Who can describe the scientific and technological achievements in ancient China in detail?

About 1800 years ago, in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 1 17), a large astronomical instrument driven by water was successfully manufactured in Luoyang, Kyoto, Eastern Han Dynasty. Twenty years later (A.D. 138), another instrument installed in Luoyang, Kyoto, "Houfeng Seismograph", accurately reported earthquakes thousands of miles away in the west. This marks the beginning of a new era of human recording and studying earthquakes with instruments.

The inventors of these two famous instruments were Zhang Heng, a great scientist and writer in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Zhang Heng made outstanding contributions to ancient astronomy, seismology and mechanics in China. It is said that he also made a south guide car and a drum car in his memory. Because of its high level of mechanical manufacturing, it is honored as "Wood Sage".

Zhang Heng's life

Zhang Heng, whose real name is Zhang Dijian, was born in Shiqiao, E County, Nanyang County (now Shili Shiqiao, north of Nanyang City, Henan Province) in a ruined bureaucratic family for three years (AD 78). Grandfather Zhang Kan is a local official, who was once the prefect of Shu County and the prefect of Yuyang. When Zhang Heng was young, his family had declined, and sometimes he had to rely on relatives and friends for help. It was this poor life that enabled him to get in touch with the working people in the lower class and some production and life realities, which brought positive influence to his later scientific creation.

At that time, Nanyang was an economically and culturally developed area, known as the "Southern Capital". Influenced by such an environment, Zhang Heng, who was diligent and eager to learn since childhood, laid a good foundation for later arts and sciences in his youth.

Because the classics at home can't satisfy Zhang Heng's thirst for knowledge, he left his hometown to study and make friends with literati and celebrities since he was sixteen. He has been to Chang 'an, the old capital of the Han Dynasty, visited local places of interest, and inspected the surrounding mountains, rivers, products, customs and human feelings. Later, he went to Luoyang, then the capital, to study in imperial academy, the highest institution of higher learning. Become a more knowledgeable scholar. At that time, the local government recommended him to be a "dutiful son", and the government repeatedly invited him to be an official, but he refused.

Zhang Heng has a special hobby and research on literature since childhood. His literary works are many and have different styles. Some forms are short and lyrical, such as Return to Talent. Some are magnificent and have a wide range of scenery, such as "Erjing Fu"; Some features are outstanding and unique, such as "four mourning poems" and "simultaneous songs".

In the 12th year of Yongyuan (A.D. 100), 23-year-old Zhang Heng was invited to return to his hometown to be the master book of Nanyang Taishou Baode, in charge of paperwork. In addition to dealing with government affairs, he also devoted himself to literary creation. Based on his experience of studying in Chang 'an and Luoyang, he carefully carved and revised it in ten years. In the first year of Ernst & Young (A.D. 107), he wrote the famous Ode to Tokyo and Ode to Xijing, which were collectively called Ode to Erjing, which was widely circulated among the people and well painted.

Later, Baode was transferred, and Zhang Heng resigned and went home. In order to win over the scholars, Deng Zhi, the imperial relative in charge of state affairs, sent someone to ask Zhang Heng to be his staff several times to strengthen his faction. However, on the one hand, Zhang Heng disliked the exclusive rights of consorts, on the other hand, he wanted to concentrate on his studies and was resolutely rejected.

When Zhang Heng was thirty-four, his research interests gradually turned to philosophy and natural science. He likes Yang Xiong's philosophical work Xuan Jing very much. The contents of Taixuan Jing involve astronomy, calendar, mathematics, etc., which aroused his great interest. Some simple materialistic views in Xuan Jing also greatly inspired Zhang Heng.

In the fourth year of Andiyong (AD 1 1 1), Zhang Heng was recruited to Beijing, and successively held low-and middle-level official positions such as Langzhong, Taishiling and Bussimaling. Among them, he served as Taishiling for the longest time, reaching fourteen years before and after. Taishiling is an official who is responsible for observing astronomical phenomena, compiling calendars, waiting for the weather, and adjusting the clock rhythm (measurement and temperament). During his tenure, he made a superb study of astronomical calendars and made great contributions.

There are three theories about celestial movement and cosmic structure in Han Dynasty: Gaitian theory, Huntian theory and Michelle Ye theory. The theory of covering the sky, also known as the sky is round like an umbrella and the place is like a chessboard. Huntian said that the shape of heaven and earth is like an egg, and the relationship between heaven and earth is like an eggshell wrapped with egg yolk; Michelle Ye said that the sky has no certain shape, and the sun, moon and five stars (gold, wood, water, fire and earth) all float in the gas.

According to his own understanding and actual observation of celestial bodies, Zhang Heng carefully studied these three theories and thought that Huntian theory was more in line with actual observation. He inherited and developed the previous theory of Huntian, and boldly put forward many new ideas about astronomical phenomena.

On the basis of the armillary sphere invented by Geng Shouchang in the Western Han Dynasty, Zhang Heng created a more accurate and comprehensive armillary sphere according to his own armillary sphere theory. Created a "armillary sphere" that can accurately implement the thought of armillary sphere.

The armillary sphere is a rotatable hollow copper ball. The surface of the copper ball is engraved with the positions of 28 constellations and other constant stars; There is an iron shaft running through the center of the ball, and the two ends of the shaft symbolize the North Pole and the South Pole. There are several copper circles outside the sphere, which represent the horizon circle, meridian circle circle, ecliptic circle and equatorial circle. Twenty-four solar terms are engraved on the equator and the ecliptic. All the important astronomical phenomena that Zhang Heng knew at that time were engraved on the armillary sphere.

In order to make the "armillary sphere" rotate automatically, Zhang Heng used the principle of hydraulic transmission gear to drive the hollow copper ball to rotate around the shaft by using the hydraulic transmission gear dripping from the drip pot. The speed at which a copper ball rotates once is equal to that of the earth. In this way, people sitting in the room can see the movement of celestial bodies from the armillary sphere.

From 89 to 140, there were 33 earthquakes in Luoyang and Longxi, the capitals of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Especially in A.D. 1 19, two major earthquakes occurred in Luoyang and other areas, which prompted Zhang Heng to step up his research on earthquakes. Finally, in A.D. 132, he invented and manufactured the first seismograph in China.

This seismograph made by Zhang Heng is quite sensitive and accurate. One day in A.D. 138, the seismograph accurately detected an earthquake in Longxi, which was more than 0/000 miles away from Luoyang/KLOC-0, indicating that its accuracy reached a quite high level. Europe made a similar seismograph in 1880, which was later than Zhang Heng 1700 years.

In meteorology, Zhang Heng also created an instrument for measuring wind direction-Hou Fengyi, also known as the bronze bird with the wind. A copper bird with a flower in its mouth was placed at the top of a 50-foot-high pole, which could rotate with the wind. The direction of the bird's head is the wind. This instrument is similar to the chicken waiting instrument installed on the roof in Europe, but it didn't appear until the 12th century, which was later than Zhang Heng's chicken waiting instrument 1000.

Zhang Heng made outstanding contributions to China's scientific and cultural undertakings all his life, and was one of the great scientists in ancient China. He is modest, cautious and diligent. "Like the passing of Sichuan, I will never give up day and night", which has been like a day for decades, has demonstrated the academic style of being meticulous, striving for perfection, not afraid of power and forging ahead. And his noble character of not seeking fame and fortune is worth learning.

In the 4th year of Yonghe (AD 139), Zhang Heng requested to retire and was not allowed to return to his hometown. He was transferred to North Korea to be a minister of state affairs, but he died only one year later at the age of 6 1.

Lingxian

Lingyi is the most famous astronomical work of Zhang Heng's life. This is an astronomical theoretical work that expounds the formation and movement of the sky, the earth, the sun, the moon and the stars, and represents the achievements of Zhang Heng's astronomical research. It summed up the astronomical knowledge at that time, and although there were some mistakes, it still put forward many advanced scientific ideas and original opinions.

For example, when Zhang Heng expounded the theory of Huntian, although he still retained the old concept of horizon and increased the diameter of the celestial sphere, he further made it clear that there was room outside the celestial sphere. He said: "Those who have passed away don't know, and they don't know. I don't know, I don't know, the universe is also called. The list of the rest is infinite, and the end of the universe is infinite. " In other words, the space we can observe is limited, and the place we can't observe is an endless universe with no beginning and no end. This passage clearly puts forward the view that the universe is endless in time and space, which is very valuable.

Zhang Heng pointed out in Lingxian that the moon itself does not shine, and moonlight is reflected sunlight. He said: "the husband is like water, the fire is light outside, and the water contains scenery." Therefore, the moonlight was born in the sun, and the soul was born in the sun; On that day, the light was full, and on that day, the light was exhausted "(the scene is the shadow, and the spirit refers to the part that lacks the moon). He vividly compared the sun and the moon to fire and water. Fire can shine and water can reflect light. He pointed out that moonlight is produced by sunlight, and sometimes it is invisible because sunlight is blocked. His views were very fresh and correct at that time.

At the same time, Zhang Heng further explained the cause of the eclipse. He said: "The sun is rushing, the light is often inconsistent, and it is hidden underground, which is called darkness." Among the stars, the stars are very small, and they eat when they meet the moon. "When you look at the moon, you should be able to see the full moon, but sometimes you can't, because the sun is covered by the earth. He called the dark part of the earth's shadow "dark sky", and when the moon passes through the "dark sky", an eclipse will occur, and brilliantly expounded the principle of the eclipse. As for the phrase "among the stars, the stars are faint", it means that the stars disappear when they encounter "darkness".

Now it seems that this statement is not correct. Because stars are very far away from the earth, and most of them are luminous stars, unlike the moon, which belongs to planets, so there will be no stars entering the shadow of the earth and losing their light. This is Zhang Heng's short board. It can also be seen that the research of the ancients at that time could not be perfect. People are the same now. Nothing can be absolutely right, but we must reflect the objective reality to the greatest extent.

In addition, Zhang Heng also calculated the angular diameters of the sun and the moon in Lingxian County, and recorded more than 2,500 stars observed in Luoyang, Central China, including 24 regular stars 124 and about 320 stars with names. This is very close to the results observed by modern astronomers.

In another astronomical work by Zhang Heng, The Legend of the Armageddon, it is also determined that the time required for the earth to go around the sun is "365 degrees, one quarter on Sunday", which is very close to the figure of 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and 46 seconds measured by modern astronomers, indicating that Zhang Heng's research on astronomy has reached a relatively high level.

2. Cai Lun

The name of Cai Lun, the inventor of paper, may be little known. Compared with his great inventions, his cold shoulder in the west is really noticeable. Some encyclopedias don't even mention him in a short article, and his name is rarely mentioned in standard history textbooks. Because the importance of paper is obvious, the lack of historical materials about Cai Lun will make people think that his character is pure fiction. But after careful study, it is obvious that Cai Lun really exists. He was an official in the Chinese Palace and presented the pattern to the emperor in about 105. China's account of Cai Lun's invention appeared in the official history books of Han Dynasty, and the information was accurate and credible, without any mystery and legend. People in China always attribute the invention of paper to Cai Lun, whose name is a household name in China.

People don't know much about the life of Cai Lun. China's history books mentioned that he was a eunuch and that the emperor was overjoyed at his invention, so he was promoted to fame and fortune. But because he later participated in the palace coup, he fell into a trough. Some historical books describe that Cai Lun put on the most beautiful clothes and drank deadly poison as soon as he was dismissed from his post.

Paper played a wide role in China in the second century. In less than a few hundred years, China people exported paper to other parts of Asia. For a long time, they kept the papermaking technology secret. But in 75 1 year, some China paper workers were captured by Arabs, and soon the paper industry appeared in Samarkand and Baghdad. Paper-making technology gradually spread throughout the Arab world. /kloc-Europeans learned papermaking technology from Arabs in the 0/2nd century. The use of paper is gradually becoming popular. After Gutenberg invented modern printing, paper replaced parchment and became the main writing material in the west.

Needless to say, paper is widely used today. It's hard to imagine what the world would be like without paper. In China before Cai Lun, books were mostly made of bamboo, which was obviously huge. Some books are made of silk, which is very expensive and not popular. In the west, before paper was introduced, most books were made of kraft paper and parchment, that is, specially treated sheepskin and calf leather. Paper has replaced the papyrus that Greeks, Romans and Egyptians like to use. Cow parchment and papyrus are both rare and expensive.

Today, books and other written materials are low in cost and huge in output, largely due to the appearance of paper. Without the printing press, paper would never be as important as it is today, but without cheap and rich printing materials, the printing press is really a bow without a goal.

So who should rank higher, Cai Lun or Gutenberg? Although I think the two are almost equal, I still rank Cai a little higher for the following reasons: (1) Paper has many other uses besides writing materials, and the practical use of paper is unexpected. At present, a large part of paper is not used as printing material, but for other purposes. (2) Cai Lun was earlier than Gutenberg. If there was no paper at that time, Gutenberg might not have invented printing. (3) If there is only one of these two inventions, I think woodblock printing (before Gutenberg) and paper will produce more books than movable type printing and parchment.

Is it appropriate to list Cai Lun and Gutenberg as the ten most influential figures in the world? In order to fully understand the importance of paper and printing, it is necessary to compare the development of Chinese and western cultures. Before the 2nd century A.D., China's culture was not as advanced as that of the West, but in the year after A.D. 1000, China's achievements surpassed those of the West. According to many standards, China's culture was the most advanced in the world in the 7th and 8th centuries. But after15th century, the west surpassed China. People have made many different explanations for these changes from different angles, but most of them ignore what I think is the simplest explanation.

Of course, agriculture and writing in the Middle East actually started earlier than in China, but this alone can't explain why China culture has been lagging behind western culture. I think the key reason is that there were no convenient written materials in Cai Lun before. There are papyrus in the western world. Although this material has its defects, it has incomparable advantages over books made of wood or bamboo. The lack of suitable writing materials is a major obstacle to the cultural progress in China. China scholars need to take some books with them, which is pitiful for us. You can imagine how difficult it is to manage government affairs with this foundation.

But Cai Lun invented paper, which completely changed this situation. With appropriate written materials, China's culture has developed rapidly, catching up with the West within several hundred years.

Of course, the political division in the west is one of the factors, but as far as the whole development is concerned, it is negligible. Although China is not as unified as the West in the 4th century, it has made rapid progress in culture. In the following hundreds of years, the development of the West was slow, while China made great inventions such as compass, gunpowder and block printing. Because paper is cheaper than parchment and easy to produce in large quantities, the whole situation has changed fundamentally.

After the western countries began to use paper, they were on an equal footing with China and even succeeded in narrowing the cultural gap. But Kyle Poirot's works illustrate the fact that in the13rd century, China was far more prosperous than Europe.

So, why did China finally fall behind the West? People give different and complicated cultural reasons. But maybe a simple technical reason can explain this problem. /kloc-in Europe in the 0/5th century, a genius named John Gutenberg invented a technology that can print books on a large scale, so European culture developed rapidly. But there is no Gutenberg in China, so people in China are still printing with lettering, and the cultural development is relatively slow.

If someone agrees with the above analysis, then he has to agree with the conclusion that Cai Lun and Gutenberg are two central figures in history. In fact, there is another reason why Cai Lun ranks far above most other inventors. Most inventions are the products of their time, and even without inventors, those inventions will appear. But as far as paper is concerned, this obviously does not exist. Europeans didn't start papermaking until after Cai Lun 1000, the only reason is that they learned papermaking technology from Arabs at that time. As far as papermaking is concerned, some other Asian countries don't know how to make their own paper even if they see the paper made in China. Obviously, it is quite difficult to invent a paper-making technology, which will never appear in developed countries and needs talented individuals to make outstanding contributions. Cai Lun is such a person, and the paper-making technology he used is basically still in use today (excluding the mechanization practiced around 1800).

These are the reasons why I think Gutenberg and Cai Lun should be included in the top ten of this book, and Cai Lun should be ahead of Gutenberg.

Excerpt from: Hubei Education Press, the most influential person in history 100.

3. Bi Sheng

Name: Bi Sheng.

Country or region: China.

Subject: Inventor

Invention: inventor of movable type printing

Bi Sheng (? -105 1) China ancient inventor. Huizhou (now Shexian County, Anhui Province) people. On the basis of the invention of block printing in Tang Dynasty, Bi Sheng, a citizen of Song Renzong (104 1- 1048) in Qing Dynasty, created movable type printing. This is another great contribution of China to the development of world civilization. Bi Sheng carved a single reflexive word with a fine cement, one word at a time, and the stroke height of the word was as thick as that of a copper coin. After the words were carved, he put the inkpad in the fire and burned it hard. Then take an iron plate, coat a layer of fixative made of turpentine, yellow wax and paper ash on it, then put an iron frame on the iron plate, and arrange the words to be printed one by one in the iron frame, and arrange the words to be printed one by one in the iron frame. The iron shelf covered with words is a version, baked on the fire. When the fat wax melts slightly, press it on the text with another flat iron plate, and the text will be flattened. After cooling, the clay movable type sticks together and becomes a movable type version. This type can be printed with ink and paper. After printing, bake, remove the movable type and use it again.

China was the first country to invent printing technology. The early printing method was to engrave pictures and texts on wooden boards and print them with ink. At present, this method is still used in the watermark painting of wooden boards, which is collectively called "engraving printing technology". The predecessor of block printing is the popular seal cutting in BC and the rubbings of inscriptions that appeared in the fifth century. After the emergence of production technologies such as papermaking and ink making, rigid printing was gradually invented. By the Tang Dynasty, rigid printing had become very popular in China, and spread to Korea, Japan, Vietnam, the Philippines, Iran and other countries, affecting Africa and Europe. After 1 1 century, with the development of social production, there have been many major reforms and inventions in printing. During the Song Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty (A.D. 104 1), Bi Sheng initiated the clay type edition, which made the printing of books more convenient. According to Shen Kuo's Meng Qian Bi Tan, Bi Sheng invented lettering on a piece of cement, one word at a time, which became movable type after hard burning. Before typesetting, coat a layer of paper ash mixed with turpentine and wax on the iron plate with iron frame, arrange the movable type on it in turn, heat it to melt the wax slightly, and flatten the words with a flat plate. Because the clay characters are on the iron plate, they can be printed like engraving. In addition, he also studied the typesetting of wooden movable type. Movable type can be used many times, which is more economical and convenient than full-page carving.

4. Du Shi

Du Shi

Chinese name: Du Shi

Also known as "Zi Simon"

Gender: male

Time: Han Dynasty

Year of birth and death:? -Top 38

biography

Du Shi, (? -38) Mechanical engineer in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The word Simon. He was born in Jixian (now Henan). When Emperor Guangwu was Emperor Guangwu, he served as a counselor. In the seventh year of Jianwu (AD 3 1 year), when he was the magistrate of Nanyang, he created a water drain (hydraulic blower). The leather blower bag was continuously opened and closed by hydraulic driving machinery, and the air was sent to the iron smelting furnace to cast farm tools, which was labor-saving and multi-effective. He also presided over the cultivation of vicious ponds and the wide opening of farmland ponds, which made the county rich. Known as "Du Mu". Nanyang people praised: "There was Du Mu before calling the father (called the letter minister)".

Du Fu's poems are Simon's words. He is from Jixian County, Hanoi (now Henan Province). The year of birth is unknown; In the 14th year of Jianwu in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD

38 years) died in Nanyang County (now Nanyang, Henan Province). Machinery, irrigation and water conservancy.

Du Fu's poems were outstanding when he was young. People praised him when he was an official in Hanoi County (now southwest of Wuzhi, Henan Province).

He is fair. In the early years of Emperor Guangwu, he served as a counselor. At that time, General Xiaoguang indulged his soldiers and committed crimes among the people of Luoyang.

People feel fear when they do evil. Du Shi told Xiaoguang to control his people, but Xiaoguang ignored them. Du ordered people to obey the law.

Punish Xiaoguang and report the situation to get praise. Seeing that he was capable, Emperor Guangwu sent him to Hedong County.

(now northwest of Xiaxian County, Shanxi Province) In order to punish Yang Yi and others for defecting from Han Dynasty again. Du Fu's poems came to Dayang (now Pinglu West, Shanxi)

South, belonging to Hedong County), I heard that Yang Yi led his men to try to cross the river to the north, and immediately sent people to try to burn their ferry;

Another person was sent to subdue the local troops in Hedong County and made a surprise attack, finally annihilating Yang Yi and others. Du Shi was moved.

He worked for Gaoping (now Shuizhen, Xingyang, Henan) for 3 years, and his achievements were in Pei Ran. Later, he moved to Pei Jun (now Suixi County, Anhui Province)

Dewey, northwest), transferred to Dewey in Runan (now north of Pingyu County, Henan Province), "there is called governance". The seventh year of Jianwu (AD 3 1

In A.D. 1000, Du was transferred to the Prefecture of Nanyang County. After 7 years in Nanyang County, he was "politically peaceful, punishing violence and being kind."

In the plan, the province loves the people, and the government is the general line. During this period, he also completed two books in the history of science and technology.

Meaningful things: first, building water conservancy; The first is to do water drainage. Fourteen years after his death, Jianwu was "poor and landless"

Home, no return. "Finally, the funeral was approved by the court.

During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the development of irrigation in the Yangtze River basin was most remarkable in Tangbaihe area, a tributary of Hanshui River, while Tangbai

In Nanyang, Dengxian, Tanghe and Xinye areas of Henan Province, canal irrigation is relatively developed. Tangbaihe area was flooded.

Erosion alluvial plain The annual rainfall in alluvial plain is about 900 mm, and the climate is mild, which is suitable for crop growth. Develop here

A little earlier, by the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, the economy was quite developed. Farmland water conservancy has made great progress in the late Western Han Dynasty. Yuan dynasty (1206- 1368)

During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (48 BC-33 BC), Nanyang Prefecture called ministers to make special contributions to local water conservancy and agricultural production.

Therefore, it won the support of the local people and was called "Calling Father". During the Eastern Han Dynasty, water conservancy in Nanyang was further promoted.

The poems of Sheng He and Du Fu also made great achievements in this respect, which promoted the development of local agricultural production. Historical records, Du Fu's poems

"repairing ponds and expanding soil, there are more counties than houses."

The so-called "water drain" is a kind of appliance that uses water to push the impeller to blow air, which is used in metallurgy. Early stage of pig iron

Invention is China's outstanding contribution to the world metallurgical technology. In order to obtain liquid pig iron, a higher furnace temperature is needed.

Where there is wind, there is iron. Blasting technology is of great significance to the development of pig iron smelting and casting. The Book of Rites says:

"A good metallurgical son must learn to be a prostitute." Since Shang and Zhou dynasties, they have been blowing with leather, and their sons and stepfathers have started their careers. Young craftsmen's association

You must learn the skill of sewing hides. This shows that early metallurgists attached great importance to the manufacture of blast equipment. Blowing device

The development from human drive (human platoon) to animal drive and hydraulic drive (horse platoon and water platoon) is the focus of iron smelting technology in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

Great innovation. Due to the advocacy of Du Fu's poems, drainage was widely used in Nanyang at the latest in the first half of/kloc-0 century.

Use. "The Biography of Du Shi in the Later Han Dynasty" said that Du Shi's poems "were cast with water rafts as agricultural tools, with less work and more gains, for the people.

Do it. "The effect of water platoon is not only better than that of human platoon, but also much higher than that of horse platoon.

"Biography" wrote: "In the old days, horse rafts were made, and hundreds of horses were used for each cooked stone. It is crowded and laborious. Kenai

Take the long stream as the canal, and count its benefits, three times as much as before. "In view of the achievements of Du Fu's poetry, Nanyang people compare him to.

Call the letter minister: "There is a father before, and a mother after." In the Yuan Dynasty, Wang Zhennong's book described the vertical wheel and in detail.

The shape of the horizontal wheeled water raft is graphically drawn.

document

original document

[1] (Liu Song), (Tang) et al. Note: Biography of Du Shi in the Later Han Dynasty, Zhonghua Book Company, 1965.

Research literature

[2] "China Water Conservancy History Draft" Writing Group: China Water Conservancy History Draft Volume I, Water Conservancy and Electric Power Press,

1979。 [3] Hua Juemin et al. ed. History of World Metallurgical Development, Science and Technology Literature Publishing House, 1985.

(Biography of Ancient Scientists in China by Science Press)

Other ancient inventors in China.

Brief introduction of chronological inventions in the field of names

Stone God Astronomy Stone God, the first astronomical masterpiece in the Warring States Period-an astronomer in the Warring States Period, Stone God's first astronomical masterpiece "Astronomy". After the Western Han Dynasty, people honored Tianwenzhi as the Star Classic of history. The book marks the position of 12 1 star, and also records the movements and eclipses of five planets: water, wood, gold, fire and earth. Shi Shen compiled the earliest catalogue. And called "shaoyang" has realized that he can shine.

Liu Zhuo Astronomy Liu Zhuo, the Imperial Calendar of the Sui Dynasty-an astronomer of the Sui Dynasty. He created the emperor's calendar. He first considered the non-uniformity of the movement of the sun and the moon, and founded the quadratic difference interpolation method with equal intervals. Calculate the apparent velocity of the sun and the moon. At the same time, he changed the age difference to 75.

A line of astronomy, a line of "Great Yan Li" in the Tang Dynasty-a writer in the Tang Dynasty. He compiled a new calendar, Dayan Calendar, including ten calendars, which was very advanced in ancient times. As early as BC13rd century, people in China made a lunar calendar according to the movement of the sun and the moon.

Yang Zhongfu, a writer of the Southern Song Dynasty, Unified Calendar Yang Zhongfu, an astronomer of the Southern Song Dynasty in China. He created the "unified calendar", and he determined that the length of the tropic year was 365.2425 days. It is also found that the length of the tropic year has increased and decreased.

Luo Astronomy Luo, a celestial instrument of the Han Dynasty-an astronomer of the Han Dynasty in China. The equatorial instrument was created and the basic structure of the equatorial armillary sphere was determined.

Su Song Astronomical Planetarium Su Song-China Song Dynasty astronomer. In cooperation with Han Gonglian, the planetarium and water transport platform were established, which was the first planetarium in ancient China. There are eight people tall, and there are doors on each floor. Time is up, the door opened and Woodenhead came out to tell the time. (There is a clepsydra and mechanical system at the back).

Xin Qiniang/KLOC-Kongming Lantern in the 0/0th century, circling lantern Xin Qiniang-10th century, invented rosin lantern (Kongming Lantern) as a signal lamp in war, which was the first time that China people used hot air balloon. At the same time, the lantern was invented, which was the ancestor of aviation gas turbine.

Pei Xiu (224~27 1) founded the theory of "drawing six bodies" for drawing plane maps-Pei Xiu first founded the theory of "drawing six bodies" for drawing plane maps in China. And drew a map of Gong Yu area.

Ma Jun mechanical design keel waterwheel (also called rollover) in the Three Kingdoms period Ma Jun is an outstanding mechanical designer and creator. During the Three Kingdoms period, a keel waterwheel (also called a rollover) was created, which can continuously lift water and irrigate oranges with water equipment. The structure is very ingenious, and it is known as the cleverness of the world.

Design of Li Chun Bridge 605~6 17 Zhao Zhouqiao Li Chun-605 ~ 617, the first open-shouldered arch bridge with lower abdomen arch on the main arch map. He designed the famous Zhao Zhouqiao.

Ding Huan, the inventor of Ding Huan, was born in Chang 'an, Han Dynasty, 180. Invented items include a quilt incense burner, a complete lamp, and a rotating fan, which is well known as Chang 'an Gong Qiao.

Shen Kuo, a scientist in the Song Dynasty, named Shen Kuo-1031~1095 after him, and scientists in the Song Dynasty named petroleum after him first.

Cai Lun 62~ 12 1 paper Cai Lun ——62 ~ 12 1 year, Cai Lun successfully made paper from bark, hemp head, rags and old fishing nets. This invention was reported to the emperor on 105. 1 14 was named longtinghou by the emperor. At that time, people called paper Cai Hou paper. /kloc-in the 0/2nd century, papermaking was indirectly introduced to Europe. /kloc-In the 3rd century, Mongolians issued the first Persian paper money with Cai Hou paper. /kloc-In the 0/4th century, North Korea, Vietnam and Japan also began to use paper money. These cards then spread to Europe through Arab countries.

Bi Sheng 104 1~ 1048 movable type printing Bi Sheng-1041~1048, from the northern song dynasty in China. Invented movable type printing.

Du Shi 9 1~ ominous hydraulic blower Du Shi 91year, from Henan. It pioneered the drainage of hydraulic blasting equipment. That is, using water power to push the fan to blow. It is the earliest hydraulic blower in the world, 1 100 years earlier than Europe.

Quenching Technology of Puyuan in the Three Kingdoms Period ——300 years, the Three Kingdoms Period. The first quenching technology makes the steel knife strong and elastic.

During the period of Sun Tzu's Three Kingdoms, Sun Tzu counted the classics for three hundred years. The origin of the multiplication theorem was called "Things Don't Know Counts", and he wrote a book "Sun Tzu's Counting Classics", which systematically discussed the system of counting classics.

Qin mathematician 1202~ 1247 created the "skills of seeking great derivatives" to understand the linear congruence and the positive and negative leveling method to find the numerical solution of higher-order equations. Qin 1202 ~ 1247, a Chinese mathematician, wrote "Shu Shu Jiu Zhang" and created a method to solve the linear congruence.

Li Zhi Li Zhi, a mathematician in China, wrote The Sea Mirror of Landscape Mapping, which is the first masterpiece in China to systematically revise Tianyuan Art.

Shen Kuo Song Dynasty Shen Kuo found a thin thread tied to the center of a magnetic needle (compass) and hung it. After observation and discovery, it was written into his book Meng Qian Bi Tan. In the future, people will use needles made of magnets as compasses and guide tables. /kloc-Italians Kyle and Poirot who traveled in the East in the third century saw the compass and spread it to Europe.

In 400 BC, Mozi put forward the argument that light propagates along a straight line-in 400 BC, Mozi discussed the lever balance and put forward the argument that light propagates along a straight line.