Chang'an's capital design

After the Western Zhou Dynasty established Fenghao as its capital, Fenghao and Fenghao became the first cities in the strict sense in Chinese history. "Zhou Li·Kaogong Ji" records the spatial layout of the construction of the royal city in the Zhou Dynasty: " The craftsman's business is nine miles away, with three gates on the side. There are nine meridians and nine latitudes in the country, and there are nine tracks on the left and the right. He said: "King Wen was ordered to have this martial art. After cutting down in Chong, he built a city in Feng, and King Wen built the city of Yi and built Feng Yipi." "Weifeng's wall is the same on all sides." "According to the predictions of King Wei, his residence is Haojing. Weigui built it, and King Wu built it." . Here, it not only records the historical facts of the construction of Fengyi by King Wen of Zhou Dynasty after his victory in conquering Chong, and the move of the capital from Qiyi to Fengyi and the residence of King Wu, but also shows that Fengyi had a solid city wall and moat. In the historical epic "Poetry Daya Huang", it is said that "Yifa Chongyong, Chongyong Yanyan, Chongyong 仡仡" indicates that Chongcheng has a tall and solid wall; "zuofengyipi" indicates that Fengyi It is comparable to Chongcheng. "Shi Daya" records that Qiyi "set up Gaomen, and Gaomen had a couple", which shows that Qiyi in the early Zhou Dynasty had a city wall with tall and symmetrical gates. As for the Western Zhou Dynasty, it was painstakingly built. The scale and shape of Haojing, which has been built for many years, should be even better than those of Qiyi, Chongcheng and Fengyi. "Book of Zhou Li Kao Gong Ji" says: "The craftsmen run the country for nine miles. Three doors next to it. There are nine longitudes, nine latitudes, and nine tracks in the middle school. The ancestors on the left and the society on the right face the market. "Zuo Zhuan" says in the fourth year of Zhao Dynasty: "Kang (King) had the dynasty of Feng Palace. "Poetry·Xiaoya·Qiaoyan" contains: "Yiyi sleeps in the temple, and the king made it." "Poem Daya" contains: "In the palace, solemnity is in the temple." "Some bronze inscriptions of the Western Zhou Dynasty also record that there were palaces and temples in Zongzhou (Haojing). These documents not only show that there were palaces, sleeping quarters and ancestral temple buildings in Fengyi and Haojing, but also that the streets in the city were well organized.

《 "Shang Shu Zhao Gao" says: "Only when the second month is over and the sixth day is over, when the king (King Cheng) finds his way from Zhou (Zong Zhou, that is, Hao Jing), then there will be plenty. Judging from the record of King Cheng of Zhou Dynasty walking from Haojing to Feng, Feng and Hao should not be far apart. Modern scholars have studied a large number of Western Zhou bronze inscriptions and found that the kings of the early and middle Western Zhou Dynasties took charge of political affairs and presided over various affairs in Fengyi. Judging from the ceremony, although the political center has been moved to Haojing since "King Wu's residence in Hao", Fengyi still has some functions as the capital of the Zhou Dynasty. Mr. Hu Qianying, who has made great achievements in the archeology of Fenghao, said, "So historians have always called Fenghao and Hao together. , or it makes sense to say that the two are twin cities of the Zhou capital. "Guo Moruo interpreted the word "Jing" in some Western Zhou bronze inscriptions as Fengjing. Mr. Lu Liancheng interpreted the word "wormwood" prefixed with "grass" in two oracle bone inscriptions from the Western Zhou Dynasty and the word "wormwood" in some Western Zhou bronze inscriptions. It is the "Hao" of Hao Jing. Coincidentally, the original meaning of the two words "Feng and Hao" in botanical terms refers to the dense herbaceous plants growing on both sides of Fengshui. As the two cities across Fengshui were built, there should have been such a wilderness landscape before the ground was built. The two capitals of Fenghao in the Western Zhou Dynasty were the mature stage of ancient Chinese capital planning, which laid the foundation for sweeping Liuhe and unifying the country, thus marking the beginning of the feudal centralized rule of the Qin Dynasty. As the scale of the annexation war expanded, Qin continued to copy the palaces of the Six Kingdoms on the northern plateau of Xianyang, resulting in a chaotic situation where Xianyang was magnificent but lacked unified planning. After unification, the strategic focus shifted from war to economic and cultural construction, and the Qin Dynasty began Adjust the layout of urban construction, summarize and inherit the experience of predecessors, take "like the sky and the earth" as the guiding ideology of urban design, and give it new and practical connotations, so that the overall layout of Xianyang is in line with the celestial phenomena. It shows a one-to-one correspondence. It has its distinctive structural characteristics. First, it is in harmony with the natural celestial phenomena. "Historical Records of the First Emperor of Qin" records: "Yan Zuoxin Palace Weinan." Xin Palace has been renamed as the Ji Temple, like Tianji. ", "The top of Nanshan Mountain is regarded as a barrier. In order to restore the road, we crossed the Wei River from Afang Palace... and used the Xiangtianji Pavilion Road to defeat the Han Dynasty and reach the camp." "Sanfu Huangtu" records: "Qin Shihuang... built Xianyang Palace. Because the Beiling Ying Hall has four gates, it leads to the Purple Palace, which is like the residence of the emperor. The Wei River runs through the capital, with the elephant Tianhan, and crosses the south with a cross bridge, with the law leading the oxen. "The camp room corresponds to Afang Palace, the pavilion road corresponds to Hengqiao, Tianhan corresponds to Weishui River, and Zi Palace corresponds to Xianyang Palace. Corresponding to the astrological positions are the markets, handicraft areas, commercial areas, etc. in the city. In this regard, Qin Suo The designed Xianyang City is a development of the urban planning ideas of its predecessors. Xianyang, the capital of the Qin Dynasty, crossed the bridge to the south and led the cows with the law. Even before it was established as the capital, it had attracted attention and was famous for its natural and cultural landscape "surrounded by mountains and rivers, where nature and man are integrated".

The Weicheng Ancient Ferry was called "the largest ferry in the world" at that time, and the people at that time called it the "flood and drought wharf". Judging from its geographical structure, Xianyang, the capital of Qin, was not only an important place that controlled Guanzhong and radiated throughout the country, but also was a "land of abundance" that developed the economy, enriched the people and strengthened the military. The second is the grand scale and openness. How big is Xianyang, the "First Imperial Capital of China"? Based on historical records, archaeologists have conducted multiple surveys of the ancient city of Qin Xianyang, covering a total area of ​​165 square kilometers. However, no remains of the ancient city walls of Xianyang have been discovered so far. It is known that Xianyang City had an inner city and an outer city wall instead of an inner and outer city, so its entire scope was greatly expanded.

The third is the scientific nature of urban layout. From Duke Xiao of Qin to King Huiwen of Qin, Xianyang City was divided into three parts. The urban area was concentrated to the north of the Wei River, with the palace area in the east, industrial, commercial and residential areas in the southwest, and the mausoleum area in the northwest. Among them, on the river terrace below Erdaoyuan, a space of about four or five kilometers from east to west, there are workshops and living areas. The official workshops were located near the palace area, and the private workshops were five or six miles west of the palace. After Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, considering that the old city was too small and the population was increasing, he moved the urban area across the north of the Wei River. The Wei River develops to the south, and the urban planning of Xianyang, the capital of Qin, even covers the entire Guanzhong area. In the vast area to the north of the Wei River, there are palaces of the Six Kingdoms; to the south of the Wei River, there are buildings centered on Zhangtai Palace and Afang Palace. The entire capital radiates outwards from the urban area and stretches along both sides of the Wei River. As China's first unified dynasty capital, Xianyang's city as a whole embodies the Qin people's spirit of daring to be the first in the world. In many aspects, it has raised urban construction since the Warring States to an unprecedented level. It not only has a huge palace complex to show the majesty of the imperial power, but also has a spectacular city appearance to mark the status of the capital; it has an excellent natural geographical environment as the basis of the cultural landscape, and the created cultural landscape contrasts with the beauty of the natural landscape. It is not only a clear proof of the extreme luxury of the feudal rulers of the Qin Dynasty, but also the crystallization of the diligence and wisdom of the ancient working people. Fourth, the architectural style is inclusive and absorbing. Qin Shihuang showed unprecedented compatibility and openness in urban construction. Especially in the war to unify the six countries, every time a country was destroyed, its palaces were painted into patterns, and then imitated and built in Beiyuan, Xianyang. , forming a huge building complex with different styles and dazzling beauty. "Historical Records of the First Emperor of Qin" records: "Whenever the Qin Dynasty conquered the princes, they imitated their palaces and sat on the north slope of Xianyang." The imitation is not copying, but just copying the style of the main building. The style of the Qin Palace complex still reflects the ideological stance with Qin culture as the core, which is why the poet Du Mu of the Tang Dynasty wrote a poem: "The palace of Qin is lush and lofty, and the towers of the Six Kingdoms are colorful." "Han Shu·Yi Feng Zhuan" says: During the reign of Emperor Wen, Chang'an City of the Han Dynasty "did not have Ganquan, Jianzhang, or any of the separate palaces and annexes in Shanglin. Weiyang Palace also had no Gaomen, Wutai, Qilin, Phoenix, White Tiger, Yutang, The Palace of Jinhua has unique front hall, curved platform, gradual platform, selection room, greenhouse, and Chengming ear." "Sanfu Huangtu" says: "In the first month of the first year of Emperor Hui, Chang'an City was the first city." "Mingguang Palace, from the fourth year of Emperor Wu's reign." Gui Palace, "built by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, more than ten miles around." Beigong, "the system was originally created during the reign of Emperor Gao, and was improved by Xiaowu". Jianzhang Palace, "In the first year of Emperor Wu's reign, the Bailiang Palace suffered a disaster. The Guangdong wizard Yong said: There was a fire in Guangdong customs, so they built a big house to suppress it. The emperor then built the Jianzhang Palace." "In the fourth year of the Yuan Dynasty, Mingtang was built and Yong was established in the south of Chang'an City." The construction of Chang'an City in the Han Dynasty went through the entire Western Han Dynasty. Since the construction of Seoul was a dynamic process, the related planning ideas of Han Chang'an City were not finalized at one time and went through several major changes.

The first period of construction in Seoul began with Xiao He presiding over the construction of Changle Palace, Weiyang Palace, Arsenal, Taicang, etc. "Sanfu Huangtu" said: "The four spirits of heaven, the blue dragon, the white tiger, the red bird, and the Xuanwu, are used to rectify the four directions; the king makes the palaces, palaces, and pavilions according to the method." The same book also quoted the "Temple Records" as saying: "There is Xuanwu in the Weiyang Palace. , Canglong Erque, and Zhuniaotang. "Xuanwu Tower is located in the north of the palace, referred to as the North Tower; Canglong Tower is located in the east of the palace, referred to as the East Tower. The volume of Cui Bao's "Annotations on Ancient and Modern Times" says: Xuanwu Tower is painted with Xuanwu, and Canglong Tower is painted with Canglong. "Historical Records of Justice": "Master Yan said in ancient times: 'Although the Weiyang Palace faces south, all the people who submit letters and pay an audience go to the North Tower, and the carriages and horses are also in the north. Therefore, the North Tower is the main entrance, and there is an east gate. , East Palace, as for the southwest and west, there are no gates. When Xiao He first established the Weiyang Palace, was it appropriate to use the art of being tired of winning?'" has revealed the relationship between the construction of Seoul and the five elements of Yin and Yang.

The theory of the Big Dipper and the South Dipper in Seoul can be found in volume one of "Sanfu Huangtu": "The south of the city is in the shape of a south dipper, and the north is in the shape of a big dipper. This is why people still call the capital of Han Dynasty a dou city."

The book "Sanfu Huangtu" was first recorded in "Sui Shu·Jing Ji Zhi". It is said to have been written by people from the Six Dynasties, but the author's name has been lost. It can be seen that during the Six Dynasties period, it was already known as the "Fighting City". Related to the astronomical concepts of the ancestors of the early Han Dynasty, "Historical Records·Tianguan Shu" records: "The Big Dipper is the so-called 'Xuan, Ji, and Yuheng, which are used to balance the seven political affairs'. The dipper carries the dragon horn to balance the Yinnan Dou, Kui pillow and ginseng head." Starting from Doukou, the first Tianshu, the second Xuan, the third Ji, and the fourth Quan are collectively called Kui, the fifth Heng, the sixth Kaiyang, and the seventh Yaoguang are collectively called Laiao, collectively called Dou. Nandou means Dou Su. It is also said: "The south of the Dou is the temple, and the north is the star." The social and political significance of the Dou Xing is also very clear in "Historical Records Tianguan Shu": "The Dou is the emperor's chariot, transported to the central government, and temporarily controlled by the four towns." . The above-mentioned "seven political affairs" also have similar meanings, namely spring, summer, autumn, winter, astronomy, geography, and humanity, so they are also political. The Beidou symbolizes the importance of the central government, the political leadership and the long-term stability, which is consistent with the wishes of political groups such as Liu Bang, Empress Dowager Lu, and Emperor Hui who were in power in the early Han Dynasty. The naming of Chang'an City, Changle Palace, and Weiyang Palace, and the settings of Anmen, Xi'an Gate, and Fu'an Gate on the south city wall have fully demonstrated this point. Second, the Han Dynasty inherited the Qin system, with the month of Jianhai (October of the Summer Calendar) as the beginning of the year. When Liu Bang took over Xianyang, it was October. At this time, the handle of the Beidou was pointing northwest, which is consistent with "Xie Guanzi" As the saying goes, "If the handle of the bucket points to the north, it will be winter all over the world. When the handle of the bucket is moved up, things will be done below." Therefore, the north wall of Seoul was built in the shape of a Beidou, which is in line with the astrology and the guiding ideology of city construction that "it cannot be majestic without magnificence". The third is Emperor Hui's "first city, Chang'an", which is also the first month of the first year and is consistent with the above conditions. However, the construction date of the north wall is based on the "Historical Records: The Chronicles of Queen Mother Lu" quoted from "Han Palace Queshu": "In the fourth year, the east side was built; in the fifth year, the north side was built." Xiao Gui followed Cao Shen, and Cao Shen, who succeeded him as prime minister, "established ancestral temples, communities, palaces, houses, counties, and counties in order to be bound by laws and regulations" and "did nothing to change anything and abided by Xiao He's bounds."

Beidou's "dou" was used as a tool for ladling wine before the Qin and Han Dynasties. For example, "Poetry·Xiaoya·Dadong" said: "There is a dipper in Weibei, and you cannot scoop out wine pulp." After the Qin and Han Dynasties, on the one hand, it was used as a unit of capacity, namely, 龠, 合, 胜, 豆, 斛; on the other hand, it still inherited the usage from the pre-Qin period. If the function of scooping wine was transferred to that of scooping water, then the meaning of the shape of the Big Dipper on the northern wall of Seoul would be even more thought-provoking. The north and south walls of Chang'an City in the Han Dynasty were in the form of "Beidou" and "South Dipper". This was not only due to the objective reasons of adapting to the terrain and palace walls, but also the subjective conditions of yin and yang astronomy. Ban Gu's "Ode to the Western Capital" said: "The Western Capital of the Han Dynasty was located in Yongzhou, which is actually called Chang'an. Its palaces are shaped like heaven and earth, and their longitude and latitude are like yin and yang. According to the correct position of Kunling, they imitate the round shape of Taizi."

Most of the components of Seoul’s floor plan were completed during the reign of Emperor Wu. Specifically, there are three points. First, the scale of the city broke through the limitations of the city wall. The completion of Jianzhang Palace made the original role of the central axis of Anmen Street meaningless. The center of gravity of the city moved westward, with Xi'an Gate, the front hall of Weiyang Palace, Beique, and Hengmen Street. The central axis composed of , cross bridges tends to be finalized. Along with the changes in the layout model, new villas, pavilions and pavilions were added throughout the spatial areas inside and outside Seoul. The second is the change in urban design thinking. The idea of ​​"Xiangtian" has been further developed, and the idea of ​​gods has also penetrated into urban design planning. The Kunming Pool in Shanglin Garden symbolizes the Tianhe River. The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl line up on both sides of the pool, becoming a footnote to the idea of ​​"Xiang Tian". The Shenming Terrace, Taiye Pool, Fengque and Changhemen in Jianzhang Palace, Bailiang Terrace in Weiyang Palace, Feilian Pavilion and Guiguan in Shanglin Garden are the best witnesses of the thoughts of immortals. In particular, there are many urban buildings derived from these two ideas. Such as the Yutang, Shenmingtang, Tianliang Palace in Jianzhang Palace, Shenxian Palace (Shou Palace) in Beigong Palace, Qilin Palace, Phoenix Palace, White Tiger Palace, Shou'an Palace in Weiyang Palace, as well as the fish in Taiye Pond and Kunming Pond. Dragons, strange birds, and strange beasts all belong to this category. The third is the completeness of urban functions, which frees us from the urban model that focused on military defense during the Warring States Period. The political "prestige", the enhancement of market functions, the development of transportation, and the opening of culture made Han Chang'an a metropolis in the world at that time. The relationship between Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty’s personal thoughts and beliefs and the construction of Seoul. "Historical Records: The Benji of Xiaowu" said: "When I first came to the throne, I especially respected the sacrifices of ghosts and gods." In the second year of Yuanguang, "I came to Yong at the beginning of my reign, and saw five pillars in the suburbs. Later, I often saw one suburb after three years. At this time, I prayed to the gods and gave them up. "The View of the Hoof in the Forest". "The emperor ordered Tai Zhu to set up a memorial ceremony for Taiyi in the southeastern suburbs of Chang'an." In the second year of Yuanshou, "the Ganquan Palace was built again, with a stage room in the middle, paintings of the gods of heaven, earth, and Taiyi, and sacrificial vessels to the gods of heaven." "Afterwards, they were made into cypress beams, copper pillars, and dew-bearing cactus.

"The Shougong and Beigong were also set up, with flags spread out and offerings set up to honor the gods." "So he ordered Chang'an to build the Fili Gui Temple, and Ganquan to build the Yilongshou Temple, so that you could set up the rituals and wait for the gods. "In the third year of Yuanfeng, due to drought, an edict was issued, "He ordered the world to worship the spiritual star Yan." Later, due to a fire at Bailiang Terrace, he obeyed "If there is a fire in the more customary customs, the house must be bigger when it is rebuilt, and it must be conquered by victory." "The suggestion was made, "so Jianzhang Palace was built. ...It governs a large pool in the north, with a gradually rising platform of more than 20 feet, called Taiye Pool. There are Penglai, Fangzhang, Yingzhou, and Huliang in it, which are like turtles and fish in the sacred mountains in the sea. To the south are Yutang, Bimen and Daniao. Then the Shenming Terrace and the Jinggan Tower were erected, which were more than fifty feet across, and the chariot and the road were connected to each other. "The life of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty in Sima Qian's works was not only closely integrated with the gods and shamans, but also with the large-scale construction activities in Seoul.

"Sanfu Huangtu" said that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "built a palace in Weiyang Palace. In Riguang, the city was considered as the smaller one, so a flying pavilion was built across the city to the west of the palace, connected to the Zhang Palace, and a chariot road was built up and down. "Although there is no detailed record of the scope of Qin Shanglin Garden, it is speculated according to the literature that it reaches Yichun Garden in the east, starts from the Weishui River in the north, reaches Zhongnan Mountain in the south, and spans the Fenghe River in the west. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the "Old Qin Garden" of the Han Emperor was changed. The edict of "Garden Land for the People" expanded the scale of Shanglin Garden and became "Lantian, Yichun, Dinghu, Yusu, Kunwu in the southeast, next to Nanshan Mountain in the west, to Changyang and Wuzha, in the north around Huangshan Mountain, and on the border of To the east is the Wei River. It is a large garden with an area of ​​"three hundred miles". There are more than a hundred palaces and villas in it, all of which are "special in shape and have different views" ("Xidu Fu"). The entire topography of Daxing City in the Sui Dynasty, The terrain is high in the southeast and low in the northwest. In the early years of the Sui Dynasty, when Yu Wenkai was building Daxing City, he made a unique design here and consciously opened it up as the "Qujiang" scenic spot. About why Yu Wenkai opened the Qu River in the southeast of the city. The reason for the river pond is explained in "Yong Lu·Tang Qujiang": "Yu Wenkai used his land in the southeast corner of the capital. The land was high and inconvenient, so he built this place not for people to live in lanes, but he dug it into a pond." In fact, this is It's just a superficial reason. Mr. Wang Weikun speculated from what Zheng Zhu, a powerful official of the Central Tang Dynasty, said: "There is a disaster in Qin, and Yixing will fight to avoid it." In the early Sui Dynasty, Yu Wenkai dug the Qujiang Pool in the southeast corner of the city apparently because he was "weary of winning." That is to say, Daxing City is high in the southeast and low in the northwest, and the Feng Shui tilts toward the southeast. The Imperial Palace and Tai Chi Palace are located in the middle of the north. The terrain cannot always suppress the southeast, so a "weary to win" method should be adopted. To destroy it, for example, dig the depression where Qujiang is located into a deep pool and isolate it from the city, enclosing it into a royal forbidden garden and turning it into a recreational place for the emperor. In this way, the kingly spirit of the Sui Dynasty can never be threatened. Mr. Wang Weikun. The theoretical basis of other aspects of this idea is also discussed, namely, the records in "Liezi·Tangwen", "Huainanzi·Tianwenxun", "Lunheng·Luntian" and "Nuwuzhi". The overall planning ideas of Daxing City in the Sui Dynasty were summarized into the "Six Yao" ideas of "Book of Changes", the idea of ​​"strengthening royal power", the idea of ​​"celestial design" and the idea of ​​"weariness of winning" expressed in the construction of Qujiang Pool in the southeast corner of the city. In fact, these The thoughts can be summarized as the thoughts of "law of heaven and earth" and "strengthening royal power"

The circumference of Chang'an City in the Tang Dynasty was 35.56 kilometers and the area was about 84 square kilometers, which is 9.7 times the area within the current Xi'an city wall. The Chang'an City in the Western Han Dynasty was 2.4 times, 1.7 times that of Dadu in the Yuan Dynasty, 1.9 times that of Nanjing City in the Ming Dynasty, 1.4 times that of Beijing City in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, 7 times that of Constantinople built in 447 AD, 6.2 times that of Baghdad built in 800 AD, 7 times that of ancient Rome. By the time of the Tang Dynasty, Chang'an was the largest and most prosperous international city. It occupied an important position in the glorious history of Xi'an. This was not only because it was the political, economic and cultural center of the Sui and Tang Dynasties. As well as a world-renowned international metropolis, it is an architectural masterpiece that turns disadvantages into advantages in a not-so-superior geographical environment and brings ideal design to the extreme. Its planning ideas are a precious asset of our country's history.

The Chang'an City of the Tang Dynasty developed on the basis of the Daxing City of the Sui Dynasty, forming a pattern of "unbalanced symmetry", which was mainly reflected in the construction of buildings such as the Daming Palace, and prompted the rulers of the Tang Dynasty to The reason for the re-planning of Chang'an City is believed to "have a lot to do with the geographical environment". Chang'an City in the Tang Dynasty "reflects respect for and full utilization of the natural geographical environment from macro topography to micro topography". Chang'an City was reorganized in the Tang Dynasty. The guiding ideology of local planning is "adapting measures to local conditions." The planning and layout of the outer city of Chang'an in the Tang Dynasty was mainly affected by the location of the imperial palace and the imperial city, as well as the hierarchical concepts, living customs and geographical environment of the time.

Through research on the distribution of official and private temples in the early and late Tang Dynasty, it was found that the layout of official and private temples in Chang'an City in the Tang Dynasty was obviously affected by political and economic development factors. In other words, the planning ideas of official and private temples in Chang'an City in the Tang Dynasty were mainly based on political , depending on economic factors. The planning ideas of Chang'an City in the Tang Dynasty "reflected the emperor as the center and centralization of power, highlighting political and military functions, and not having a strong commercial nature."