple name) was built on the south bank of Weihe River, and more than 700,000 migrant workers are employed every year. Although some people argue that these people are guilty, the figure of 700 thousand is amazing compared with the total population of the country at that time of only 20 million. The Forbidden City can hold100000 people, and it needs horses and chariots to transport food and wine inside. The area of only one vestibule is 693m from east to west, with a width of 116m from north to south, with a pedestal as high as11.65m and seating capacity of110,000 people. However, the archaeological team of Epang Palace, which was jointly formed by the Institute of Archaeology of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the Institute of Cultural Relics Protection and Archaeology of Xi City, found that Epang Palace was not built at all, and the foundation stone of this palace was laid only in the Qin Dynasty. In addition, there are Xingle Palace and Liangshan Palace. According to Three Ancient Stories, there are "145 Chinese and foreign temples" in the State of Qin. According to Records of the Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor, the State of Qin has "300 palaces inside Shanhaiguan, more than 400 outside Shanhaiguan", in addition to "within 200 Li of Xianyang" and "270 palaces". Where there is a palace, there must be a beautiful woman. When the Six Kingdoms perished, beautiful women from all countries were plundered and put into the built palaces. According to Sanfu's old records, there are more than 10,000 women in the harem, and they are angry. Moreover, after the death of Qin Shihuang, most of these maids were forced to die. Lishan Tomb was built when the King of Qin ascended the throne. It lasted for more than 30 years and was built by 700,000 workers every year. The tomb now preserved has a circumference of 2000 meters and a height of 55 meters. The interior decoration is extremely luxurious, the roof is cast in copper, the mercury is the rivers and lakes, and the organs are full. Just looking at the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum, we can see the heavy burden of the people who built this mausoleum that year. Moreover, the craftsmen who built the mausoleum were buried alive after the completion of the mausoleum. In order to live forever, Xu Shi (Xu Fu), an alchemist, was sent to lead thousands of boys to the East China Sea to seek immortality. It has consumed huge financial and human resources and deepened people's suffering. Therefore, people who were drained of blood and sweat at that time wanted to curse the tyrant Qin Shihuang for his natural death: "Qin Shihuang, take my food, open my door, occupy my bed, drink my wine, drink my pulp, eat my rice, think of it as food, open my bow, shoot at the east wall, and die before reaching the sand dunes." ("Taiping Yu Lan" Volume 86)
He was the founder of the emperor's honorific title, and also the founder of the emperor system in China, which made China enter the era of centralized monarchy of Han nationality. He also made China achieve political unification for the first time, forming a situation of "cars on the same track, books in the same language", which laid the foundation for the later dynasties to seek reunification. But since ancient times, Qin Shihuang has always been a controversial figure.
Because Qin Shihuang promoted the Legalist theory of "ruling the country according to law", and later the rulers of China promoted the Confucian theory with benevolence and the golden mean as the core. Therefore, Qin Shihuang often appears as a negative example in various essays and historical records. Such as Jia Yi's On Qin and so on. Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor quotes Jia Yi's On Qin: 1. The king of Qin was greedy for money, self-motivated, didn't believe in merit, didn't kiss the gentry, abolished kingship, established private rights, and prohibited documents from abusing the law. After bullying the former righteousness, it began with tyranny. 4. When one person is in trouble, seven halls fall down, and his body dies and his hands die, laughing for the world. Why? Unscrupulous attack and defense are also different. Qin Shihuang was regarded as a tyrant by many historians and would do anything for power. The Great Wall of Wan Li, Qin Chi Road, Lingqu, Epang Palace and the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor are all very large, and the population of the whole country is under construction. Many documents denounce the death and injury of many people in the construction process, but on the other hand, they have further developed the transportation in various places and contributed to the future transportation, economy and trade and the integration of all ethnic groups. Therefore, whether Qin Shihuang's achievements are great or too great has always been a point of debate in the history circle.