What are the customs in Xiangxi, Hunan?
Tujia and Miao nationalities in western Hunan have a long history. In the long process of historical development, they created their own history and culture with diligence and wisdom, and cultivated their national character and moral values of diligence, thrift, courage, honesty, frankness, hard work and attachment to feelings. In the daily life of Tujia and Miao people, they all have their own customs and unique national characteristics, whether in residence, clothing, diet, marriage, festivals, culture and art.
Tujia and Miao customs
L, Diaojiaolou: It is a traditional building of people of all ethnic groups in Xiangxi, also known as "Diaojiaozi". Diaojiaolou is a Shan Ye-style "balcony" with a single eaves overhanging and upturned roof. It is called "cornice", which is sunny, dry and fresh. There is a straight line with the main house and a right angle of 90℃. There is a corridor outside the diaojiao building, which is called "Jiaolou" on both sides and "Zoumalou" on three sides. There are many patterns on the railings. The county pillars are called "hanging melons", or they are six tombs with eight edges, or they are carved into spheres and golden melons. The pillars and fortifications are carved with dragons, magpies and flowers. There are boudoir, bedchamber or brocade, flower theatre on the folk diaojiao building, barn and firewood room on the ground floor, brook and tinkling spring water on the ground floor, which is unique. Shanzhai Diaojiao Building is surrounded by green trees and bamboos, with rich natural scenery. Some towns in western Hunan have also built diaojiao buildings, such as Tunhe Street in Jishou, Tuojiang River in Fenghuang, Wangcun Ancient Town, Chadong Border Town and Longshan Car Wash River, which have always attracted great interest from Chinese and foreign tourists.
2. Fire pond: also known as fire pit and fire bed, it is a distinctive residence for farmers in western Hunan. Generally, it is the right front hall of the nave, with a floor and a fire pond surrounded by feldspar. The fire pit is built with a cast iron tripod, and trampling is not allowed. Hanging on it is a kang rack, with bacon, game, tofu, peppers and so on. Usually, the whole family cooks, eats and keeps warm around the fireplace. Guests, whether Tujia or Miao, are warmly invited to sit around the fire and have tea by it. At dinner, a big pot of bacon or game, a big bowl of rice wine or steamed corn, touching the bowl and taking chopsticks are enjoyable. Eat, put aside the past and sing late into the night, and even sleep around the fireplace.
3. Silver ornaments: Jewelry loved by Miao women and young men, with exquisite shapes, mostly made of silver. Silver ornaments include silver crowns, silver pins, earrings, collars, shoulder pads, bracelets, dental drills and stone tails. There are three kinds of collars: rim, flat ring and disc ring, and the weight ranges from four Jin to one Jin. Four edges of the edge protrude; The flat ring is flat and engraved; The coil is made of hollow silver bars with five turns and seven turns. A dental drill is a silver chain, which consists of two carved silver medals and several silver chains. Dental drill, ear digging, knife and melon hammer are divided into two or three layers, and the more beautiful the layer. On the back of the hanging hand are silver flowers and rattan leaves.
4. Marriage custom: China Tujia and Miao men and women fall in love with songs as the media. Miao nationality is more common. Miao young men and women started dating after getting to know each other on occasions such as catching up with the field, catching up with autumn, having cherry parties and picking onions. Dating is generally marked with cursive script. When dating, start singing, first sing "the song of asking names and surnames", just as surnames are no longer opposed to songs and are commensurate with brothers and sisters. If you don't have the same surname, you can understand the situation and deepen your feelings with Song. After many dates, they gave each other collars, bracelets and other things with songs. At this point, the emotion reached a climax. The woman really loves each other, and the lyrics also imply this. After the two sides privately booked for life, the man invited the matchmaker to propose marriage to the woman's house.
"When tung blossoms ring, two people fall in love.
"Swallows hold mud, silkworms spin silk in their hearts.
"Lang is a green vine that climbed over the ditch, and my sister is a pomegranate beside the ditch;
"Green vines are wrapped around the tree until they die. Even if the tree dies, the vines will not be lost.
5, crying marriage: Tujia marriage customs. Before a new girl gets married, she always cries for marriage, ranging from three nights to half a month. At that time, all the good sisters in the village will come crying. The content of crying for marriage is very rich, including "crying for parents", "crying for leaving the mother's rice", "crying for planting flowers", "crying for leaving the boudoir" and "scolding the matchmaker". Parting, missing, joy and excitement are intertwined. The language of wedding songs is true and natural, with strong emotions and free and flexible sentence patterns. Songs are composed of feelings, feelings start with songs, and tears flow with songs, which are euphemistic and moving, such as Sister-in-law's Advice to Sister-in-law:
"There is a tree in the back garden, leaving my mother.
Countless people are separated from their parents;
There is a virgin flower in the back garden.
From a poor family to a rich family, "
Another example is "cursing the matchmaker":
"You want to be a matchmaker and drink,
The monkey on the mountain was coaxed away.
Like my greedy dog,
When the master left, so did the west. "
6. Marriage customs of Tujia and Miao people. The day before Tujia youth got married, the man sent a sedan chair, a band and other teams to the woman's house to celebrate the wedding. The woman put a big table at the door to block the door. The man arrived at the door, and the woman deacon was talking to the man deacon with a song. Usually to question the name? Why did you come? Land or water? "Wedding cigarette sticks" and so on. The man's deacon answered clearly that the woman moved the table to open the door and invited the wedding team into the house; If a man doesn't answer, he loses. He will take out "three teas" and "six gifts" (all red envelopes) and gifts such as chicken, hair oil and hooded handkerchief, and invite the woman to open the door and enter the house. The Miao people's door blocking ceremony is similar to this. They put it on the table and closed the door. If the man can't answer, he will put a red envelope in the door and let the host open the door to meet him. However, the authorized representative of this person must first get under the square table.
7. Looking for "touching rice": Tujia marriage customs. After the wedding reception team had eaten wine and rice, when it was getting dark, the girl who accompanied him used the ashes at the bottom of the pot to wipe the face of the person they thought was "touching the rice" (the young man who replaced the groom's wedding reception). Those who couldn't escape were smeared with black faces. He wiped the pot ash from his face with his hand and rubbed it on the girl's face. Men and women joked and made a mess. The onlookers laughed their heads off, but they really "touched the rice" but didn't want to be wiped. They hide beside the sedan chair or behind the old man, because unmarried girls are not allowed to get close to the sedan chair and disturb the old man.
8. Festival folklore: Sheba Rihui Tujia custom. That is, the large-scale sacrificial activities held during the Spring Festival every year can be divided into "waving hands" and "stopping small". Big waves are held in the wave hall. In front of the Wave Pavilion, a flagpole with a height of 24 meters stands on a wide flat ground. The Longfeng flag fluttered in the wind on both sides, and a white crane wanted to fly on top. At that time, each village will set up a Dragon Flag Team, a Sacrifice Team, a Dance Team, a Little Flag Team, a Band Team, an Armor Team and a Firecracker Team. Before arriving at the wave hall, the teams rushed into the hall, swept away evil spirits and calmed down, and offered sacrifices to the gods in turn, followed by firecrackers and loud shouts, which attracted a big wave dance like spring thunder. Small waves are usually held in the village. The content is consistent and the scene is small. There will be a "Maugus" dance.
9. Catch Autumn: Catch Autumn is a traditional festival of Miao nationality in Xiangxi. Beginning of autumn Festival is held every year to catch up with autumn. People from four townships and eight villages gather in Akita, with more than 10,000 people. People sing Miao songs, play suona, dance lions, play flower drums, play monkey drums, go up the knife ladder, and eight people swing in autumn, which is very lively. Eight-person autumn is shaped like a spinning wheel, about 8 meters high, supported by thick wood, and has eight swings, each of which can seat 1-2 people. Eight people turn by manpower in autumn. When the rotation stops for a while, whoever lives in the highest place will sing.
10, Drunk Cattle Ancient Custom: Drunk Cattle is a traditional custom of Miao nationality. In advance, the owner must buy a good buffalo with four arms and one rotation. Its ears, eyes, nose, mouth and horns are all complete and beautiful. At that time, Kuanping will erect a colorful dragon and phoenix shape, and tie a hemp rope through the cow's nose to the shape. After watering the cow, the wizard circled the post three times. When the shuttle was handed over to the young people of my uncle's family (called junior relatives), the buffalo was killed in the earth-shaking sound of gongs and drums. The young people chased it and the cow ran around the post. Finally, the cow spurted blood from the wound and fell to the ground and died. Then divide the beef. At night, I will play drums and sing all night (Miao language is called "solo music").
1 1, songs and music encouragement
Blowing the valve is a unique percussion music of Tujia nationality. It is composed of double cymbals, horse gongs and big gongs. If you add suona, it's called abital. On New Year's Day, celebrations and weddings, the valves are played loudly and noisily. There are nearly one hundred traditional tunes played, such as Chicken PoMi Egg, Starling Bathing, Plum Fish on the Beach, Cattle Scratches, Toad Making a Pond, Slow Spinning, Blind Man Making a Street, etc. With the bright, stuffy, rubbing, squeezing and knocking of the double cymbals, it is vivid. It is lively and warm, and it is humorous. After the founding of New China, Liu Zi stepped onto the stage and won many awards in domestic minority cultural performances. 1995 went to the United States to perform, which caused a sensation in new york. Now, it has become an indispensable local opera for Chinese and foreign tourists to visit Xiangxi.
Miao people who sing Miao songs like singing best and express their feelings with Miao songs. A happy song makes you feel happy; A bitter song makes you cry; A love song is very charming. Miao songs have unique melody, free rhythm, slippery decorative sound and unique charm. Miao songs can be divided into two categories: "less martial arts" (singing high) and "less sa" (flat cavity). High-pitched, passionate, beautiful and beautiful; The flat cavity is melodious and the circumference is smooth.
12, Miao drum dance: drum dance is the favorite art form of Miao men, women and children. It can be divided into women's singles encouragement, men's singles encouragement, women's doubles encouragement, men's doubles encouragement, monkey encouragement and so on. The accompaniment beats the edge of the drum with the drum holder, and the performer beats the surface of the drum with the drum holder or with his bare hands. The pace can be slow or fast. When the mood is intense, the side drums and drums are fast and powerful, and the atmosphere is very warm. Men are brave and diligent, and their movements include "harvesting and threshing", "Dapeng spreading its wings" and "Tiger going down the mountain". The traditional actions encouraged by women are "beauty combing hair", "spinning and weaving" and "weaving with flowers", which are elegant, smooth, dexterous and graceful.
13, Xiangxi ethnic songs and dances: Xiangxi Tujia and Miao ethnic groups are good at singing and dancing. On the premise of retaining the characteristics of folk songs and dances, folk songs and dances adapted by the State National Dance Troupe, such as Aya Drumming, Bizka's Program, Treading on Flower Shoes, Moon in Mengdong River, Catching Songs, Miao Mountain Driving Qiu Ge, and Beating. Song Like Zuying, He Jiguang and other singers have been trained.
Two Tujia people (calling themselves Bizka)
Tujia people in Xiangxi Prefecture are mainly distributed in Longshan County, Yongshun County and Guzhang County, followed by Baojing County and Jishou County, with a total population of more than 800,000, accounting for 35. 17% of the total population of the whole state. In the long river of history, some ancient customs are constantly developing and changing, but the customs and habits that embody the main characteristics of Tujia nationality still exist.
It was systematically and obviously preserved.
1. Tujia festivals: Tujia festivals include Spring Festival, Tomb-Sweeping Day, April 8th, Dragon Boat Festival, June 6th, July 30th, Mid-Autumn Festival and Double Ninth Festival, especially Spring Festival, April 8th and June 6th.
The Spring Festival is the Chinese New Year, which can be divided into small years and big years. The off-year is the 24th of the twelfth lunar month, and the New Year is one day earlier than the Han nationality, that is, the big month is the 29th of the twelfth lunar month and the small month is the 28th. There are many stories about its origin, all related to ancient wars. Before and after the Chinese New Year, as soon as we enter the twelfth lunar month, we will buy new year's goods, make cakes, and kill pigs. After the 24th day of the twelfth lunar month, sweep the dust and offer sacrifices to the kitchen god. On New Year's Day, pine branches and plum blossoms are inserted inside and outside the house, and lucky money (paper money) is affixed. The most important thing for a family to eat New Year's Eve is to get together and not run around. I began to eat New Year's Eve at noon, and I like to eat steamed pork rice and "combination dishes". Before the meal, everyone put a piece of meat on the meal, and put chopsticks to worship the ancestors first. Feed poultry, livestock and fruit trees after meals to celebrate the New Year. On the 30 th night, the fire is flourishing to celebrate the Year, the cock crows and firecrackers are everywhere to celebrate the Year, and crows are everywhere to set off firecrackers to grab the Year. On the first day of the lunar new year, in order to show respect. From the third day of junior high school, I started dancing with my hands, and fifteen parties broke up. After eating pig's head for fifteen years, the farm work in the new year began.
2. April 8. April 8th is the biggest festival next to China New Year, and its origin varies from place to place. There are three main legends: First, April 8th is Ox King's Day, and Tujia ancestors dragged oxtails across the river to escape from danger. Therefore, on this day, let the cows rest and feed them with concentrated feed; Second, when Tujia ancestors came to settle in Xiangxi from Changde along Shui Yuan and Youshui, some arrived on the eighth day of April, and some arrived on the eighteenth day of April. In order to commemorate the coming day, we will celebrate the festival separately in the future; Third, April 8 is the day to worship the mother-in-law and marry the caterpillar, praying for the prevention of pests and diseases and the protection of the harvest.
3. June 6th. This is Tujia. Another big festival. "June 6th is the Tujia New Year", and flag-waving activities are held to worship ancestors. There are different legends about the origin of this festival: First, June 6th is to bring back the married aunt to "drink"; The second is to commemorate the day when Tujia ancestors came to settle in Xiangxi; Thirdly, it is a common saying that this day is a difficult day for Tan Meng, a Maogang chieftain and a Tujia hero. Tan was killed and died miserably. Not only was his robe stained with blood, but he was also skinned. In memory of Tan Wang, every Tujia family "basks in the dragon robe" on June 6th. The forms of celebrating June 6 in Tujia areas are similar, but the statements commemorating Qin's murder are the same.
4. Tujia costumes
Tujia costumes in Xiangxi are constantly changing with the development of the times. "Toast, men and women wear the same style, with tattooed scarves and embroidered skirts." . Men and women "like to hang their ears, they are tired, they have collars and bracelets." ① The fabrics are mostly "methyl cloth" embroidered with colorful spots and rotten colors. In history, they were called Xi cloth, Wantong and Tujia brocade, and now they are called Tujia brocade.
5. Tujia diet
There are many mountains and few fields in Tujia area. The staple food is mainly rice and corn, and millet, sweet potato and potato are mixed. Cooking usually uses an iron tripod in the fire pit, and the kitchen is only used when the weather is hot or there are many people and guests. There are many kinds of rice, among which Baba is the favorite of Tujia people, and the most distinctive ones are hot and sour seeds and rotten peppers. Hot and sour seeds are prepared by mixing fresh red peppers with fine-grained corn mash, putting them into a water-saving jar and eating them after half a month. There are dry frying and boiling. Red pepper is made by chopping fresh red pepper, adding ginger, pepper and salt, and sealing the jar mouth. It can be eaten directly or used as seasoning. Sauerkraut is a staple food commonly used by Tujia people. Almost all kinds of vegetables can be made into sauerkraut, such as cabbage acid, radish acid, galangic acid, cowpea acid, cowpea acid and corn acid. Meat and fish are mixed with glutinous rice flour or millet flour, sealed in a jar and made into sour fish, sour meat and sour sausage, and fried in oil, which is very delicious. Sauerkraut helps digestion and is deeply loved by Tujia people. Almost every household has several or a dozen pickle jars, and all the year round, food is inseparable from acid. Bacon is the favorite food of Tujia people. Entering the twelfth lunar month, every family kills pigs. Ordinary people kill one or several people together, and rich people kill two. Fresh meat is wrapped with salt, pepper and spiced powder, marinated in a jar for about 10 days, hung on a kang and smoked slowly, and buried in a grain pile for storage in summer. Its meat color is red, its taste is fragrant, and it is very delicious. It is a good dish for entertaining VIPs on holidays. When eating, cut it into palm size to show hospitality.
Tujia "good wine". Anyone who goes home should be entertained with wine; There must be a banquet for weddings, funerals and celebrations. There are many kinds of wine, including sweet wine and all kinds of spirits made from whole grains.
Sanmiao people: (self-proclaimed Guo Xiong)
Miao nationality is one of the oldest ethnic groups in China, with a large population and a wide distribution, with splendid national history and culture and unique customs.
Miao nationality in western Hunan is mainly distributed in Huayuan, Fenghuang, Jishou, Luxi, Guzhang, Baojing and other counties and cities, and it is a nation with relatively complete customs and habits.
L, Miao festivals
There are many festivals and large-scale activities for Miao people in Xiangxi. Among them, the most representative are:
(1), grasp the year field. On the first month of the lunar calendar, the Miao people in Xiangxi are most keen to catch up with the New Year's Fair, and the date is decided by each place. On the Spring Festival, men, women and children, dressed in festive costumes, invited each other and went to the festival in droves. The annual market is full of people, bustling and lively. People can not only have material exchanges, but also participate in or watch activities such as swinging, lion dancing, playing with dragon lanterns and climbing knives and ladders. Young men and women also make more use of this opportunity to find lovers and have sex. What's more, the singers show their abilities, and walk in twos and threes, saying the ancient and modern, singing together, or congratulating each other, or telling traditional stories, or improvising new words. The more people sing, the higher their interest, and the more people listen, the more energetic they are. Even if it is snowing heavily and freezing, the annual trade fair will be held as scheduled.
(2) March 3. This is Xiangxi Miao traditional song and dance festival. On this day, Miao people automatically gather in the appointed singing venue to participate in singing dialogue, listening to songs, dancing and watching dances, which is enjoyable.
(3) Catch up with Qingming. This is a large-scale song meeting unique to Miao people in western Hunan, also known as "Qingming Song Meeting". According to legend. Because Miao people are scattered in the deep mountains and forests, all daily necessities have to be exchanged in remote Han areas, and they are often deceived. Therefore, the Miao people agreed to use Qingming as their own activity place, exchange materials with each other and meet relatives and friends at the same time. In this way, over time, today's "Qingming Song Festival" was formed.
4. April 8. "April 8" is the name of a hill in Luochaojing Township, Fenghuang County. Legend has it that in ancient times, there was a Miao leader named Yayi, who led the Miao people to fight against the rulers. He once organized the villages to drink chicken blood in the present "drinking blood depression" and vowed to unite with * * * and fight to the end. And agreed to meet on a mountain on April 8. After the uprising, the insurgents won again and again, reaching Sichuan and Guizhou. On April 8 of the following year, Yayi died unfortunately near Guiyang Fountain. In order to commemorate this national hero, the Miao people hold commemorative activities on April 8 every year to remember Yayi's achievements and sweep the graves for the war dead. After the uprising of Ganjia Miao people in Qing Dynasty, the rulers banned Xiangxi Miao people from holding this activity, which made the Miao people lose a very meaningful traditional festival. After liberation, with the approval of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, "April 8" was designated as a festival for the reunification of the Miao people.
(5) June 6th. This is an ancient custom, and it is an ancestor worship activity for the Miao people to commemorate their ancestors of six men and six women and hope that they can have six men and six women to reproduce. Every year, on the sixth day of the sixth lunar month, Miao people in Luochaojing, Fenghuang County will hold a grand song meeting in Guliangshan. Miao people from surrounding counties such as Huayuan and Jishou, and Songtao and Tongren in Guizhou also came to participate. The number of people attending the meeting often reaches 20 thousand to 30 thousand.
(6) July 7th. This is a traditional drum meeting of Miao nationality, which is most popular in Jishou, Aizhaipo and Guzhang. Every year on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month, Miao people put on new clothes, gather in the drum field, beat drums, dance and indulge in joy.
2. Miao costumes
There is little difference between men and women in Xiangxi Miao costume, and they are all "colorful"; Dressed in flowered clothes, pleated skirts, long hair, ochre flower handkerchiefs, boat-shaped flower shoes and various silver ornaments. Miao men's clothing is relatively simple; I wear a cloth handkerchief on my head, a double-breasted coat, long sleeves and small sleeves, short pants and big pants, and I like to wrap my blue feet. There are two kinds of head handkerchief: green handkerchief and flower handkerchief. Handkerchiefs are more than a foot long, as many as three feet. When winding, it is mostly cross-shaped and as big as a hat. The colors of clothes are plaid, all blue and all blue, among which plaid cloth is the most distinctive. There are usually seven buttons. Some young people wear as many as seven clothes, which makes people envy their wealth and boldness. Only the bottom pair of buttons are buckled on the outermost garment, and the bottom two pairs are buckled on the second garment ... and so on until the innermost seven pairs of buttons are buckled. So you can see layers of new clothes from the outside, which is not interesting. Contrary to the simple costumes of Miao men, the costumes of Miao women are very delicate and complicated.
(1), Toupa: Toupa for Miao women, which varies from place to place. Miao women in Fenghuang county have a short handkerchief, which is more than three feet long. From the forehead to the back of the head, even the ears are wrapped inside. Miao women in Huayuan County like to use black handkerchiefs (white handkerchiefs were worn when their parents died), which are neatly folded, neatly wrapped, unbiased and oblique, and the ends of eyebrows are just right. Miao women in Jishou county have mixed hair, while flowers are used in the adjacent areas of Fenghuang county and black flowers are used in the adjacent areas of Huayuan county. Miao women in Luxi, Guzhang and eastern Jishou wear white headscarves. There are four pairs of cyan Hua Die embroidered on the handkerchief, which is simple and beautiful and has a unique charm. The so-called "moth embroidered with four corners on her head" is this kind of white towel.
(2) Jewelry: Miao women's jewelry has exquisite shapes and a wide variety. The raw materials are divided into gold ornaments, silver ornaments, copper ornaments and aluminum ornaments. Jade ornaments, etc And silver ornaments are the most common. Wearing parts include silver hat, silver basin, rockhopper, Sushan earrings, collars, bracelets, rings, toothpicks, buckles and so on. And bracelets and rings must be worn often. In terms of modeling, there is only one kind of earrings, including melon seeds hanging earrings, pomegranate earrings, plum blossom needle earrings, circle earrings, faucet earrings, plum blossom hanging melon seeds hanging earrings, Baba earrings, faucet melon seeds hanging earrings and so on.
After liberation, there were some areas where Miao and Han people lived together, and Miao costumes were greatly influenced by Han people, and some young people changed to wear Hanfu.
3. Miao diet
The Miao people's diet is mainly rice, corn, beans and potatoes, of which rice and corn are the main ones. The most distinctive is fish with Chinese sauerkraut. Miao people are loyal and hospitable. Niuren works hard, but he is sincere to his guests. If guests come to our house, whether they come often or just come, we should do everything possible to entertain them with wine and meat. And think that there is no fish on the table, then think that the host is not virtuous and disrespectful to the guests. Because it is not convenient to buy meat in Miao township at ordinary times, most people prepare in advance to avoid temporary planning after guests arrive. The best way to preserve spare fish is not to make salt pots. After killing pigs and catching fish, they are often cut into small pieces, pickled with rice flour and salt, put into a jar, seal the jar mouth, and pour into a shallow dish to make it airtight. After two weeks, the fish rice noodles turned slightly sour and could be taken out and fried, which made the taste abnormal.